Corals are marine invertebrates in class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria typically living in compact colonies of many identical individual "polyps".
Corals are gastrovascular marine organisms. Each one of these animals is known as a coral
"polyp". Coral Polyps are tiny, primitive marine organisms.
A single polyp has a tube-shaped body with a mouth which is surrounded by tentacles.
The polyp of hard corals produces a stony skeleton of calcium carbonate which form the base. Often the skeleton forms a cup-like structure in which the polyp lives. Coral polyps in colonies make up the cora reefs.
Answering a question on Planktology course for 2nd year B.Sc. student at University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh. Submission date: 28th November, 2018.
Answering a question on Planktology course for 2nd year B.Sc. student at University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh. Submission date: 28th November, 2018.
This is a small presentation on ocean acidification.It is a compilation of all materials(including present information) I collected related to it, any new information beside this or concerning it please comment.
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
This is a small presentation on ocean acidification.It is a compilation of all materials(including present information) I collected related to it, any new information beside this or concerning it please comment.
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
Introduction The whale shark ,Rhincodon typus are large slow moving filter – feeders that are the largest known living fish in the ocean .
The whale shark has a very widespread distribution and occurs throughout the worlds tropical and warm temperate seas.
The largest confirmed Individual had a length of 18.8 m.
The excretory products of the sponges- ammonia and other nitrogen containing substances.
Excretion occurs through both the oscula and the surface of the sponge.
Sea turtles are reptiles that live in the ocean.
Sea turtles (superfamily Chelonioidea), sometimes called marine turtles, are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder Cryptodira.
They are cold blooded animals
BIOLOGY OF SEASTAR AND FEATHER STAR-1.pptxVinod kumar
Starfish are also referred to as sea stars because of their star-shaped appearance.
They are a part of the phylum Echinodermata and are related to sand dollars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers.
Starfish belong to the class Asteroidea, derived from the Greek words “aster” (a star) and “eidos“ (form, likeness, appearance).
There are more than 1600 species of starfish alive today, and they have an important role in the community structure of the ocean floor.
All echinoderms share similar pentamerous radial symmetry and spiny skin characteristics, although sea stars differ slightly because they have five or more arms large enough to contain space for digestive and reproductive glands.
Sessile.
Inhibit in rocky intertidal zone.
Benthic organism.
Laterally compressed body enclosed in shell with 2 valves.
Soft body of mussel is enveloped in a thin semi transparent covering – MANTLE.
Characteristics - Ariidae Medium to large sized fish.
Two pairs of nostrils closely on each side.
Paired maxillary and mental barbels present totally 4-6.
Dorsal fin short, with long more or less serrated spine preceded by a very short one.
Caudal fin deeply forked.
Adipose fin present.
Pectoral fin low set, with serrated spine.
Colour – Usually greyish blue, dark grey, yellow or brown sometimes with black patches or in some with silvery lateral stripe; pale to white below.
Marine Birds Marine birds are those living in and making their living from the marine environment, which includes coastal areas, islands, estuaries, wetlands, and oceanic islands.
Consists of 328 species.
Sphenisciformes -Penguins
Procellariiformes -Albatrosses, petrels, storm-petrels, fulmars, shearwaters
Ciconiiformes - Herons, egrets, storks, ibis, spoonbills
Pelecaniformes - Pelicans, frigatebirds, gannets, boobies, cormorants, anhingas
Charadrii formes - Shorebirds, skuas, j
Characters Flat body which is covered with large ,silvery, reflective scales
They have set of specialized scales called which are jagged and pointed backward.
Having very small teeth or no teeth at all.
Caudal fin well forked and lobes are pointed.
Body fusiform, elongate and subcylindrical.
Midlateral line.
Indian mackerel
The Indian mackerel belongs to the family scombridae and order perciformes .
It is commonly found in the Indian and west pacific oceans, and their surrounding seas.
Marine, pelagic –neritic, oceanodromous.
Depth range 20-90m.
It is an important food fish .
INTRODUCTION Gorgonians are marine coelenterates (referring to the hollow body cavity) of the class Anthozoa, which include sea fans, sea whips, corals, sea anemones, and other related species.
Gorgonids are soft corals commonly known as sea fans or sea whips, coming under the subclass Octocorallia and have eightfold radial symmetry.
