Presentation on WAP Keerti Sharma
This ppt contains the topic like,,
What is WAP ?
Limitations of Internet for wireless applications
WAP Architecture / protocol stack
WAP Components / WML
WAP brings Internet to hand-held devices
Conclusion
WAP- Wireless Application Protocol
by
Team 11 Presenters:
Suma Pramod Connie Barbosa
Niti Pandey Patrick Cunning
Olga Pavlenko
This ppt contains the topic like,,
WAP Introduction,
WAP architecture requirements,
Architecture overview,
World-wide web model,
WAP model,
Components of WAP architecture,
Sample Configuration of WAP technology,
Usage, Advantages & Disadvantages of WAP,
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP),
Wireless Markup Language (WML),
Generating WML with XSLT,
WAP Emulator.
Loss of strength, A periodic reduction in the received strength of a radio transmission.
This is about the phenomenon of loss of signal in telecommunications.Fading refers to the
time variation of the received signal power caused by changes in the transmission medium or path.
WAP- Wireless Application Protocol
by
Team 11 Presenters:
Suma Pramod Connie Barbosa
Niti Pandey Patrick Cunning
Olga Pavlenko
This ppt contains the topic like,,
WAP Introduction,
WAP architecture requirements,
Architecture overview,
World-wide web model,
WAP model,
Components of WAP architecture,
Sample Configuration of WAP technology,
Usage, Advantages & Disadvantages of WAP,
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP),
Wireless Markup Language (WML),
Generating WML with XSLT,
WAP Emulator.
Loss of strength, A periodic reduction in the received strength of a radio transmission.
This is about the phenomenon of loss of signal in telecommunications.Fading refers to the
time variation of the received signal power caused by changes in the transmission medium or path.
WLAN is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices (using-spectrum or OFDM radio) within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building.
WLAN is a marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name.
Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of installation and use.
When working with Mule Custom connectors, Connection Management class plays a critical role in establishing connection, validating the connection and reconnection strategies.
WLAN is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices (using-spectrum or OFDM radio) within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building.
WLAN is a marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name.
Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of installation and use.
When working with Mule Custom connectors, Connection Management class plays a critical role in establishing connection, validating the connection and reconnection strategies.
Mobile Device Operating Systems – Special Constrains & Requirements – Commercial Mobile Operating Systems – Software Development Kit: iOS, Android, BlackBerry, Windows Phone – M-Commerce – Structure – Pros & Cons – Mobile Payment System – Security Issues.
Location-based Services (LBSs) are IT services for providing information that has been created, compiled, selected, or filtered taking into consideration the current locations of the users or those of other persons or mobile objects.
UNIT V APPLICATION LAYER
WAP Model- Mobile Location based services -WAP Gateway –WAP protocols – WAP user agent profile- caching model-wireless bearers for WAP - WML – WMLScripts – WTA - iMode- SyncML
WAP Model- Mobile Location based services -WAP Gateway –WAP protocols – WAP
user agent profile- caching model-wireless bearers for WAP - WML – W MLScripts - WTA
- iMode- SyncML.
WAP, HTTP and HTML5 Web Socket Architecture Analysis in Contemporary Mobile A...Editor IJCATR
Accessing current and accurate information anywhere and at anytime is becoming a growing interest nowadays. Wireless
Application Protocol (WAP) is an application protocol that creates an opportunity to access information of any interest from WAP
servers using mobile phones. WAP is an enabling technology based on the Internet client server architecture model, for developing
client application for handheld devices or other wireless terminal which usually have less powerful CPU’s, less memory, very
restricted power consumption, smaller and variant displays, phone keypads etc. This paper analyses the features of WAP in relation to
the well established HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) technology, the web socket API innovations introduced in HTML5, the
recent improvements in mobile devices processing capacity by connecting to cloud services and how application can be developed on
them using modern tools. The features that are more adapted to client development of micro-devices are used for the technology
application test.
WAP, HTTP and HTML5 Web Socket Architecture Analysis in Contemporary Mobile A...Editor IJCATR
Accessing current and accurate information anywhere and at anytime is becoming a growing interest nowadays. Wireless
Application Protocol (WAP) is an application protocol that creates an opportunity to access information of any interest from WAP
servers using mobile phones. WAP is an enabling technology based on the Internet client server architecture model, for developing
client application for handheld devices or other wireless terminal which usually have less powerful CPU’s, less memory, very
restricted power consumption, smaller and variant displays, phone keypads etc. This paper analyses the features of WAP in relation to
the well established HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) technology, the web socket API innovations introduced in HTML5, the
recent improvements in mobile devices processing capacity by connecting to cloud services and how application can be developed on
them using modern tools. The features that are more adapted to client development of micro-devices are used for the technology
application test.
