UNIT V APPLICATION LAYER
WAP Model- Mobile Location based services -WAP Gateway –WAP protocols – WAP user agent profile- caching model-wireless bearers for WAP - WML – WMLScripts – WTA - iMode- SyncML
UNIT II MOBILE INTERNET PROTOCOL AND TRANSPORT LAYER
Overview of Mobile IP – Features of Mobile IP – Key Mechanism in Mobile IP – route Optimization. Overview of TCP/IP – Architecture of TCP/IP- Adaptation of TCP Window – Improvement in TCP Performance.
UNIT IV MOBILE NETWORK AND TRANSPORT LAYERS
Mobile IP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol-Mobile Ad Hoc Routing Protocols–Multicast routing-TCP over Wireless Networks – Indirect TCP – Snooping TCP – Mobile TCP – Fast Retransmit / Fast Recovery – Transmission/Timeout Freezing-Selective Retransmission – Transaction Oriented TCP- TCP over 2.5 / 3G wireless Networks
UNIT III
MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
GSM-architecture-Location tracking and call setup- Mobility management- Handover-Security-GSM SMS –International roaming for GSM- call recording functions-subscriber and service data mgt –-Mobile Number portability -VoIP service for Mobile Networks –GPRS –Architecture-GPRS procedures-attach and detach procedures-PDP context procedure-combined RA/LA update procedures-Billing
UNIT II
WIRELESS NETWORKS
Wireless LAN – IEEE 802.11 Standards – Architecture – Services – Mobile Ad hoc Networks- WiFi and WiMAX - Wireless Local Loop
These ppt are the part 2 of mobile computing concepts. These ppt defines the following things
Wireless Networking
Wireless LAN Overview: IEEE 802.11
Wireless applications
Data Broadcasting
Bluetooth
TCP over wireless
Mobile IP
WAP: Architecture, protocol stack, application
environment, applications.
UNIT II MOBILE INTERNET PROTOCOL AND TRANSPORT LAYER
Overview of Mobile IP – Features of Mobile IP – Key Mechanism in Mobile IP – route Optimization. Overview of TCP/IP – Architecture of TCP/IP- Adaptation of TCP Window – Improvement in TCP Performance.
UNIT IV MOBILE NETWORK AND TRANSPORT LAYERS
Mobile IP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol-Mobile Ad Hoc Routing Protocols–Multicast routing-TCP over Wireless Networks – Indirect TCP – Snooping TCP – Mobile TCP – Fast Retransmit / Fast Recovery – Transmission/Timeout Freezing-Selective Retransmission – Transaction Oriented TCP- TCP over 2.5 / 3G wireless Networks
UNIT III
MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
GSM-architecture-Location tracking and call setup- Mobility management- Handover-Security-GSM SMS –International roaming for GSM- call recording functions-subscriber and service data mgt –-Mobile Number portability -VoIP service for Mobile Networks –GPRS –Architecture-GPRS procedures-attach and detach procedures-PDP context procedure-combined RA/LA update procedures-Billing
UNIT II
WIRELESS NETWORKS
Wireless LAN – IEEE 802.11 Standards – Architecture – Services – Mobile Ad hoc Networks- WiFi and WiMAX - Wireless Local Loop
These ppt are the part 2 of mobile computing concepts. These ppt defines the following things
Wireless Networking
Wireless LAN Overview: IEEE 802.11
Wireless applications
Data Broadcasting
Bluetooth
TCP over wireless
Mobile IP
WAP: Architecture, protocol stack, application
environment, applications.
UNIT IV MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS
Ad-Hoc Basic Concepts – Characteristics – Applications – Design Issues – Routing – Essential of Traditional Routing Protocols –Popular Routing Protocols – Vehicular Ad Hoc networks ( VANET) – MANET Vs VANET – Security
IT6601 MOBILE COMPUTING UNITI
INTRODUCTION
Mobile Computing – Mobile Computing Vs wireless Networking – Mobile Computing Applications – Characteristics of Mobile computing – Structure of Mobile Computing Application. MAC Protocols – Wireless MAC Issues – Fixed Assignment Schemes – Random Assignment Schemes – Reservation Based Schemes.
Unit - I
Mobile Computing – Mobile Computing Vs wireless Networking – Mobile Computing Applications – Characteristics of Mobile computing – Structure of Mobile Computing Application. MAC Protocols – Wireless MAC Issues – Fixed Assignment Schemes – Random Assignment Schemes – Reservation Based Schemes.
UNIT III ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND TRANSPORT LAYER IN AD HOC WIRELESS NETWORKS -Issues in designing a routing and Transport Layer protocol for Ad hoc networks- proactive routing, reactive routing (on-demand), hybrid routing- Classification of Transport Layer solutions-TCP over Ad hoc wireless Networks.
