Allotropes of carbon
Carbon is capable of forming many allotropes due to its valency. Well known forms of carbon include diamond and graphite. In recent decades many more allotropes and forms of carbon have been discovered and researched including ball shapes such as buckminsterfullerene and sheets such as graphene. Larger scale structures of carbon include nanotubes, nanobuds and nanoribbons. Other unusual forms of carbon exist at very high temperature or extreme pressures.
Allotropes of carbon
Carbon is capable of forming many allotropes due to its valency. Well known forms of carbon include diamond and graphite. In recent decades many more allotropes and forms of carbon have been discovered and researched including ball shapes such as buckminsterfullerene and sheets such as graphene. Larger scale structures of carbon include nanotubes, nanobuds and nanoribbons. Other unusual forms of carbon exist at very high temperature or extreme pressures.
Myself being as a class 10 CBSE student; I understand the difficulties faced by the students.
so refer this presentation to have a well understanding over a difficult chapter.
PLEASE DO FOLLOW ME FOR FURTHER UPDATES!!
It contains the occurrence, extraction and metallurgy,
Physical and chemical properties and applications,
Compounds of metals of
Zirconium, Hafnium and Niobium
Myself being as a class 10 CBSE student; I understand the difficulties faced by the students.
so refer this presentation to have a well understanding over a difficult chapter.
PLEASE DO FOLLOW ME FOR FURTHER UPDATES!!
It contains the occurrence, extraction and metallurgy,
Physical and chemical properties and applications,
Compounds of metals of
Zirconium, Hafnium and Niobium
Engineering Physics,
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY,
Simple cubic, Body-centered cubic, Face-centered cubic,
DIAMOND STRUCTURE,
Atomic Packing Factor of Diamond Structure,
Projection of diamond lattice points on the base
IT CONTAINS ALL INFORMATION REGARDING TO HYDROGEN
THE PROJECT IS MADE FOR SEMINAR OF CHEMISTRY OF MOLEDINA JUNIOR COLLEGE , PUNE. FROM THE STUDENT OF 11TH SCIENCE, SPECIALLY EFFORTS OF SHAHRUKH ISAQUE PATHAN.
Slides from my talk at the Oceanus Aquaconference #AQUA with detail slides from the LOOP platform, UBU Experiential Leadership Training modules, Use Case descriptions & More...
Whether you're buying or selling a diamond or engagement ring, you should know: there's more to diamonds than meets the eye. In this presentation, you'll find out what makes diamonds more or less valuable, the different types of cuts, and what to look for when buying.
Treball del coure. Aquest treball només esta fet amb fiinalitats didactiques i sense cap tipus de finalitats de lucre. Si s'utilitza o s'extreu respectiva informació, poseu les bibliografies.
Gràcies mirar-lo i comenteu si es pot millorar.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Northern Light and Urban Trails - Mining Makes it HappenMining Matters
From the land. For the land. Look at the snowmobile. Do you see a sleek powerful machine or a pile of rocks and minerals? It's both! Snowmobiles are made from the metals and minerals from the land. Before you can enjoy hours of adventures outdoors ... Mining Makes it Happen!
This presentation is prepared in view of engineering chemistry syllabus. It is useful for Engineering, Sciences and their research to understand basics of chemistry.
Introduction
Critical discussion on heavy metals.
Target organs by heavy metal pollutantsIndustrial uses and pollution sources of Mercury.
Ef mercury
Biochemical effects, toxicology and toxicity of mercury
Biomethylation of mercury
Control of mercury pollutants
Treatment on mercury poisoning.
Metals having chemical and electrochemical reactions with their surroundings can go bad and become unusable. It’s called corrosion. Many metals , especially iron , undergo corrosion when exposed to air and water. 1/10 of all metallic materials produced every year becomes unusable and it’s not possible to recycle them. Loss caused by corrosion costs billion of dollars every year. This study presents the results of corrosion resistance of ground blast furnace slag (GBFC) , chrome slag (CS)and corn stem ash. (CSA) In this study GBFC , CS and CSA , produced as a result of some procedures , are mixed with pitch in different portions. The reason for mixing with pitch is to gain the adherence. Then the iron plates were coated with this mixture. Coated and uncoated plates were undergone corrosion in Na Cl solution (35g/L Na Cl ). Having kept in the solution for one mount , the coated and uncoated plates were taken out and dried. The plates were put into Na Cl solution with the help of electrodes and the potential differences were measured. Our aim to do so was to reduce the potential difference. If the potential difference reduces , the electric currency reduces , so the corrosion is reduced too. The potential difference of the uncoated iron plates was 0.501 volts. Of coated with pitch 0.301 and mixed up with our experiment materials was 0. So the corrosion was reduced totally. This means: Billions of dollars loss is prevented A profitable use of GBFC , which is environmentally harmful , can be made and the nature can be protected. An economical use of CS , which is thrown away can be gained Some profit can be gained from corn stems that are left to be rotten in the fields. If the substance we’ve produced is used all the fields that iron is used , such as buildings , ships , water pipes etc , billions of dollars can be saved.
DENTAL CASTING ALLOYS
Mostly metals used in dentistry are in the form of alloys or mixture of one or more metals.