Wireless Communication and Networking by WilliamStallings Chap2Senthil Kanth
Hai I'm Senthilkanth, doing MCA in Mepco Schlenk Engineering College..
The following presentation covers topic called Wireless Communication and Networking
by WilliamStallings for BSc CS, BCA, MSc CS, MCA, ME students.Make use of it.
Wireless Communication and Networking
by WilliamStallings Chapter : 2Transmission Fundamentals
Chapter 2
Electromagnetic Signal
Function of time
Can also be expressed as a function of frequency
Signal consists of components of different frequencies
Time-Domain Concepts
Analog signal - signal intensity varies in a smooth fashion over time
No breaks or discontinuities in the signal
Digital signal - signal intensity maintains a constant level for some period of time and then changes to another constant level
Periodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern that repeats over time
s(t +T ) = s(t ) -¥< t < +¥
where T is the period of the signal
Time-Domain Concepts
Aperiodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern that doesn't repeat over time
Peak amplitude (A) - maximum value or strength of the signal over time; typically measured in volts
Frequency (f )
Rate, in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz) at which the signal repeats
Time-Domain Concepts
Period (T ) - amount of time it takes for one repetition of the signal
T = 1/f
Phase () - measure of the relative position in time within a single period of a signal
Wavelength () - distance occupied by a single cycle of the signal
Or, the distance between two points of corresponding phase of two consecutive cycles
Sine Wave Parameters
General sine wave
s(t ) = A sin(2ft + )
Figure 2.3 shows the effect of varying each of the three parameters
(a) A = 1, f = 1 Hz, = 0; thus T = 1s
(b) Reduced peak amplitude; A=0.5
(c) Increased frequency; f = 2, thus T = ½
(d) Phase shift; = /4 radians (45 degrees)
note: 2 radians = 360° = 1 period
Sine Wave Parameters
Time vs. Distance
When the horizontal axis is time, as in Figure 2.3, graphs display the value of a signal at a given point in space as a function of time
With the horizontal axis in space, graphs display the value of a signal at a given point in time as a function of distance
At a particular instant of time, the intensity of the signal varies as a function of distance from the source
Frequency-Domain Concepts
Fundamental frequency - when all frequency components of a signal are integer multiples of one frequency, it’s referred to as the fundamental frequency
Spectrum - range of frequencies that a signal contains
Absolute bandwidth - width of the spectrum of a signal
Effective bandwidth (or just bandwidth) - narrow band of frequencies that most of the signal’s energy is contained in
Frequency-Domain Concepts
Any electromagnetic signal can be shown to consist of a collection of periodic analog signals (sine waves) at different amplitudes, frequencies, and phases
The period of the total signal is equal to the period of the fundamenta
wireless communication and networking Chapter 1Senthil Kanth
wireless communication and networking by WilliamStallings
Hai I'm Senthilkanth, doing MCA in Mepco Schlenk Engineering College..
The following presentation covers topic called Wireless Communication and Networking
by WilliamStallings for BSc CS, BCA, MSc CS, MCA, ME students.Make use of it.
This presentation agenda like,,
Introduction
Chapter 1: Wireless Comes of Age
Chapter 2: Transmission Fundamentals
Chapter 3: Communication Networks
Chapter 4: Protocols and the TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Chapter 5: Antennas and Propagation
Chapter 6: Signal Encoding Techniques
Chapter 7: Spread Spectrum
Chapter 8: Coding and Error Control
Chapter 9: Satellite Communications
Chapter 10: Cellular Wireless Networks
Chapter 11: Cordless Systems and Wireless Local Loop
Chapter 12: Mobile IP and Wireless Access Protocol
Chapter 13: Wireless LAN Technology
Chapter 14: IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Standard
Chapter 15: Bluetooth
Hai I'm Senthilkanth, doing MCA in Mepco Schlenk Engineering College..
The following presentation covers topic called WML for BSc CS, BCA, MSc CS, MCA, ME students.Make use of it. WML Script by Shanti katta.
