GPRS Architecture and its components are covered extensively.
The slides give a little information about gprs and also gets into deeper explanation of its architecture.
Global system for mobile communication(GSM)Jay Nagar
~Introduction
~GSM Architecture
~GSM Entities
~SMS Service In GSM
~Call Routing In GSM
~PLMN Interfaces
~GSM Addresses and Identifiers
~Network aspects in GSM
~Handover
~Mobility Management
~GSM Frequency Allocation
~Authentication and Security In GSM
GPRS Architecture and its components are covered extensively.
The slides give a little information about gprs and also gets into deeper explanation of its architecture.
Global system for mobile communication(GSM)Jay Nagar
~Introduction
~GSM Architecture
~GSM Entities
~SMS Service In GSM
~Call Routing In GSM
~PLMN Interfaces
~GSM Addresses and Identifiers
~Network aspects in GSM
~Handover
~Mobility Management
~GSM Frequency Allocation
~Authentication and Security In GSM
What is GSM?
The Global System for Mobile communications is a digital cellular communications system. It was developed in order to create a common European mobile telephone standard but it has been rapidly accepted worldwide.
Formerly it was “Groupe Spéciale Mobile” (founded in 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication.
Services:
Tele-services
Bearer or Data Services
Supplementary services
Applications:
Mobile telephony
GSM-R
Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
Value Added Services
Advantages:
Better Quality of speech
Data transmission is supported
New services offered due to ISDN compatibility
International Roaming possible
Large market
Crisper, cleaner quieter calls
disadvantages:
Dropped and missed calls
Less Efficiency
Security Issues
conclusion
The mobile telephony industry rapidly growing and that has become backbone for business success and efficiency and a part of modern lifestyles all over the world.
In this session I have tried to give and over view of the GSM system. I hope that I gave the general flavor of GSM and the philosophy behind its design.
The GSM is standard that insures interoperability without stifling competition and innovation among the suppliers to the benefit of the public both in terms of cost and service quality.
What is GSM?
The Global System for Mobile communications is a digital cellular communications system. It was developed in order to create a common European mobile telephone standard but it has been rapidly accepted worldwide.
Formerly it was “Groupe Spéciale Mobile” (founded in 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication.
Services:
Tele-services
Bearer or Data Services
Supplementary services
Applications:
Mobile telephony
GSM-R
Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
Value Added Services
Advantages:
Better Quality of speech
Data transmission is supported
New services offered due to ISDN compatibility
International Roaming possible
Large market
Crisper, cleaner quieter calls
disadvantages:
Dropped and missed calls
Less Efficiency
Security Issues
conclusion
The mobile telephony industry rapidly growing and that has become backbone for business success and efficiency and a part of modern lifestyles all over the world.
In this session I have tried to give and over view of the GSM system. I hope that I gave the general flavor of GSM and the philosophy behind its design.
The GSM is standard that insures interoperability without stifling competition and innovation among the suppliers to the benefit of the public both in terms of cost and service quality.
The Digital Wireless Telephony comprise of two main working technologies:
GSM which stands for Global System for Mobile Communication.
CDMA which stands for Code Division Multiple Access.
Rest is explained in the slides
Optical Character Recognition: the What, Why, and Howmackenziekbrooks
Delivered by Mackenzie Brooks and Alston Cobourn to Washington and Lee University. This presentation explains what OCR is, gives a variety of use cases, and covers the types of tools available.
MLM Software India gives two way sms service and software for mlm software companies.
For more information please visit:
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The GSM standard was developed by the Groupe SpecialMobile, which was an initiative of the Conference of European Post and Telecommunications (CEPT) administrations.
The responsibility for GSM standardization now resides with the
Special Mobile Group (SMG) under the European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI).
Fully digital system utilizing the 900MHz frequency band.
TDMA over radiocarriers(200 kHz carrier spacing)
8 full rate or 16 half rate TDMA channels per carrier
User/terminal authentication for fraud control
Encryption of speech and data transmissions over the radio path
Full international roaming capability
Low speed data services (upto 9.6kb/s)
Compatibility with ISDN for supplementary services
Support of short message services(SMS)
GSM supports a range of basic and supplementary services, and these services are defined analogous to those for ISDN(i.e.,bearer services, teleservices, and supplementary services).