It composed of numerous polyps—cylindrical sessile (attached) forms—that grow together in a flat fanlike pattern.
They are colonial animals that have a beautiful, branching structure that is covered by soft tissue and are generally found in warm waters and around reefs.
Introduction The Gastropods - Phylum Mollusca - Second largest class.
Includes - sea snails and slugs, as well as freshwater snails, freshwater limpets, and land snails and slugs.
The most highly diversified class in the phylum, with 65,000 to 80,000 living snail and slug species.
Older classification of the gastropods
Opisthobranchia (gills to the right and behind the heart).
Gymnomorpha (no shell).
Prosobranchia (gills in front of the heart).
Pulmonata (with a lung instead of gills).
BIOLOGY OF DUGONG Dugong dugon, also known as sea cows is a marine mammal.
It is one of four living species of the order Sirenia, which also includes three species of manatees.
It is the only living representative of the once diverse family Dugongidae; its closest modern relative, Steller’s sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas), was hunted to extinction in the 18th century.
Dolphins are appealing intelligent sea creatures well known for their love of play and friendliness to humans
Despite their appearance , dolphins are not fish but mammals ; air breathing, warm blooded animals whose young feed on their mother’s milk
The majority of adult sea snakes species grow to between 120 and 150 cm (4 and 5 ft) in length, with the largest, Hydrophis spiralis.
Most sea snakes are venomous, except the genus Emydocephalus, which feeds almost exclusively on fish eggs.
Sea snakes are extensively adapted to a fully aquatic life and are unable to move on land, except for the sea kraits, which have limited land movement
All sea snakes have paddle-like tails and many have laterally compressed bodies that give them an eel-like appearance.
They are cold blooded animals
Identification of eggs and larvae of commercially important crustaceans.pptxVinod kumar
Crustaceans/Crustacea, form a very large and diversified group of arthropods, which includes 52,000 described species.
Like other arthropods, crustaceans have an exoskeleton, which they moult to grow.
Distinguished from other groups of arthropods, such as insects, myriapods and chelicerates, by the possession of biramous limbs, and by the nauplius form of the larvae.
Crustaceans exhibit a number of larval forms, of which the earliest and most characteristic is the nauplius.
Several larval forms are met within Crustaceans and specified terms are applied to each one of them.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2. Introduction
Corals are marine invertebrates in class Anthozoa
of phylum Cnidaria typically living in compact
colonies of many identical individual "polyps".
Corals are gastrovascular marine organisms. Each
one of these animals is known as a coral
"polyp". Coral Polyps are tiny, primitive marine
organisms.
A single polyp has a tube-shaped body with a
mouth which is surrounded by tentacles.
The polyp of hard corals produces a stony skeleton
of calcium carbonate which form the base. Often
the skeleton forms a cup-like structure in which
the polyp lives. Coral polyps in colonies make up
the cora reefs.
3. A coral polyp is a soft, almost transparent animal which
builds its own skeleton outside its body. Since it has no
backbone, it is an invertebrate.
Coral reefs have optimal growth rates in warm water
ranging from 21-29°C.
A coral polyp has three main parts.
They are its base, mouth and a middle portion. The base
of the polyp is attached to its skeleton.
The mouth (or) open end, has tentacles around its edge.
The middle section is shaped like a tube. It has a hollow
space inside and is known as the gut.
A polyp is made up of two cell layers as : the epidermis
and the gastrodermis. The non-tissue layer between the
gastrodermis and the epidermis is called the mesoglea.
4. Polyp
The coral head is the familiar visual form of a single
organism, it is actually a group of many individual , yet
genetically identical , multicellular organisms known as
polyps.
Polyps are usually a few millimeters in diameter, and are
formed by a layer of outer epithelium and inner jellylike
tissue known as the mesoglea.
They are radially symmetrical , with tentacles surrounding a
central mouth, the only opening to the stomach or
coelenteron, through which food is ingested and waste
expelled.
7. Zooxanthellae
Zooxanthellae is a colloquial term for single-celled dinoflagellates that are
able to live in symbiosis with diverse marine invertebrates including
demosponges, corals, jellyfish, and nudibranchs.