UNIT IV MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS
Ad-Hoc Basic Concepts – Characteristics – Applications – Design Issues – Routing – Essential of Traditional Routing Protocols –Popular Routing Protocols – Vehicular Ad Hoc networks ( VANET) – MANET Vs VANET – Security
IT6601 MOBILE COMPUTING UNITI
INTRODUCTION
Mobile Computing – Mobile Computing Vs wireless Networking – Mobile Computing Applications – Characteristics of Mobile computing – Structure of Mobile Computing Application. MAC Protocols – Wireless MAC Issues – Fixed Assignment Schemes – Random Assignment Schemes – Reservation Based Schemes.
Unit - I
Mobile Computing – Mobile Computing Vs wireless Networking – Mobile Computing Applications – Characteristics of Mobile computing – Structure of Mobile Computing Application. MAC Protocols – Wireless MAC Issues – Fixed Assignment Schemes – Random Assignment Schemes – Reservation Based Schemes.
UNIT III ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND TRANSPORT LAYER IN AD HOC WIRELESS NETWORKS -Issues in designing a routing and Transport Layer protocol for Ad hoc networks- proactive routing, reactive routing (on-demand), hybrid routing- Classification of Transport Layer solutions-TCP over Ad hoc wireless Networks.
WAP- Wireless Application Protocol
by
Team 11 Presenters:
Suma Pramod Connie Barbosa
Niti Pandey Patrick Cunning
Olga Pavlenko
This ppt contains the topic like,,
WAP Introduction,
WAP architecture requirements,
Architecture overview,
World-wide web model,
WAP model,
Components of WAP architecture,
Sample Configuration of WAP technology,
Usage, Advantages & Disadvantages of WAP,
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP),
Wireless Markup Language (WML),
Generating WML with XSLT,
WAP Emulator.
WAP, HTTP and HTML5 Web Socket Architecture Analysis in Contemporary Mobile A...Editor IJCATR
Accessing current and accurate information anywhere and at anytime is becoming a growing interest nowadays. Wireless
Application Protocol (WAP) is an application protocol that creates an opportunity to access information of any interest from WAP
servers using mobile phones. WAP is an enabling technology based on the Internet client server architecture model, for developing
client application for handheld devices or other wireless terminal which usually have less powerful CPU’s, less memory, very
restricted power consumption, smaller and variant displays, phone keypads etc. This paper analyses the features of WAP in relation to
the well established HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) technology, the web socket API innovations introduced in HTML5, the
recent improvements in mobile devices processing capacity by connecting to cloud services and how application can be developed on
them using modern tools. The features that are more adapted to client development of micro-devices are used for the technology
application test.
WAP, HTTP and HTML5 Web Socket Architecture Analysis in Contemporary Mobile A...Editor IJCATR
Accessing current and accurate information anywhere and at anytime is becoming a growing interest nowadays. Wireless
Application Protocol (WAP) is an application protocol that creates an opportunity to access information of any interest from WAP
servers using mobile phones. WAP is an enabling technology based on the Internet client server architecture model, for developing
client application for handheld devices or other wireless terminal which usually have less powerful CPU’s, less memory, very
restricted power consumption, smaller and variant displays, phone keypads etc. This paper analyses the features of WAP in relation to
the well established HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) technology, the web socket API innovations introduced in HTML5, the
recent improvements in mobile devices processing capacity by connecting to cloud services and how application can be developed on
them using modern tools. The features that are more adapted to client development of micro-devices are used for the technology
application test.
WAP, HTTP and HTML5 Web Socket Architecture Analysis in Contemporary Mobile A...Editor IJCATR
Accessing current and accurate information anywhere and at anytime is becoming a growing interest nowadays. Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is an application protocol that creates an opportunity to access information of any interest from WAP servers using mobile phones. WAP is an enabling technology based on the Internet client server architecture model, for developing client application for handheld devices or other wireless terminal which usually have less powerful CPU’s, less memory, very restricted power consumption, smaller and variant displays, phone keypads etc. This paper analyses the features of WAP in relation to the well established HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) technology, the web socket API innovations introduced in HTML5, the recent improvements in mobile devices processing capacity by connecting to cloud services and how application can be developed on them using modern tools. The features that are more adapted to client development of micro-devices are used for the technology application test.
This PowerPoint Presentation describes about the concept of Wireless application Protocol. The Protocol is a set of Rules that must be followed in Computer Technology. In this PPT, We can clearly know about the Definition of WAP- Wireless Application Protocol and its purpose. We can easily learn about the need of WAP. It also defines some Wireless Networks works in WAP Architecture.
BJT small signal model – Analysis of CE, CB, CC amplifiers- Gain and frequency response – MOSFET small signal model– Analysis of CS and Source follower – Gain and frequency response- High frequency analysis.