This presentation agenda like,
Introduction to Mobile Application DevelopmentSenthil Kanth
Introduction to Mobile Application Development
This ppt contains the topic like,,
WAP Network Structure,
The WAP Gateway plays an important role,
WAP Programming Model,
WML Example,
Java Platform,
Java 2 Platform,
Virtual Machines and horizontal and vertical APIs specified in configurations and Profiles,
Configurations
Introduction to wireless application protocol (wap)ogiSenthil Kanth
Introduction to wireless application protocol (wap)ogi Presented by
Dragomanov Andon
Paunovski Ognen
This ppt contains the topic like,,
What is WAP?
Development and Objectives
WAP Concept
WAP 1.0 Architecture
WAP 2.0 Architecture
WAP 2.0 Features
WML
Real Life Examples
Routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks have to
face the challenge of frequently changing topology, low
transmission power and asymmetric links. Both
proactive and reactive routing protocols prove to be
inefficient under these circumstances. The Zone Routing
Protocol (ZRP) combines the advantages of the proactive
and reactive approaches by maintaining an up-to-date
topological map of a zone centered on each node. Within
the zone, routes are immediately available. For
destinations outside the zone, ZRP employs a route
discovery procedure, which can benefit from the local
routing information of the zones.
On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol.
This paper presents a novel multicast routing protocol for mobile ad hoc wireless networks. The protocol, termed ODMRP (On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol), is a mesh-based, rather than a conventional tree- based, multicast scheme and uses a forwarding group concept (only a sub- set of nodes forwards the multicast packets via scoped flooding). It applies on-demand procedures to dynamically build routes and maintain multicast group membership. ODMRP is well suited for ad hoc wireless networks with mobile hosts where bandwidth is limited, topology changes frequently, and power is constrained. We evaluate ODMRP’s scalability and performance via simulation.
Routing Protocols for Ad-Hoc Networks. This is a book for Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing
&
DSR: The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Multi-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. November 2011,
Authors : Giorgos Papadakis & Manolis Surligas
Senthilkanth,MCA..
The following ppt's full topic covers Operating System for BSc CS, BCA, MSc CS, MCA students..
1.Introduction
2.OS Structures
3.Process
4.Threads
5.CPU Scheduling
6.Process Synchronization
7.Dead Locks
8.Memory Management
9.Virtual Memory
10.File system Interface
11.File system implementation
12.Mass Storage System
13.IO Systems
14.Protection
15.Security
16.Distributed System Structure
17.Distributed File System
18.Distributed Co Ordination
19.Real Time System
20.Multimedia Systems
21.Linux
22.Windows
Senthilkanth,MCA..
The following ppt's full topic covers Operating System for BSc CS, BCA, MSc CS, MCA students..
1.Introduction
2.OS Structures
3.Process
4.Threads
5.CPU Scheduling
6.Process Synchronization
7.Dead Locks
8.Memory Management
9.Virtual Memory
10.File system Interface
11.File system implementation
12.Mass Storage System
13.IO Systems
14.Protection
15.Security
16.Distributed System Structure
17.Distributed File System
18.Distributed Co Ordination
19.Real Time System
20.Multimedia Systems
21.Linux
22.Windows
Senthilkanth,MCA..
The following ppt's full topic covers Operating System for BSc CS, BCA, MSc CS, MCA students..
1.Introduction
2.OS Structures
3.Process
4.Threads
5.CPU Scheduling
6.Process Synchronization
7.Dead Locks
8.Memory Management
9.Virtual Memory
10.File system Interface
11.File system implementation
12.Mass Storage System
13.IO Systems
14.Protection
15.Security
16.Distributed System Structure
17.Distributed File System
18.Distributed Co Ordination
19.Real Time System
20.Multimedia Systems
21.Linux
22.Windows
1.Introduction
2.OS Structures
3.Process
4.Threads
5.CPU Scheduling
6.Process Synchronization
7.Dead Locks
8.Memory Management
9.Virtual Memory
10.File system Interface
11.File system implementation
12.Mass Storage System
13.IO Systems
14.Protection
15.Security
16.Distributed System Structure
17.Distributed File System
18.Distributed Co Ordination
19.Real Time System
20.Multimedia Systems
21.Linux
22.Windows
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. August 2002
Agenda…
What is WAP ?
Limitations of Internet for wireless applications
WAP Architecture / protocol stack
WAP Components / WML
WAP brings Internet to hand-held devices
Conclusion
3. What is WAP ?
WAP – The Wireless Application Protocol
– Makes it possible to access the Internet via wireless
devices such as mobile phones, PDAs etc.