Most known zooxanthellae are in the genus Symbiodinium
8. Feed & Feeding
Most reef-building corals have a mutually beneficial relationship with a
microscopic unicellular algae called zooxanthellae (also known as
Symbiodinium) that lives within the cells of the coral's gastrodermis.
As much as 90 % of the organic material the algae manufacture
photosynthetically is transferred to the host coral tissue.
In addition to the symbiotic relationship with algae, most corals capture and
consume live prey ranging from microscopic zooplankton to small fish,
depending on coral size.
Using its tentacles that extend outside it body, the coral with utilize it
nematocysts, or stinging cells, to stun and kill its prey before passing it to its
mouth. Once the food has been digested, the waste is expelled from the
same opening.
9.
10.
11. Types of coral
Hermatypic Corals
Hermatypic corals in the order Scleractinia are stony corals that build reefs.
They mostly obtain their energy requirements from
zooxanthella(Symbiodinium), symbiotic photosynthetic microalgae.
They secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton.
This group includes reef-building corals (scleractinians), sea anemones and
zoanthids. Hermatypic genera include Scleractinia, Millepora,Tubipora and
Heliopora.
12. Ahermatypic Corals
Ahermatypic corals have no zooxanthella (Symbiodinium).
They include corals in subclass Alcyonaria, as well as some
species in order Anthipatharia (black coral , Cirripathes,
Antipathes).
Ahermatypic corals, such as sea whips, sea feathers, and
sea pens, are also known as soft corals.
Unlike stony corals, they are flexible, undulating in the
current, and often are perforated, with a lacy
appearance.
Their skeletons are proteinaceous, rather than calcareous.
13. Reproduction
Coral can reproduce both gonochoristic (unisexual) and hermaphroditic
Reproduction also allows coral to settle in new areas
14. Sexual reproduction
Corals predominantly reproduce sexually.
About 25% of hermatypic corals (stony corals) form single sex (gonochoristic)
colonies, while the rest are hermaphroditic.
Sexual reproduction is the more common method and can be performed in
two ways:
Broadcast spawning .
Brooding.
15. Broadcasters
About 75% of all ; hermatypic corals "broadcast spawn" by releasing gametes
—eggs and sperm into water to spread offspring.
The gametes fuse during fertilization to form a microscopic larva called a
planula, typically pink and elliptical in shape.
A typical coral colony forms several thousand larvae per year to overcome the
odds against formation of a new colony.
16. Brooders
Brooding species are most often ahermatypic (not reef- building) in areas of
high current or wave action.
Brooders release only sperm, which is negatively buoyant, sinking on to the
waiting egg carriers who harbor unfertilized eggs for weeks.
After fertilization, the corals release planula that are ready to settle.
17.
18. Asexual reproduction
In Asexual reproduction, new clonal polyps bud off from parent polyps to
expand or begin new colonies.
This occurs when the parent polyp reaches a certain size and divides. This
process continues throughout the animal’s life.
Within a coral head, the genetically identical polyps reproduce asexually,
either via gemmation (budding) or by longitudinal or transversal division.
19. Budding
It involves splitting a smaller polyp from an adult.
As the new polyp grows, it forms its body parts. The distance between the
new and adult polyps grows, and with it, the coenosarc (the common body
of the colony).
Budding can be:
Intratentacular—from its oral discs, producing same- sized polyps within the
ring of tentacles.
Extratentacular—from its base, producing a smaller polyp.
20. Fission / Division
Logitudinal division- It begins when a body broadens and then divides its
coelenteron, analogous to splitting a log along its length. The mouth also
divides and new tentacles form. The two “new" polyps then generate their
missing body parts and exoskeleton.
Transversal division – occurs when polyps and the exoskeleton divide
transversally into two parts. This means one has the basal disc (bottom) and
the other has the oral disc (top), similar to cutting the end off a log.
22. Threats and present status
All the coral species and endangered in IUCN REDLIST
Coral reefs are under stress around the world.
In particular, coral mining, agricultural and urban runoff, pollution
(organic and inorganic), overfishing, blast fishing, disease, and the
digging of canals and access into islands and bays are localized
threats to coral ecosystems.
Broader threats are sea temperature rise, sea level rise all and pH
changes from ocean acidification, associated with greenhouse gas
emissions.
In 1998, 16% of the world's reefs died as a result of increased water
temperature General estimates show approximately 10% of the
world's coral reefs are dead.