Orbits : types of satellites : frequency used link establishment, MA techniques used in satellite communication, earth station; aperture actuators used in satellite – Intelsat and Insat: fibers – types:
sources, detectors used, digital filters, optical link: power line carrier communications: SCADA
AM – Frequency spectrum – vector representation – power relations – generation of AM – DSB, DSB/SC, SSB, VSB AM Transmitter & Receiver; FM and PM – frequency spectrum – power relations : NBFM & WBFM, Generation of FM and DM, Armstrong method & Reactance modulations : FM & PM frequency.
PN junction diode –structure, operation and V-I characteristics, diffusion and transient capacitance - Rectifiers – Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier,– Display devices- LED, Laser diodes- Zener diodecharacteristics-Zener Reverse characteristics – Zener as regulator,TRANSISTORS, BJT, JFET, MOSFET- structure, operation, characteristics and Biasing UJT, Thyristor and IGBT Structure and characteristics,BJT small signal model – Analysis of CE, CB, CC amplifiers- Gain and frequency response –
MOSFET small signal model– Analysis of CS and Source follower – Gain and frequency response- High frequency analysis,BIMOS cascade amplifier, Differential amplifier – Common mode and Difference mode analysis – FET input stages – Single tuned amplifiers – Gain and frequency response – Neutralization methods, power amplifiers –Types (Qualitative analysis),Advantages of negative feedback – voltage / current, series , Shunt feedback –positive feedback – Condition for oscillations, phase shift – Wien bridge, Hartley, Colpitts and Crystal oscillators.
Multinational Corporations – Environmental Ethics – Computer Ethics – Weapons Development – Engineers as Managers – Consulting Engineers – Engineers as Expert Witnesses and Advisors – Moral Leadership –Code of Conduct – Corporate Social Responsibility
Safety and Risk – Assessment of Safety and Risk – Risk Benefit Analysis and Reducing Risk - Respect for Authority – Collective Bargaining – Confidentiality – Conflicts of Interest – Occupational Crime – Professional Rights – Employee Rights – Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) – Discrimination
Senses of “Engineering Ethics” – Variety of moral issues – Types of inquiry – Moral dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg‟s theory – Gilligan‟s theory – Consensus and Controversy – Models of professional roles - Theories about right action – Self-interest – Customs and Religion – Uses of Ethical Theories
Morals, values and Ethics – Integrity – Work ethic – Service learning – Civic virtue – Respect for others – Living peacefully – Caring – Sharing – Honesty – Courage – Valuing time – Cooperation – Commitment – Empathy – Self confidence – Character – Spirituality – Introduction to Yoga and meditation for professional excellence and stress management.
Trust models for Grid security environment – Authentication and Authorization methods – Grid security infrastructure – Cloud Infrastructure security: network, host and application level – aspects of data security, provider data and its security, Identity and access management architecture, IAM practices in the cloud, SaaS, PaaS, IaaS availability in the cloud, Key privacy issues in the cloud.
Open source grid middleware packages – Globus Toolkit (GT4) Architecture , Configuration – Usage of Globus – Main components and Programming model - Introduction to Hadoop Framework - Mapreduce, Input splitting, map and reduce functions, specifying input and output parameters, configuring and running a job – Design of Hadoop file system, HDFS concepts, command line and java interface, dataflow of File read & File write.
2. WAP Model- Mobile Location based services WAP
Gateway–WAP protocols – WAP user agent profile-
caching model-wireless bearers for WAP - WML –
WMLScripts – WTA - iMode- SyncML.
UNIT V
APPLICATION LAYER
2/12/2016 2
4. Overview
WAP Introduction
WAP architecture requirements
Architecture overview
World-wide web model
WAP model
Components of WAP architecture
Sample Configuration of WAP technology
Usage, Advantages & Disadvantages of WAP
Summary
2/12/2016 4
5. WAP- Wireless Application Protocol
An open, global specification that empowers mobile users
with wireless devices to easily access and interact with
internet information and services instantly.
The wireless industry came up with the idea of WAP. The
point of this standard was to show internet contents on
wireless clients, like mobile phones.
2/12/2016 5
6. WAP stands for Wireless Application Protocol
WAP is an application communication protocol
WAP is used to access services and information
WAP is inherited from Internet standards
WAP is for handheld devices such as mobile
phones
WAP is a protocol designed for micro browsers
WAP enables the creating of web applications for
mobile devices.
WAP uses the mark-up language WML (not
HTML) WML is defined as an XML 1.0
application
2/12/2016 6
7. The WAP specifications continue to be developed by
contributing members, who, through interoperability
testing, have brought WAP into the limelight of the
mobile data marketplace with fully functional WAP–
enabled devices as shown below:
2/12/2016 7
8. The basic AIM of WAP is to provide a web-like
experience on small portable devices - like mobile
phones and PDAs.
2/12/2016 8
9. Purpose of WAP
To enable easy, fast delivery of relevant information
and services to mobile users.
Type of devices that use WAP
Handheld digital wireless devices such as mobile
phones, pagers, two-way radios, smart phones and
communicators -- from low-end to high-end.