– Set of rules governing transmission/reception of data
by wireless devices (e.g. mobile phones)
August 2002
4. Limitations of Internet for
Wireless Applications
Traditional Internet applications cannot run on mobile
devices because of the following limitations:
– Low bandwidth network
– High Latency network
– Limited connection stability
– Small display size
– Limited input facility
– Limited memory
– Limited processing power
August 2002
5. August 2002
Limitations of Internet (contd)…
Low bandwidth
– Size of an HTML page, including graphics … 20 KB
– Download time (56Kbps modem) … 3 s
– Bandwidth of wireless network … 9.6Kbps
– Download time for data on one page … 17 s
High latency
– At the expiry of retransmission timer value, the TCP layer resends the
packet of data
– An average latency in a wireless network is around ½ s but can be as high
as 10s
– This can cause a lot of retransmission causing severe congestion
6. Limitations of Internet (contd)…
Limited connection stability
Small display size
Limited input facility
Limited memory
Limited processing power
August 2002
8. August 2002
WAP Architecture (contd)…
.
Web Server
CGI
Scripts
etc.
Content
WML Decks
with WML-Script
WAP Gateway
WML Encoder
WMLScript
Compiler
Protocol Adapters
Client
WML
WML-Script
WTAI
Etc.
WSP/WTP HTTP
9. WAP Architecture (contd)…
.
August 2002
WAP Application Server
Application
Logic
Content
WML Decks
with WML-Script
WML Encoder
WMLScript
Compiler
Protocol Adapters
Client
WML
WML-Script
WTAI
Etc.
WSP/WTP
10. August 2002
WAP Architecture (contd)…
WAE - holds the tools that wireless Internet content
developers use.
WSP - determines whether a session between the
device and the network will be connection-oriented or
connectionless.
WTP - acts like a traffic cop, keeping the data flowing
in a logical and smooth manner. It also determines how
to classify each transaction request:
– Reliable two way (WTP/C)
– Reliable one way (WTP/T)
– Unreliable one way (WTP/D)
WTLS - provides many of the same security features
found in the Transport Layer Security (TLS) part of
TCP/IP.
WDP - makes it easy to adapt the transport layer to a
variety of bearers because all that needs to change is
the information maintained at this level.
12. WAP Architecture (contd)…
In a real WAP solution, the main components include:
• WAP Device
• Bearer
• WAP Gateway
• Content
• Content Server
August 2002
13. WAP Components (contd)…
WAP Gateway
– Encoder: converts WML to binarized WML
– Adaptor: provides additional information through
HTTP header
• Translate HTTP requests to WSP.
• Convert between SSL and WTLS
• Convert transport protocols (TCP and WDP)
August 2002
14. WAP Components (contd)…
WML (Wireless Markup Language)
– An XML-based markup language that describes how WAP content is
presented on a wireless terminal
Differs from HTML in the following
– WML was specifically designed for wireless terminals with a target screen that
is only a few lines long and about an inch wide.
– WML is case sensitive, and all tags and attributes should be in lowercase.
– Unlike HTML, WML is unforgiving of incorrectly nested tags.
– WML doesn't assume that a keyboard or a mouse is available for user input.
Based on these differences, WML provides a smaller, telephony-aware
set of tags that make it more appropriate than HTML for
handheld wireless terminals.
August 2002
15. WAP Components (contd)…
WML Contd…
– Card metaphor
• User interactions are split into cards
• Navigation occurs between cards
– Explicit inter-card navigation model
• Hyperlinks
• History
– State management and variables
• Reduce network traffic
• Results in better caching
August 2002
16. Navigation
Variables
August 2002
Example of WML …
.
Card
Input
Elements
<WML>
<CARD>
<DO TYPE=“ACCEPT”>
<GO URL=“#eCard”/>
</DO
Welcome!
</CARD>
<CARD NAME=“eCard”>
<DO TYPE=“ACCEPT”>
<GO URL=“/submit?N=$(N)&S=$(S)”/>
</DO>
Enter name: <INPUT KEY=“N”/>
Choose speed:
<SELECT KEY=“S”>
<OPTION VALUE=“0”>Fast</OPTION>
<OPTION VALUE=“1”>Slow</OPTION>
<SELECT>
</CARD>
</WML>
17. August 2002
A Deck of Cards …
. <WML>
<CARD>
<DO TYPE="ACCEPT" LABEL="Next">
<GO URL="#card2"/>
</DO>
Acme Inc.<BR/>Directory
</CARD>
<CARD NAME="card2">
<DO TYPE="ACCEPT">
<GO URL="?send=$type"/>
</DO>
Services
<SELECT KEY="type">
<OPTION VALUE="em">Email</OPTION>
<OPTION VALUE="ph">Phone</OPTION>
<OPTION VALUE="fx">Fax</OPTION>
</SELECT>
</CARD>
</WML>
Acme Inc.
