Alternation of generation in cnideria
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Alternation of generation is a life cycle exhibited by cnidarians where there are two main body forms - the asexual polyp form and the sexual medusa form. The polyp reproduces asexually to produce male or female medusae, which undergo sexual reproduction to produce larvae that develop into new polyps, completing the alternation of generations life cycle.
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There are different ways in which these attachments are attained depending upon the modifications in visceral arches in vertebrates.
In most vertebrates, the jaws are bony or cartilaginous and oppose vertically.
The vertebrate jaw is derived from the most anterior two pharyngeal arches supporting the gills, and usually bears numerous teeth.
The vertebrate jaw probably originally evolved in the Silurian period and appeared in the Placoderm fish which further diversified in the Devonian.
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The jaws were used in the buccal pump (observable in modern fish and amphibians) that pumps water across the gills of fish or air into the lungs in the case of amphibians.
Over evolutionary time the more familiar use of jaws (to humans), in feeding, was selected for and became a very important function in vertebrates. Many teleost fish have substantially modified jaws for suction feeding and jaw protrusion, resulting in highly complex jaws with dozens of bones involved.
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The method by which the upper and lower jaws are suspended or attached from the chondrocranium is known as jaw suspension or suspensorium.
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This document discusses various forms of parental care exhibited by amphibians to increase offspring survival. It outlines nine types of parental care observed in amphibians: 1) selection of safe egg-laying sites, 2) frothing of water around eggs, 3) defending egg territories, 4) building nests from mud, leaves, or plant shoots, 5) direct development from egg to juvenile, 6) carrying eggs attached to the body, 7) carrying larvae between water bodies, 8) brooding eggs in vocal sacs or pouches on the back, and 9) retaining eggs internally in a uterus for viviparous development.
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The study of arrangement structure and number of types of teeth collectively is called as dentition. Teeth are present in the foetal as well as in adults of mammals, based on the presence of teeth Mammals are two types.
Edentata : In some animals teeth are absent hence called as edentate. e.g., Echidna or spiny ant-eater (Tachyglossus) the teeth are absent in all stages of life.
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Heterodont condition is the usual feature in mammals, i.e. the teeth are distinguished according to their shape, size and function. The function is also different at different parts of the tooth row.
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Pleurodont:
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Birds have numerous anatomical and morphological adaptations for flight. Their bodies are lightweight yet strong, with hollow bones connected to an advanced respiratory system. Many bones are fused to provide rigidity. Their powerful flight muscles are anchored to a keeled sternum. Other adaptations include short tails for steering, highly mobile necks, and modified forelimbs that serve as wings providing lift through flapping powered by strong pectoral muscles. These numerous adaptations allow birds to harness the principles of aerodynamics and achieve sustained flight.
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This document summarizes the different types of skulls found in reptiles:
- Anapsid skulls, found in primitive reptiles and turtles, have no temporal fenestrae.
- Euryapsid skulls, found in marine reptiles like plesiosaurs, have a single pair of fenestrae high on the skull.
- Parapsid skulls, seen in ichthyosaurs, are similar but with additional bones bordering the single fenestrae.
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This document provides information on the taxonomic position, habitat, structure, and life processes of Paramecium caudatum. Key points include:
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- Its cell structure includes a pellicle, oral groove, cilia, trichocysts, two nuclei, and contractile vacuoles for osmoregulation.
- It reproduces asexually through binary fission and sexually through conjugation, which involves the exchange of genetic material between two individuals.
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Similar to Alternation of generation in cnideria
Phylum Cnidaria
1. The document provides an overview of the phylum Cnidaria, which includes jellyfish, corals, and hydroids.
2. Cnidarians are radially or biradially symmetrical and have stinging cells called nematocysts. They exhibit a diploblastic body plan with two tissue layers separated by a gelatinous mesoglea.
3. Many cnidarians alternate between a sessile polyp stage and a motile medusa stage. Reproduction involves external fertilization producing a planula larva.
Phylum Cnidaria, Coelenterata pptx
This document describes the phylum Cnidaria and some of its key characteristics. It discusses the body wall and nematocysts, alternation of generations, maintenance functions like digestion and movement, and reproduction. It also describes five classes within the phylum - Hydrozoa, Staurozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa. For Hydrozoa, it provides details on classes like Obelia, with colonial polyps, and Gonionemus, which is a medusa-dominant hydrozoan. Hydra is also discussed as an example without a medusa stage.