WAP works with most Wireless networks such as:
CDPD, CDMA, GSM, PDC, PHS, TDMA, FLEX,
ReFLEX, iDEN, TETRA, DECT, DataTAC, Mobitex.
2/12/2016 9
10. Operating systems that are compatible with
WAP
•WAP is a communications protocol and an
application environment.
•WAP is independent of OS that means WAP can be
implemented on any OS.
•It can be built on any operating system including
Palm OS, EPOC 32, Windows CE, FLEXOS, OS/9,
Java OS, etc. It provides service interoperability even
between different device families.
2/12/2016 10
11. WAP Architecture Requirements
Leverage existing standards whenever possible
Define a layered, scaleable and extensible architecture
Support as many wireless networks as possible
Optimize for narrow-band bearers with high latency
2/12/2016 11
12. WAP Architecture Requirements
(Contd.)
Optimize for efficient use of device resources
Provide support for secure applications and
communication
2/12/2016 12
13. Architecture Overview
WWW programming model is optimized and extended
to match characteristics of the wireless environment
Utilizes proxy technology to connect between the
wireless domain and WWW
2/12/2016 13
16. WAP Device
- Is used to access WAP applications and
content. It might be a PDA, handheld computer.
WAP Client
- Entity that receives content from Internet via a
WAP Gateway. This is usually the WAP Browser.
WAP Content/Origin/Application Server
- Element in the network where the information
or web/WAP applications resides.
2/12/2016 16
17. WAP Proxy
- Acts both as a client and as a server in the
network.Typically has
Protocol gateway : translates requests from the WAP
protocol stack to WWW protocol stack
Content encoders and decoders : translate WAP content
into compact encoded formats to reduce the size of data
over the network
It allows content and applications to be hosted on
standard WWW servers and developed using proven
WWW technologies such as CGI scripting
2/12/2016 17
18. WAP Gateway
- Intermediary element used to connect two different
types of network. It receives request directly from
the clients as if it actually were the origin server that
clients want to receive the information form. The
clients are usually unaware that they are speaking to
the Gateway.
WAP Browser
Software running on the WAP device that interprets the
WAP content arriving from the internet and decides how
to display it on WAP device.
2/12/2016 18
19. WML
WML – Wireless Markup Language formerly
called HDML (Handheld Devices Markup
Language)
Is a tag language that allows the text portions of
Web Pages to be presented on cellular phones and
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) via wireless
access.
WML is used for delivering data to WAP devices,
and is HTML- like in its appearance.
An alternative to WML is I-Mode’s cHTML
language.
2/12/2016 19
22. Components of WAP Architecture
Other Services
And Applications
Transport Layer (WDP)
Security Layer (WTLS)
Transaction Layer (WTP)
Session Layer (WSP)
Application Layer (WAE)
GSM CDMA PHS IS-136 CDPD PDC-P FLEX Etc…
Bearers :
TCP/IP
UDP/IP
TLS - SSL
HTTP
HTML
Java Script
2/12/2016 22
23. Wireless Application Environment (WAE)
General-purpose application environment based on a
combination of WWW and mobile telephony
technologies.
It defines the user interface on the phone. It contains
WML and WTA (Wireless Telephony Application).
Primary objective – interoperable environment.
2/12/2016 23
24. Wireless Application Environment
(Contd.)
WAE includes a micro-browser (Client software
designed to overcome challenges of mobile handheld
devices that enables wireless access to services such
as Internet information in combination with a suitable
network) server environment which provides
WML
WML script
WTA
Content formats
2/12/2016 24
25. Wireless Session Protocol (WSP)
The WAP session protocol (WSP) layer provides
a lightweight session layer to allow efficient
exchange of data between applications.
Application layer with a consistent interface for
two session services
Connection-oriented service that operates above
the transaction layer protocol (WTP)
Connectionless service that operates above a
secure or non-secure datagram service (WDP)
Optimized for low-bandwidth bearer networks
with long latency
2/12/2016 25
26. Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP)
Runs on top of a datagram service
The WAP transaction protocol (WTP) layer
provides transaction support, adding reliability to
the datagram service provided by WDP.
Light weight transaction-oriented protocol
Three classes of transaction services
Unreliable one-way requests
Reliable one-way requests
Reliable two-way request-reply transactions
2/12/2016 26
27. Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)
Based on industry-standard Transport Layer
Security (TLS) protocol
Optimized for use over narrow-band
communication channels
Features:
Data integrity
Privacy
Authentication
Denial-of-service protection
2/12/2016 27
28. Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP)
The WAP datagram protocol (WDP) is the
Transport layer that sends and receives messages
via any available bearer network, including SMS,
USSD, CSD, CDPD, IS–136 packet data, and
GPRS.
Operates above the data capable bearer services
supported by various network types.
Provides a common interface to the upper layer
protocols and hence they function independent of
the underlying wireless network.