The most important service supported by GSM is Telephony.
Other services derived from telephony included in the GSM specification are emergency calling and voice messaging.
Bearer services supported in GSM include various asynchronous and synchronous data services for information transfer.
Teleservices based on these bearer services include group 3 fax and short message service(SMS)
The data capabilities of GSM have now been enhanced to include high speed circiut-switched data(HSCSD) and general packet radio service (GPRS).
Call offering services call forwarding
Call resrtiction services call barring
Call waiting service
Call hold service
Multi party service tele conferencing
Calling line presentation restriction services
Advice of charge service
Closed user group service
The GSM System comprises of Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Base Station Controllers (BSC), Mobile Switching Centers (MSC), and set of registers (databases) to assist in mobility management and security functions.
All signaling between the MSC and the various registers (databases) as well as between the MSCs takes place using the Signaling System 7(SS7) network, with the application level messages using the Mobile Application Protocol (MAP) designed specifically for GSM.
The MAP protocol utilizes the lower layer functions from the SS7 protocol stack.
Problems on understanding old radiomobile technologies? Do you need something fast and useful for refreshing your knowledgs? Have a look on this document! Very easy and customized for everybody...from beginners to advanced engineers!
GSM(Global system for mobile communication ) is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation.
UNIT III MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) – General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) – Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS).
SMS(Short Message Service)plays vital role in
day to day life. SMS used in many real world application like
Transportation Information System, private health facilities
using SMS, mobile banking, participation in elections through
SMS, in Crime Scene Investigation and many more.The major
problem facing in SMS is security ,while transferring message
like account number or password from one user to another
user it just taken as a plain text so there some type of attacks
like man in the middle attack, disclosure, replay attack takes
place and causing a huge risk. The traditional SMS service
does not provide information security like confidentiality,
integrity, authenticity. The attacker can alter SMS Information
using weak encryption algorithm like A5/1 or A5/2.The existing
protocol used for providing security in SMS is based on
asymmetric and symmetric key. To provide secure end to end
communication Easy SMS protocol is used which is completely
based on symmetric key. On applying AES algorithm it may
provide effective encryption for password. The expecting result
on using Easy SMS protocol is to reduce bandwidth
consumption and increasing the password or pass code
strength through SMS.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. Definition
Short message service (SMS) is a globally accepted
wireless service that enables the transmission of
alphanumeric messages between mobile subscribers
and external systems such as electronic mail, paging,
and voice-mail systems.
3. Introduction
SMS appeared on the wireless scene in 1991 in Europe.
The European standard for digital wireless, now known as
the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM),
included short messaging services from the outset.
In North America, SMS was made available initially on
digital wireless networks built by early pioneers such as
BellSouth Mobility, PrimeCo, and Nextel, among others.
These digital wireless networks are based on GSM, code
division multiple access (CDMA), and time division
multiple access (TDMA) standards.
4. How it works?
Messages in Short Message Service (SMS) must be no longer than 160 alpha-numeric
characters and contain no images or graphics.
Once a message is sent, it is received by a Short Message Service Center (SMSC),
which must then get it to the appropriate mobile device.
To do this, the SMSC sends a SMS Request to the home location register (HLR) to find
the roaming customer. Once the HLR receives the request, it will respond to the SMSC
with the subscriber's status: 1) inactive or active 2) where subscriber is roaming.
If the response is "inactive", then the SMSC will hold onto the message for a period of
time. When the subscriber accesses his device, the HLR sends a SMS Notification to
the SMSC, and the SMSC will attempt delivery.
The SMSC transfers the message in a Short Message Delivery Point to Point format to
the serving system. The system pages the device, and if it responds, the message gets
delivered.
The SMSC receives verification that the message was received by the end user, then
categorizes the message as "sent" and will not attempt to send again.