Directory
_____________
Next
Services
1>Email
2 Phone
____________
OK
18. WAP brings Internet to Hand-held
Devices
WAP handles limited bandwidth
– Minimizes traffic over wireless interface
– WSP layer, too, is binary encoded
– WTP is not only designed to minimize amount of data but also number of
transactions
WAP handles high latency
– WAE uses scripting to avoid round trip delays, e.g. by validating user input locally
– WTAI environment introduces a repository to hold services that should be
started in response to an event in mobile network, e.g. incoming call.
August 2002
19. WAP brings (contd)…
WAP handles less stable connections
– The sessions supported by WSP are assumed to be long-lived.
– WTP layer has been kept very simple compared to TCP
– WTP supports selective retransmission of data
WAP handles small displays
– WML structures its documents in ‘Decks & Cards’
– When an application is executed, user navigates through a series of cards
August 2002
20. WAP brings (contd)…
WAP handles limited input facilities
– The WML elements can be easily be implemented without much input required from
the key-board
– Deck & Cards model requires minimal navigation between pages
– Soft buttons or user-definable keys are also supported by WML
WAP handles limited memory and CPU
– Defining a light weight protocol stack
– Limited functionality provided by WML & WMLScript
– Binary encoding of WML & WMLScript
August 2002
21. Conclusion
WAP provides a “microbrowser” optimized for wireless
devices
– Requires minimal RAM, ROM, Display, CPU and keys
WAP Offers Bearer Independence
– Allows Applications developed once to work across all networks
– Protects the Carrier’s investment in wireless data as networks evolve
– Enables Mobile Device Manufacturers to use common code across products
WAP Offers Device Independence
– Allows applications developed once to work across devices from small
handsets to powerful PDAs
– Promotes consistent user experience across all of a carrier’s handset offerings
– Encourages a wealth of applications for handset manufacturers
August 2002
23. Some known WAP Services
123Jump (http://www.123jump.com)
A selection of stock data & news, all via WAP
Ajaxo (http://www.ajaxo.com)
A WAP service for wireless stock trading from any WAP enabled device
2PL WorldWide Hotel Guide (http://wap.2pl.com)
A hotel guide, accessible in multiple languages via WAP enabled device
Traffic Maps (http://www.webraska.com)
A French service that monitors and shows latest traffic news via maps
August 2002
27. References 2.
Professional WAP
WAP – A Beginner’s Guide by Dale Bulbrook
Wireless Crash Course by Bedell
Cracking the Code – WAP, Bluetooth & 3G
Programming
WAP Integration by Vujosevic & Laberge
WAP 2.0 Development by Tull
August 2002
Editor's Notes
How is WAP different from Internet?
WAP is a standardized technology for cross-platform, distributed computing, very similar to Internet’s combination of HTTP and HTML except that it includes one vital feature…
Optimization for low-display capability, low-memory and low bandwidth devices such as PDA, mobile phones etc.
WAP is a set of specifications that addresses the Wireless network characteristics by adapting existing network technologies (and introducing new ones where appropriate) to the special requirements of handheld wireless devices. Therefore, WAP intends to standardize the way wireless devices (mobile phones, PDAs, and so forth) access Internet data and services. WAP&apos;s reuse of existing Internet protocols will ease the development of WAP services for Java and other Web developers.
How is WAP different from Internet?
WAP is a standardized technology for cross-platform, distributed computing, very similar to Internet’s combination of HTTP and HTML except that it includes one vital feature…
Optimization for low-display capability, low-memory and low bandwidth devices such as PDA, mobile phones etc.
It introduces a new way of looking at the wireless phenomenon – letting the application follow their customers and provide them with innovative services.
As a matter of fact WAP is not one single protocol but a collection of protocols and specifications that cover everything from how the WAP device and the user agent should work to how the transport protocols interact within the bearers themselves.
So how is it any different from Internet ??
WAP is a standardized technology for cross-platform, distributed computing, very similar to Internet’s combo of HTTP and HTML, except that it includes one vital feature : optimization of low-display capability , low memory etc.
There are lots of problems that need to be addressed before Internet and mobile devices can be brought together.
How is WAP different from Internet?
WAP is a standardized technology for cross-platform, distributed computing, very similar to Internet’s combination of HTTP and HTML except that it includes one vital feature…
Optimization for low-display capability, low-memory and low bandwidth devices such as PDA, mobile phones etc.