2/12/2016 28
29. Bearers
Differing levels of quality of service with respect to
throughput, error rate, and delays
WAP protocols are designed to compensate for or
tolerate these varying levels of service
WDP specification lists the bearers that are supported
and techniques used to allow WAP protocols to run
over each bearer
2/12/2016 29
30. Sample WAP Stacks
No layer
IP Non-IP
UDP WDP
WTP
WSP/B
WAE
WTLS
WAE
User Agents
No layer
IP Non-IP
UDP WDP
WTP
WTLS
Applications over
transactions
No layer
IP Non-IP
UDP WDP
WTLS
Applications over
Datagram Transport
WAP Technology
Outside of WAP
2/12/2016 30
31. Mobile-Originated Example of WAP
Architecture
The request from the mobile device is sent as a URL through the operator's
network to the WAP gateway, which is the interface between the operator's
network and the Internet as shown in the figure below.
2/12/2016 31
32. FUTURE OF WAP
Will WAP comply with Third Generation wireless
standards?
Yes, WAP has been designed to be as independent as possible from
the underlying network technology.
Is WAP necessary with higher bandwidth 3G networks?
Even as bandwidths increase, the cost of that bandwidth does not
fall to zero. These costs result from higher power usage in the
terminals, higher costs in the radio sections, greater use of RF
spectrum, and increased network loading. In addition, the original
constraints WAP was designed for -- intermittent coverage, small
screens, low power consumption, wide scalability over bearers and
devices, and one-handed operation -- are still valid in 3G networks.
Finally, we can expect the bandwidth required by application users
to steadily increase. Therefore, there is still a need to optimize the
device and network resources for wireless environments. We can
expect WAP to optimize support for multimedia applications
that continue to be relevant.2/12/2016 32
33. If WAP is very successful in mass-markets on 2.5G networks,
3G networks may be needed purely for capacity relief.
The reasons to migrate to WAP technology
Network operators are behind WAP
With minimal risk and investment, WAP enables operators to
decrease churn, cut costs, and increase revenues by improving
existing, value-added services and offering exciting new
informational services.
Why are equipment manufacturers interested in
WAP?
Being a global open specification suite, WAP has generated the
critical mass for manufacturers. This has opened up new
product and marketing opportunities in the wireless industry
and provides new revenue to participating companies.
2/12/2016 33
34. WAP in the Competitive Environment
Competition for WAP protocols could come from a number of
sources:
• subscriber identity module (SIM) toolkit—The use
of SIMs or smart cards in wireless devices is already
widespread and used in some of the service sectors.
• Windows CE—This is a multitasking, multithreaded
operating system from Microsoft designed for including or
embedding mobile and other space-constrained devices.
• JavaPhone™—Sun Microsystems is developing
PersonalJava™ and a JavaPhone™ API, which is embedded in a
Java™ virtual machine on the handset. NEPs will be able to
build cellular phones that can download extra features and
functions over the Internet; thus, customers will no longer be
required to buy a new phone to take advantage of improved
features.
2/12/2016 34
35. USAGE
- Corporate Applications: Sales force automation
where sales people use their WAP enabled handsets to
get instant, direct access to the latest pricing, latest
news, competitive information any time, anywhere.
- Online Services:
Banking: Users can get their current balance,
transfer funds between accounts and receive fax of a
mini-statement.
Electronic Commerce: Subscribers can use their
handset just like their PC to purchase products and
services over the Web.
2/12/2016 35
36. - Tele services
Prepaid Services: With a WAP-enabled phone,
prepaid subscribers can see their current balance with the
press of a button. By pressing another button, they can
also recharge their account by entering a credit card or
voucher number into the handset.
- Personal Productivity
Email: Using WAP users can keep track of their
email right from their handset.
- Others include:
- Interactive Chat
- Auctions
- Games
2/12/2016 36
37. The ADVANTAGES that WAP can offer over these
other methods are the following:
•open standard, vendor independent
•network-standard independent
•transport mechanism–optimized for wireless data
bearers
•application downloaded from the server, enabling
fast service creation and introduction, as opposed to
embedded software
2/12/2016 37
38. DISADVANTAGES of WAP
Small screens: For web phones, there's an incredibly small
viewing area; palmtops are barely better.
Speed of access: All devices have slow access.
Limited or fragmented availability: Wireless web access
is sporadic in many areas and entirely unavailable in other
areas.
Price: Many technology limitations are being addressed
by higher-end devices and services. But the entry price for
a good wireless web palmtop with decent display,
keyboard, and speed is easily $700 to $900, not including
monthly access.
Lack of user habit: It takes some patience and overcoming
the learning curve to get the hang of it -- connecting,
putting in an address, typing. Users just aren't used to the
idea and protocol yet.
2/12/2016 38
39. Summary
• WAP provides a markup language and a transport protocol that
open the possibilities of the wireless environment and give players
from all levels of the industry the opportunity to access an
untapped market that is still in its infancy.