The number of mobile-phone users expects to reach 500 million worldwide by 2003, and
with the help of SMS, 75 percent of all cellular phones will be Internet-enabled.
5. Benefits of SMS
At a minimum, SMS benefits include the following:
Delivery of notifications and alerts
Guaranteed message delivery
Reliable, low-cost communication mechanism for concise
information
Ability to screen messages and return calls in a selective way
Increased subscriber productivity
6. Benefits of SMS (cont.)
More sophisticated functionality provides the following
enhanced subscriber benefits:
Delivery of messages to multiple subscribers at a time
Ability to receive diverse information
E-mail generation
Creation of user groups
Integration with other data and Internet-based applications
7. Benefits of SMS (cont.)
The benefits of SMS to the service provider are as follows:
Ability to increment average revenue per user (due to increased number of calls
on wireless and wireline networks by leveraging the notification capabilities of
SMS)
An alternative to alphanumeric paging services, which may replace or
complement an existing paging offer
Ability to enable wireless data access for corporate users
New revenue streams resulting from addition of value-added services such as e-
mail, voice mail, fax, and Web-based application integration, reminder service,
stock and currency quotes, and airline schedules
Provision of key administrative services such as advice of charge, over-the-air
downloading, and over-the-air service provisioning
Protection of important network resources (such as voice channels), due to
SMS’ sparing use of the control and traffic channels
Notification mechanisms for newer services such as those utilizing wireless
application protocol (WAP)
8. Network Elements and Architecture
The basic network structure of the SMS in an IS–41 network.
9. External Short Messaging Entities
An ESME is a device that may receive or send short
messages. The short message entity (SME) may be
located in the fixed network, a mobile device, or another
service center.
VMS—The VMS is responsible for receiving, storing, and playing voice messages
intended for a subscriber that was busy or not available to take a voice call. It is also
responsible for sending voice-mail notifications for those subscribers to the SMSC.
Web—The growth of the Internet has also affected the world of SMS. Therefore, it
is almost mandatory to support interconnections to the World Wide Web for the
submission of messages and notifications. The increasing number of Internet users
has a positive impact on the SMS traffic increment experienced in the last few years.
10. SMSC
SMSC is a combination of hardware and software responsible for the
relaying and storing and forwarding of a short message between an
SME and mobile device.
The SMSC must have high reliability, subscriber capacity, and
message throughput. In addition, the system should be easily scalable
to accommodate growing demand for SMS in the network.
Normally, an IN–based solution will allow for a lower entry cost
compared to point solutions because it can support other applications
on a single hardware platform and share resources, thereby spreading
the deployment cost over several services and applications.
Another factor to be considered is the ease of operation and
maintenance of the application, as well as the flexibility to activate new
services and upgrade to new software releases.
11. External Short Messaging Entities
(cont.)
E-Mail—Probably the most demanded application of SMS is
the ability to deliver e-mail notifications and to support two-way
e-mail, using an SMS–compliant terminal. The SMSC must
support interconnection to e-mail servers acting as message
input/output mechanisms.
Others—There are several other mechanisms to submit short
messages to the SMSC that include, but are not limited to,
paging networks, specialized software for PC–based messaging
and operator bureaus.
12. STP and HLR
Signal Transfer Point
The STP is a network element normally available on IN
deployments that allows IS–41 interconnections over signaling
system 7 (SS7) links with multiple network elements.
HLR
The HLR is a database used for permanent storage and
management of subscriptions and service profiles. Upon
interrogation by the SMSC, the HLR provides the routing
information for the indicated subscriber. Also, if the destination
station was not available when the message delivery was
attempted, the HLR informs the SMSC that the station is now
recognized by the mobile network to be accessible, and thus the
message can be delivered.
13. VLR and MSC
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
The visitor location register is a database that contains
temporary information about subscribers homed in one HLR
who are roaming into another HLR. This information is needed
by the MSC to service visiting subscribers.
MSC
The MSC performs the switching functions of the system and
controls calls to and from other telephone and data systems.
The MSC will deliver the short message to the specific mobile
subscriber through the proper base station.