Metagenesis-in-Obelia-sp.pptx
Metagenesis, or alternation of generations, is shown in the life cycle of Obelia sp. The asexual generation is the colonial Obelia polyp, which reproduces asexually through budding. The sexual generation is the solitary medusa, which develops from reproductive polyps in the Obelia colony. The medusa contains gonads and releases gametes that fertilize to form planula larvae. These larvae settle and develop into new Obelia polyp colonies, completing the life cycle through alternating asexual and sexual generations.
Obelia life cycle- polyp & medusa structure, difference between polyp & medusa
Obelia life cycle- polyp & medusa structure, difference between polyp & medusa ,alternation of generation
Bivalvia
This document summarizes information about bivalves, including:
- Their method of movement by drifting with currents and lack of legs or tails
- Their open circulatory system and obtaining of nutrients from lower organisms
- Their sexual reproduction and separate sexes that come together periodically
- Their shell structure that remains after placing in stimuli while internal organs dissolve
- Their gills beside the heart inside their protective shell
- Their role as primary consumers in the food chain due to their acidic environment in oceans
- Their cold-blooded temperature regulation and hard shell structure with mantle tissue muscles
Chnidaria.pptx
Cnidaria is a phylum of mostly marine animals that includes jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. They have a simple anatomy with radial symmetry, a sac-like body, and tentacles surrounding a central mouth. Cnidarians can exist as solitary polyps or colonial medusae. They possess stinging cells called cnidocytes that help capture prey. Many species exhibit a complex life cycle with both asexual polyp and sexual medusa stages. Major classes include Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa. Coral reefs come in different types - fringing reefs near shore, barrier reefs separated from land, and atolls surrounding a central lagoon
THE AMAZING WORLD OF INVERTEBRATES
Invertebrates are animals without backbones. They make up 97% of the animal kingdom and can be found in water and other environments. They exhibit various symmetries and belong to phyla like porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminths, and arthropods. Paramecium are single-celled protozoans that move using cilia, feed by ingesting bacteria and algae, and reproduce through binary fission. Sponges are filter-feeding aquatic animals with pores, skeletal elements, and multiple cell types including choanocytes. Cnidarians like jellyfish have stinging cells and a diploblastic structure, with many exhibiting a complex life cycle involving polyps and medusae
Biology of corals.pptx
Corals are marine invertebrates in class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria typically living in compact colonies of many identical individual "polyps".
Corals are gastrovascular marine organisms. Each one of these animals is known as a coral
"polyp". Coral Polyps are tiny, primitive marine organisms.
A single polyp has a tube-shaped body with a mouth which is surrounded by tentacles.
The polyp of hard corals produces a stony skeleton of calcium carbonate which form the base. Often the skeleton forms a cup-like structure in which the polyp lives. Coral polyps in colonies make up the cora reefs.
Phylum Protozoa
1) The document discusses the Kingdom Protista, which includes single-celled eukaryotic organisms like protozoa and algae.
2) It describes the general characteristics of protists and how they are grouped. Protists can be animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like.
3) The document focuses on the phylum Protozoa. It provides details on the classification of protozoa into four subphyla and discusses their locomotory structures like flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia.
Sponges And Cnidarians
Sponges and cnidarians are sessile animals that are permanently attached and feed by filtering suspended particles and food from water. They have structures like collar cells, tentacles, and the ability to regenerate lost parts. Some are hermaphrodites and have both male and female reproductive organs. Their life cycle involves larval and polyp or medusa forms.
polymorphism.pptx
Polymorphism refers to the existence of different forms or types of individuals in the same species that differ in structure and function. In coelenterates, polymorphism allows for division of labor within colonies. There are two main polymorphic forms - polyps and medusae. Polyps are sessile with a mouth and tentacles, while medusae are motile and umbrella-shaped. Polymorphism ranges from dimorphic with two types of zooids to polymorphic with many types, and provides advantages like improved protection, feeding, and reproduction that increase colony survival.
Cnidaria phylum
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
Superphylum radiata
1) Cnidarians are a phylum of aquatic animals that include jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, and hydroids. They are radially symmetrical with two basic cell layers.
2) Cnidarians have two main body forms - polyps, which are sessile, and medusae, which are free-swimming jellyfish-shaped forms. Some species alternate between these forms.