• The bearer-independent nature of WAP has proved to be a long-
awaited breath of fresh air for an industry riddled with multiple
proprietary standards that have suffocated the advent of a new
wave of mobile-Internet communications. WAP is an enabling
technology that, through gateway infrastructure deployed in
mobile operator's network, will bridge the gap between the
mobile world and the Internet, bringing sophisticated solutions to
mobile users, independent of the bearer and network.
• Backed by 75 percent of the companies behind the world's
mobile telephone market and the huge development potential of
WAP, the future for WAP looks bright.
2/12/2016 39
40. Wireless Application Protocol
(WAP)
Open standard providing mobile users of wireless
terminals access to telephony and information services
Wireless terminals include wireless phones, pagers and
personal digital assistants (PDAs)
Designed to work with all wireless network technologies
such as GSM, CDMA, and TDMA
Based on existing Internet standards such as IP, XML,
HTML, and HTTP
Includes security facilities
2/12/2016 40
43. Wireless Markup Language (WML)
Features
Text and image support – formatting and layout
commands
Deck/card organizational metaphor – WML
documents subdivided into cards, which specify one
or more units of interaction
Support for navigation among cards and decks –
includes provisions for event handling; used for
navigation or executing scripts
2/12/2016 43
44. WML Script
Scripting language for defining script-type programs in a
user device with limited processing power and memory
WMLScript capabilities:
Check validity of user input before it’s sent
Access device facilities and peripherals
Interact with user without introducing round trips to origin
server
2/12/2016 44
46. Wireless Application Environment
(WAE)
WAE specifies an application framework for wireless
devices
WAE elements:
WAE User agents – software that executes in the wireless
device
Content generators – applications that produce standard
content formats in response to requests from user agents in
the mobile terminal
Standard content encoding – defined to allow a WAE user
agent to navigate Web content
Wireless telephony applications (WTA) – collection of
telephony-specific extensions for call and feature control
mechanisms
2/12/2016 46
48. Wireless Session Protocol (WSP)
Transaction-oriented protocol based on the concept of a
request and a reply
Provides applications with interface for two session
services:
Connection-oriented session service – operates above
reliable transport protocol WTP
Connectionless session service – operates above unreliable
transport protocol WDP
2/12/2016 48
49. Connection-mode WSP Services
Establish reliable session from client to server and
release
Agree on common level of protocol functionality
using capability negotiation
Exchange content between client and server using
compact encoding
Suspend and resume a session
Push content from server to client in an
unsynchronized manner
2/12/2016 49
50. WSP Transaction Types
Session establishment – client WSP user requests
session with server WSP user
Session termination – client WSP user initiates
termination
Session suspend and resume – initiated with suspend
and resume requests
Transaction – exchange of data between a client and
server
Nonconfirmed data push – used to send unsolicited
information from server to client
Confirmed data push – server receives delivery
confirmation from client
2/12/2016 50
51. Wireless Transaction Protocol
(WTP)
Lightweight protocol suitable for "thin" clients and
over low-bandwidth wireless links
WTP features
Three classes of transaction service
Optional user-to-user reliability: WTP user triggers
confirmation of each received message
Optional out-of-band data on acknowledgments
PDU concatenation and delayed acknowledgment to reduce
the number of messages sent
Asynchronous transactions
2/12/2016 51
52. WTP Transaction Classes
Class 0: Unreliable invoke message with no result
message
Class 1: Reliable invoke message with no result message
Class 2: Unreliable invoke message with one reliable
result message
2/12/2016 52
53. WTP PDU Types
Invoke PDU – used to convey a request from an
initiator to a responder
ACK PDU – used to acknowledge an Invoke or Result
PDU
Result PDU – used to convey response of the server to
the client
Abort PDU – used to abort a transaction
Segmented invoke PDU and segmented result PDU –
used for segmentation and reassembly
Negative acknowledgment PDU – used to indicate that
some packets did not arrive
2/12/2016 53
55. Wireless Transport Layer Security
(WTLS) Features
Data integrity – ensures that data sent between client
and gateway are not modified, using message
authentication
Privacy – ensures that the data cannot be read by a
third party, using encryption
Authentication – establishes authentication of the two
parties, using digital certificates
Denial-of-service protection – detects and rejects
messages that are replayed or not successfully verified
2/12/2016 55
56. WTLS Protocol Stack
WTLS consists of two layers of protocols
WTLS Record Protocol – provides basic security services to
various higher-layer protocols
Higher-layer protocols:
The Handshake Protocol
The Change Cipher Spec Protocol
The Alert Protocol
2/12/2016 56
59. Phases of the Handshake Protocol
Exchange
First phase – used to initiate a logical connection and
establish security capabilities
Second phase – used for server authentication and key
exchange
Third phase – used for client authentication and key
exchange
Forth phase – completes the setting up of a secure
connection
2/12/2016 59
60. Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP)
Used to adapt higher-layer WAP protocol to the
communication mechanism used between mobile
node and WAP gateway
WDP hides details of the various bearer networks
from the other layers of WAP
Adaptation may include:
Partitioning data into segments of appropriate size for the
bearer
Interfacing with the bearer network
2/12/2016 60
61. Wireless Control Message Protocol
(WCMP)