Internet as it is now, is not well suited to mobile phone.
Is complex.
Takes up too much bandwidth
Latency – Round trip delay between something being sent on the network and acknowledgement obtained that whatever was sent was received OK
The information coming from the Internet and going to mobile phones has to go thro’ various elements in the mobile network. Each one introducing a little delay.
Also, the air interface used to transmit data to mobile telephones has a very limited bandwidth (9.6Kbps compared to 56kbps on a wired network) Thus Internet protocols, which send many large messages result in large latency.
The Internet protocols (TCP/IP & HTTP) are far from being suitable for use with mobile phone communications. They introduce far too many overheads, requiring many messages bet. Clients and server just to set up a connection. These overheads call for a high processing power on the client device.
The Internet protocols (TCP/IP & HTTP) are far from being suitable for use with mobile phone communications. They introduce far too many overheads, requiring many messages bet. Clients and server just to set up a connection. These overheads call for a high processing power on the client device.
How Wireless Internet Works
To create wireless Internet content, a Web site creates special text only or low graphics versions of the site. The data is sent in HTTP form by a Web server to a WAP gateway. This system includes the WAP encoder, script compiler and protocol adapters to convert the HTTP information to WML. The gateway then sends the converted data to the WAP client on your wireless device.
What happens between the gateway and the client relies on features of different parts of the WAP protocol stack. Let&apos;s take a look at each part of the stack:
To minimize bandwidth requirements, and guarantee that a variety of wireless networks can run WAP applications, a new lightweight protocol stack called the WAP protocol stack was developed.
The application protocol is a communication protocol stack that is embedded in each WAP-enabled wireless device (also known as the user agent). The server side implements the other end of the protocol, which is capable of communicating with any WAP client. The server side is known as a WAP gateway and routes requests from the client to an HTTP (or Web) server.
WAE - The Wireless Application Environment holds the tools that wireless Internet content developers use. These include WML and WMLScript, which is a scripting language used in conjunction with WML. It functions much like Javascript.
WSP - The Wireless Session Protocol determines whether a session between the device and the network will be connection-oriented or connectionless. What this is basically talking about is whether or not the device needs to talk back and forth with the network during a session. A connection-oriented session means that data will be passed both ways between the device and the network. WSP would then send the packet to the Wireless Transaction Protocol layer. If the session is connectionless, commonly used when information is being broadcast or streamed from the network to the device, then WSP redirects the packet to the Wireless Datagram Protocol layer.
WTLS - Wireless Transport Layer Security provides many of the same security features found in the Transport Layer Security (TLS) part of TCP/IP. It checks data integrity, provides encryption and performs client and server authentication.
Network carriers, or bearers, can be any of the existing technologies that wireless providers use
The WSP and WTP layers correspond to HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) in the TCP/IP protocol suite.
Platforms Supported:
Win32
Solaris
HPUX
Linux
Windows CE
Palm OS
Additional platforms available upon request
How is WAP different from Internet?
WAP is a standardized technology for cross-platform, distributed computing, very similar to Internet’s combination of HTTP and HTML except that it includes one vital feature…
Optimization for low-display capability, low-memory and low bandwidth devices such as PDA, mobile phones etc.
In HTML, there are no functions to check the validity of user input or to generate messages and dialog boxes locally. To overcome this limitation, JavaScript was developed. Similarly, to overcome the same restrictions in WML, a new scripting language known as WMLScript has been developed.
Repository – Since the services in this repository are available immediately, no round trips to the server are needed.
Sessions by WSP – Sessions are assumed to be long-lived, so problem of lost connections is addressed by allowing lost sessions to be resumed even when dynamically assigned IP addresses are used
WTP…
Since no connection is set up, the effects of lost connections and other times of inactivity are minimized
The unpredictable nature of wireless connection means that small segments of message are often lost
Selective retransmission – meaning that only lost segments arev retransmitted and not the entire message as in TCP
CARDS & DECK
Card - is a single unit of interaction with the end-user, such as a text-screen, a selection list or a combo of these.
A card is typically small enuff to be displayed on a small screen
DECK – Series of cards used for making an application
Drawbacks of hand-held devices…
Small screen 2) Low memory 3) Low bandwidth ( restricted to 9.6kbps) 4)
The WAP programming code at the web site has to be explicitly designed and written for micro-browser used in the specific model of the WAP device.
The pages themselves have to be small because of the restriction on data speed.