3) Internally, cnidarians have a central gastrovascular cavity lined by gastrodermal cells and surrounded by an epidermis. Between these layers is a non-cellular mesoglea.
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In this presentation, Phylum Mollusca Is described. After watching this you will learn Evolutionary Perspective of Mollusca and Relationships to Other Animals, Molluscan Characteristics, Class Gastropoda, Torsion, Shell Coiling, Locomotion, Feeding and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions, Reproduction and Development, Gastropod Diversity, Class Bivalvia, Shell and Associated Structures Gas Exchange, Filter Feeding, and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions Reproduction and Development, Bivalve Diversity, Class Cephalopoda, Shell, Locomotion, Feeding and Digestion, Other Maintenance Functions, Learning, Reproduction and Development, Class Polyplacophora, Class Scaphopoda, Class Monoplacophora, Class Solenogastres, Class Caudofoveata, Further Phylogenetic Considerations. It is part of BS Zoology Course, Animal diversity
Sponges And Placozoa
- Sponges (phylum Porifera) are the simplest multicellular animals and lack tissues and organs, existing as a porous body supported by spicules and composed of different cell types including choanocytes.
- Two hypotheses for the origin of multicellularity are the syncytial ciliate hypothesis and the colonial flagellate hypothesis.
- Placozoans are the sole member of phylum Placozoa, exist as two epithelial cell layers with a syncytium between, and lack organs but can glide and absorb nutrients.
Sponges And Placozoa(2)
- Sponges (phylum Porifera) are the simplest multicellular animals and lack tissues and organs, existing as a porous body supported by spicules and composed of different cell types including choanocytes.
- Two hypotheses for the origin of multicellularity are the syncytial ciliate hypothesis and the colonial flagellate hypothesis.
- Placozoans are the sole member of phylum Placozoa, exist as two epithelial cell layers with a syncytium between, and lack organs but can glide and absorb nutrients.
POLYMORPHISM (EM).pptx
Polymorphism refers to the occurrence of different individual types, or zooids, within the same species that differ in form and function. In hydrozoans, there are commonly polyp and medusa zooids. Notable examples like Physalia, Halistemma, and Porpita exhibit complex polymorphism with specialized zooids for functions like feeding, reproduction, protection, and floating. Polymorphism allows for division of labor and specialization within colonies, conferring evolutionary advantages.
Locomotry organ in non chordata.pptx
1. Many non-chordate organisms use hydrostatic locomotion, where muscles in the body cavity or epidermis contract to allow movement. Examples include hydra, earthworms, and echinoderms.
2. Protozoans use pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia for locomotion. Pseudopodia form through cytoplasm streaming, flagella undulate through movements of the axoneme, and cilia beat in coordinated waves.
3. Echinoderms move through the hydraulic pressure of their water vascular system, which causes tube feet to extend, adhere to the substrate, and then contract to pull the body forward in a repeating motion.
Spirogyra
Spirogyra is a large genus of green algae found in freshwater environments around the world. It grows as floating masses of long, cylindrical filaments. Vegetatively, it reproduces through fragmentation of filaments. Sexually, it reproduces through both scalariform and lateral conjugation of non-flagellated gametes to form zygospores. Zygospores have thick walls and can remain dormant before germinating into new haploid plants. Spirogyra is commonly found in ponds and slow moving streams.
Class Bivalvia , cephalopoda , Gastropoda
Class Bivalvia ,cephalopoda ,Gastropoda
Reproduction
development
maintanence fuctions and diversity
Presentation
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Compound A
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Alternation of generation in cnideria
- 2. Alternation of generation is also known as metagenesis. The phenomenon in which asexually repruducing polyp alternates which sexually rèproducing medusa in called alternation of generation.
- 3. There are two body forms in the life history of most cnidarians. These are i. Polyp ii. Modusa
- 4. The polyp is usually asexual. It is sessile. It attaches to a substrate at the aboral end. It has a cylindrical body, called the column. lt has mouth surrounded by food gathering tentacles.
- 5. 2) Medusa (Plural Medusae) It is a sexual. It is dioecious. It is free-swimming. Its shape is an inverted bowl Tentacles are on its margins. The mouth openings is centrally located lacing downward. .
- 6. Alternation of generation: In Alternation generation of cniderian the asexual polyp produce male or female medusa , as a result sexual reproduction form zygote which transformers into planula larvae which fix itself to a substrate and finally form a new asexual polyps.