Performs the same support function for WDP as ICMP
does for IP
Used in environments that don’t provide IP bearer and
don’t lend themselves to the use of ICMP
Used by wireless nodes and WAP gateways to report
errors encountered in processing WDP datagrams
Can also be used for informational and diagnostic
purposes
2/12/2016 61
63. Overview
Introduction to i-mode
i-mode and mobile technology today
i-mode Development
iHTML
i-mode’s Business Model
Future of i-mode
2/12/2016 63
64. What is i-mode?
Service across a wireless network which enables
handheld devices (such as cell phones) to access
the Internet
Mobile internet service offered by NTT DoCoMo
Introduced in February 1999
Extremely popular in Japan and expanding into
Europe
As of March 31st, 2002, there are approximately
32,150,000 subscribers (in Japan)
Quick Note: Invented by Mari Matsunaga
2/12/2016 64
65. What Can I do With i-mode ?
Web-browsing
Email (the “killer app”)
Chat, Games
Access to information
Transaction Content
Money Transfer, Balance Check, Ticket
Reservation…
Information Content
News updates, sports news, stock quotes…
Database Content
Restaurant Guide, Telephone Directory…
2/12/2016 65
66. A Look at an i-mode Device
Currently an i-mode device is an
equivalent of a very low-end
computer
Additional buttons : directional,
select and the i button.
Must have an iHTML browser.
Menu based interface (i-Menu)
Try typing in a URL => It’s not
easy!
2/12/2016 66
67. i-mode Transmission System
Packet - switching network – information divided into
packets when sent and reassembled when received by
the i-mode user => faster.
i-mode users pay by volume of data downloaded.
Code Division Multiple Access – method for allocating
wireless channel (9.6kbps)
2/12/2016 67
68. i-mode vs WAP
i-mode – packet switching network
Handset contains IP stack
Communicates directly using iHTML web sites,
through DoCoMo’s relay centers
WAP – protocol originally implemented
on a circuit switched network
Can be packet switched e.g. GPRS
Requires gateway if required to communicate
using TCP/IP
Can WAP support streaming video?
Both i-mode and WAP will be supporting XHTML
Comparing WAP and imode is not straightforward!
2/12/2016 68
69. I-mode's security
concerns/solutions
Concern: prank/redirected calls
Use SSL since version 3.0 since the medium is
the internet and iHTML
Java is more secure and only delegates
resources to "trusted" servers
Has partnered with major corporations
including some Japanese and some in America
and Europe
As of version 3.0, i-mode has 128-bit
encryption
2/12/2016 69
70. Development
The i-mode handset (Java enabled) use the
KVM.
Sun has ported the J2ME to i-mode.
All Java Network operations in done via HTTP
Other companies are porting applications for
development including Macromedia, WapProfit,
SEGA...
It may even be possible to make your own
movies that will be playable with 3G and 4G
networks through FOMA
2/12/2016 70
71. iHTML
Originally named cHTML (compact).
No jpegs, tables, image maps, frames,
style sheets, cookies, fonts
Handles GIFs, MIDI, and Java (iAppli)
2/12/2016 71
73. Future of i-mode
Currently, transfer rate is 9600 kbps.
3G which is released next year, (new version of i-
mode), transfer rate 2 Mbps with streaming video
and audio
4G (released in 2006), transfer rate is 20 MBps
2/12/2016 73
75. Sync ML
SyncML (Synchronization Markup Language) is the
former name for a platform-independent information
synchronization standard.
The project is currently referred to as Open Mobile
Alliance Data Synchronization and Device Management.
The purpose of SyncML is to offer an open standard as a
replacement for existing data synchronization solutions,
which have mostly been somewhat vendor-, application-
or operating system specific.
2/12/2016 75
76. SyncML is most commonly thought of as a method to
synchronize contact and calendar information
(personal information manager) between some type of
handheld device and a computer (personal, or
network-based service), such as between a mobile
phone and a personal computer. The new version of
the specification includes support for push email,
providing a standard protocol alternative to
proprietary solutions like BlackBerry.
2/12/2016 76
82. What is a “data synchronization
protocol”?
Communication syntax and semantics for a data
synchronization session
Protocol includes:
naming and identification of records
common protocol commands
identification and resolution of synchronization
conflicts
2/12/2016 82
83. SyncML defined…
“SyncML is a new industry initiative to develop and
promote a single, common data synchronization
protocol that can be used industry-wide.” (syncml.org)
“SyncML is a specification for a common data synchronization framework
and XML-based format […] for synchronizing data on networked devices.”
(syncml.org)
“SyncML is a […] protocol for conveying data synchronization operations.”