14. Air Interface and The Base Station
System
Air Interface
The air interface is defined in each one of the different wireless
technologies (GSM, TDMA, and CDMA). These standards specify how
the voice or data signals are transferred from the MSC to the handset
and back, as well as the utilization of transmission frequencies,
considering the available bandwidth and the system’s capacity
constraints.
The Base Station System
All functions related to the transmission of electromagnetic radio signals
between the MSC and the mobile devices are performed in the base
station (BS). The BS consists of base station controllers (BSCs) and
the base transceiver stations (BTSs), also known as cell sites or simply
“cells.” The BSC may control one or more BTSs and is in charge of the
proper resource assignment when a subscriber moves from one sector
of one BTS to another, regardless of whether the next sector lies within
the same BTS or in a different one.
15. The Mobile Device
The mobile device is the wireless terminal capable of receiving and
originating short messages. Commonly, these devices have been
digital cellular phones, but more recently the application of SMS
has been extended to other terminals such as POS, handheld
computers, and personal digital assistants (PDAs). The wireless
network signaling infrastructure is based on SS7. SMS makes use
of the mobile application part (MAP), which defines the methods
and mechanisms of communication in wireless networks and
employs the services of the SS7 transactional capabilities
application part (TCAP). An SMS service layer makes use of the
MAP signaling capabilities and enables the transfer of short
messages between the peer entities.
16. Signaling Elements
The MAP layer defines the operations necessary to support
SMS. The following basic MAP operations are necessary to
provide the end-to-end SMS:
Routing Information Request
Point-to-Point Short Message Delivery
Short Message Waiting Indication
Service Center Alert
17. Service Elements
SMS is comprised of several service elements relevant
to the reception and submission of short messages:
Message Expiration
Priority
Message Escalation
In addition, SMS provides a time stamp reporting the time of
submission of the message to the SMSC and an indication to the
handset of whether or not there are more messages to send (GSM)
or the number of additional messages to send (IS–41).
18. Subscriber Services
SMS comprises two basic point-to-
point services:
• Mobile-originated short message (MO–SM)
• Mobile-terminated short message (MT–SM)
21. MT–SM Scenario (GSM)
1. The short message is submitted from the ESME to the SMSC.
2. After completing its internal processing, the SMSC interrogates the
HLR and receives the routing information for the mobile subscriber.
3. The SMSC sends the short message to the MSC using the forward
short message operation.
4. The MSC retrieves the subscriber information from the VLR. This
operation may include an authentication procedure.
5. The MSC transfers the short message to the MS.
6. The MSC returns to the SMSC the outcome of the
forwardShortMessage operation.
7. If requested by the ESME, the SMSC returns a status report
indicating delivery of the short message.
23. MT Short Message Scenario (IS–41)
1. The short message is submitted from the ESME to the SMSC.
2. The SMSC sends an acknowledgement to the ESME, indicating
reception of the short message.
3. After completing its internal processing, the SMSC interrogates the
HLR.
4. The HLR sends the routing information for the mobile subscriber to
the SMSC.
5. The SMSC sends the short message to the MSC using the
SMSDPP Invoke operation.
6. The MSC transfers the short message to the MS.
7. The MS returns an acknowledgement to the MSC.
8. The MSC returns to the SMSC the outcome of the SMSDPP
operation.
9. If requested by the ESME, the SMSC returns a delivery receipt
indicating successful delivery of the short message.
25. MO–SM Scenario (GSM)
1. The MS is powered on and registered with the network.
2. The MS transfers the SM to the MSC.
3. The MSC interrogates the VLR to verify that the message
transfer does not violate the supplementary services invoked
or the restrictions imposed.
4. The MSC sends the short message to the SMSC using the
forwardShortMessage operation.
5. The SMSC delivers the short message to the SME (and
optionally receives acknowledgment).
6. The SMSC acknowledges to the MSC the successful
outcome of the forwardShortMessage operation.
7. The MSC returns to the MS the outcome of the MO-SM
operation.