(syncml.org)
2/12/2016 83
85. SyncML: clients & servers
SyncML
server
server modifications
client modifications
2/12/2016 85
86. SyncML data identification
LUID Data
23 A
382 B
61 C
GUID Data
189 A
3982 B
89 C
Client Server
GUID LUID
189 23
3982 382
89 61
2/12/2016 86
87. Sync ML
Synchronization Types
Two-way sync
Slow sync
One-way sync from client only
Refresh sync from client only
2/12/2016 87
88. Sync ML
Synchronization Types (cont.)
One-way sync from server only
Refresh sync from server only
Server alerted sync
2/12/2016 88
89. Sync ML features
Synchronize any type of data
Multiple protocol bindings
HTTP, WSP, OBEX
Security
Interoperability
2/12/2016 89
90. Sync ML terminology
Message
Package
Command
Status code
Datastore
Device Info
Meta Info
Capabilities
exchange
2/12/2016 90
91. Sync ML and XML
Abbreviated naming convention
Ex: ”protocol version” is <VerProto>
XML prolog is not required
WBXML
WAP Binary XML
2/12/2016 91
96. Meta Info document
Contains sync session
parameters
<MetInf>
<Format>…</Format>
<Type>…</Type>
…
<MaxMsgSize>586
</MaxMsgSize>
…
</MetInf>
2/12/2016 96
97. Device Info document
Describes device
capabilities
For both client
and server
<DevInf>
…
<SwV>0.99</SwV>
<HwV>3.14</HwV>
…
<DevTyp>pda</DevTyp>
…
</DevInf>
2/12/2016 97
99. sync4j
Java implementation of SyncML protocol
sync4j client & sync4j Server
open source
designed for J2SE platform
http://sync4j.sourceforge.net
2/12/2016 99
100. Open source licensing
Licensing options:
GPL?
LGPL?
BSD?
Apache Public License?
JDOM public license?
Mozilla Public License (MPL)?
sync4j license is virtually identical to JDOM
license
2/12/2016 100
101. sync4j audience
developers who know Java but don’t know SyncML
developers who know SyncML but may not know Java
commercial application developers & open source
application developers
2/12/2016 101
102. API design ideas
SAX API
standard set of interfaces
multiple implementations
usage model: callbacks
JDOM API
concrete classes; single implementation
root Document object contains Element objects
2/12/2016 102
103. API design ideas (cont.)
Servlet API
usage model: developer builds a new servlet by
subclassing HTTPServlet
Auto-generate classes from DTD using an XML
data-binding tool??
Sun’s JAXB
Enhydra’s Zeus
2/12/2016 103
104. Design goals
Hide complexity of the SyncML specification from
Java programmers
XML documents, XML parsing
multiple transport protocols
A complete SyncML implementation
Interoperability
with existing SyncML clients & servers
2/12/2016 104
105. Design goals (cont.)
API should be natural and familiar to Java
programmers
direct object instantiation
exceptions
use Collection API / arrays, where appropriate
event notification via event listeners
familiar naming conventions
2/12/2016 105
106. Design goals (cont.)
API must be familiar to developers who already know
the SyncML DTD’s
API must enforce any restrictions that are defined in
the SyncML specification
Target platform: J2SE
2/12/2016 106
107. Design goals (cont.)
Modular design:
“core” protocol support
transport protocol libraries
extensible client framework
extensible server framework
client application
server application
2/12/2016 107
108. sync4j implementation
Immutable objects
Exception class for each SyncML “status code”
Declaration of constants
public final static variables
Command object hierarchy
2/12/2016 108
117. sync4j future issues
Compliance testing, interoperability tests
move to JDK 1.4?
Assert facility
Java Logging API
New I/O classes: java.nio
SSL class library
2/12/2016 117
118. Summary
SyncML is both complex and powerful
sync4j hides the complexity of SyncML from Java
programmers
The sync4j API is consistent with many familiar
Java programming idioms
http://sync4j.sourceforge.net/
2/12/2016 118
119. References
Book: Wireless Communications and Networks by
William Stallings
PPT: WilliamStalling.com/StudentsSupport.html.
http://www.wirelesscommunication.nl/reference/abo
ut.htm
119
Data modifications: add new record, replace existing record, delete record
Client maintains a change log.
Server maintains a change log.
When they synchronize, the client and server use the change logs to determine what data has changed.
Change log must track: replace, addition, deletion.
Each piece of data in the datastore has a unique identifier.
Client and server can each use their own private identifiers for internal use.
The server is responsible for maintaining “Mapping Table” for mapping
Explain LUID’s and GUID’s.
Each piece of data in a datastore has a unique identifier.
Client and server may use their own private data ID’s for its own internal use.
Server maintains an ID mapping table.
Any type of data: calendar data (iCalendar, vCalendar), address book (vCard),
email messages, XML documents, binary data, etc.
Data is identified by MIME types.
WBXML: WAP Binary XML
compact representation for XML documents
http://www.wapforum.org/