27. MO–SM Scenario (IS–41)
1. The MS transfers the SM to the MSC.
2. The MSC interrogates the home SMSC to verify that the message transfer
does not violate the supplementary services invoked or the restrictions
imposed. The MSC sends the short message to the home SMSC using the
SMSPP Invoke operation
3. The SMSC delivers an acknowledgment to the MSC.
4. The MSC returns order release to the MS.
5. The SMSC queries the HLR for the location of the destination MS.
6. The HLR returns the destination (MSC) serving the destination MS.
7. The SMSC delivers SM to the MSC serving the destination MS.
8. The SMSC delivers the short message to the MS.
9. The MS acknowledges to the MSC the successful outcome of the SMSDPP
operation.
10. The MSC returns to the SMSC the outcome of the MO–SM operation
(delivery successful).
28. Glossary
ATM asynchronous transfer mode
BS base station
BSC base station controller
BTS base transceiver station
CDMA code division multiple access
CMT cellular messaging teleservice
CPT cellular paging teleservice
ERMES European Radio Messaging System
ESME external short message entities
ETSI European Telecommunications
Standards Institute
GSM Global System for Mobile
Communications
HLR home location register
IN intelligent network
IP Internet protocol
LAN local-area network
MAP mobile application part
MO mobile originated
MO–SM mobile-originated short message
MSC mobile switching center
MT mobile terminated
MT–SM mobile-terminated short message
PDA personal digital assistant
POS point of sale
PP point to point
SIM subscriber identity module
SM short message
SMD short message delivery
SMD–PP short message delivery–point to
point
SME short messaging entity
SMS short message service
SMSC short message service center
SS7 signaling system 7
STP signal transfer point
TCAP transactional capabilities application
part
TDMA time division multiple access
VLR visitor location register
VMN voice-mail notification
VMS voice-mail system
WAN wide-area network
WAP wireless application protocol
29. FAQs (1)
1. What is it?
The Short Message Service (SMS) allows people to send and receive short
( up to 160 characters ) written messages using their GSM telephones.
2. How does it work? Every GSM network has a Message Centre, which is
responsible for the managment of the messages. When someone sends an
message to another user, this goes to the Message Centre, which finds where
the other user is. It adds to the message the date, time and number of the
sender and sends it to receiptient. If his telephone is deactivated, then the
message is stored and will be send as soon as the receiptient connects to the
network.
3. What is SMS-MT, SMS-MO and SMS-CB ?
When a telephone supports SMS-MT means that it can receive short messges.
When a telephone supports SMS-MO means that it can send short messges.
When a telephone supports SMS-CB means that it can receive short messges
send by the network (Cell Broadcasting).
30. FAQs (2)
4. Do all telephones support SMS ?
All telephones are capable of receiving short messages (SMS-MT).
However, many of the older telephones do not support message sending (SMS-MO).
All the new ones, (according to Phase II ) support receiving-sending of messages.
5. What should be done in order to be able of receiving short messages ?
Nothing. You do not need to configure anything on your phone. As soon as you
receive a message, you will be aple to read it on the sceen of your telephone.
6. What should be done in order to be able of sending short messages ?
Before you send a message for the first time, you have to enter into the telephone, the
number of the SMS centre of your network. This number is entered once, and saved
so that you don't have to write it ever time you want to send a message. If you don't
know this number then you should contact your network.
7. How do you send a message ?
From the menus of your telephone, select "write message". Then type in, using the
keypad of your telephone, the message (which should be maximum 160 characters).
Then you will be asked the number of the receiptient. Enter it and press send.
31. FAQs (3)
8. How much does this service cost?
Most networks allow you to use this service without having to make a special
subscription. You only pay for the messages you send. However, some
networks will charge you even if you receive a message.
9.Why use this service ?
Using SMS you can send important information and numbers to someone else
(ex. bank account numbers, telephone numbers etc) with secure. He will have
them saved into his phone and will be able to read them as many times as he
wants. Even more, many companies can send you your e-mail to your mobile
phone, or even give you information you have requested via SMS.
10. Anything else ?
You can use the short message service while you are talking on your mobile
phone. This means, while you talk you are able to receive and send
messages.