Alloy: two or more metal that are mutually soluble in each other in the molten state.
Metal: Any strong and relatively ductile substance that provide electropositive ions to a corrosive environment and that can be polished to a high luster.
Uses of metal or alloys in dentistry:
For direct intra-coronal restoration such as using direct filling gold.
Fabrication of extra-coronal restoration such as inlays, onlays, crown and fixed partial denture.
For fabricating superstructure, cast frameworks, cast partial denture etc.
For surgical use such as making titanium plates, screws etc.
For orthodontic use in making wires, brackets, bands etc.
For making laboratory instruments etc.
Properties of metal:
Should have high strength.
Should be malleable and ductile.
Should have good thermal and electrical conductivity.
Should have high luster.
Should have high corrosion resistance .
Structure of metal:
All metals are crystalline in nature.it refers to regular arrangement of atoms. There are six different type of crystal structure:
a) Cubic
- Simple
- Body-centered
- Face conferred
b) Tetragonal
- Simple
- Body-centered
- Rhombohedric
c) Orthorhombic
- Simple
- Body-centered
- Face-centered
- Base centered
d) Monoclinic
- Simple
- Base centered
e) Triclinic
f) Hexagonal
Crystal lattice structure
Classification of dental casting alloys
On the basis of use
alloys for all metal and resin veneer restorations
alloys for metal ceramic restoration
alloys for post and core
alloys for removable partial denture
alloys for dental implants
on the basis of major elements
gold based alloys
palladium based
silver based
nickel based
cobalt based
titanium based
on the basis of three major elements
gold-palladium-silver
palladium-silver-tin
nickel-chromium-molybdenum
cobalt-chromium-molybdenum
iron-nickel-chromium
titanium-aluminum-vanadium
on the basis of nobility
o high noble metal alloy
o noble metal alloy
o Predominantly base metal alloy
o Base metal alloy
On the basis of dominant phase system
Single phase or solid solution alloys
Eutectic alloys
Peritectic alloys
Intermetallic compound
Alloys for all metal restoration
Earlier days metal restoration was choice for replacement of missing teeth, but as an advancement of new material and because of color of metal, the uses of metallic restoration have reduced. However, the metal alloys continue to be used in metal-ceramic restoration to enhance strength, wear resistance and hardness.
Classification:
Based on their yield strength, percentage elongation and use, alloys for all metal restorations are classified into
Type I soft
Small inlays, class III and class IV cavities which are not subjected to wear great stress.
Type II medium
For inlay, onlays and partial veneer crown, abutm
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
3. Diamond The hardness and high dispersion of light of diamond make it useful for both industrial applications and jewelry. Diamond is the hardest known natural mineral. This makes it an excellent abrasive and makes it hold polish and luster extremely well. No known naturally occurring substance can even scratch a diamond, except another diamond. The market for industrial-grade diamonds operates much differently from its gem-grade counterpart. Industrial diamonds are valued mostly for their hardness and heat conductivity, making many of the gemological characteristics of diamond, including clarity and color, mostly irrelevant. This helps explain why 80% of mined diamonds are unsuitable for use as gemstones and known as bort , are destined for industrial use.
4. Diamond The dominant industrial use of diamond is in cutting, drilling, grinding, and polishing. Diamonds are embedded in drill tips or saw blades, or ground into a powder for use in grinding and polishing applications. Garnering much excitement is the possible use of diamond as a semiconductor suitable to build microchips from, or the use of diamond as a heat sink in electronics. In 1772, Antoine Lavoisier used a lens to concentrate the rays of the sun on a diamond in an atmosphere of O 2 , and showed that the only product of the combustion was CO 2 , proving that diamond is composed of carbon.
5. Diamond Experts in gemology use methods of grading diamonds based on the characteristics most important to their value as a gem. Four characteristics, known as the four Cs , are commonly used as the basic descriptors of diamonds: these are carat , cut , color , and clarity . It is an excellent insulator of electricity except for blue diamond. Synthetic diamonds are diamonds manufactured in a laboratory. The gemological and industrial uses of diamond have created a large demand for rough stones. This demand has been satisfied in large part by synthetic diamonds. Diamond identification relies on its thermal conductivity. Electronic thermal probes are used in the gemological centers to separate diamonds from their imitations.
6. Graphite Graphite was named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 for its use to draw and write. Graphite is an electrical conductor and the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Graphite is used as a dry lubricant. During a fire the graphite intumesces (expands and chars) to resist fire penetration and prevent the spread of fumes. A typical start expansion temperature (SET) is between 150 and 300 °C. It’s specific gravity is 2.3, which makes it lighter than diamond. At high temperatures and pressures, it can be transformed into diamond. At about 700 °C it burns in O 2 forming CO 2 .
7. Graphite It is slightly more reactive than diamond because the reactants are able to penetrate between the hexagonal layers of carbon atoms in graphite. It is unaffected by ordinary solvents, dilute acids, or fused alkalis. However, chromic acid (H 2 CrO 4 ) oxidizes it to carbon dioxide. Historically, graphite was called blacklead and plumbago. Natural graphite is mostly consumed for refractories, steelmaking, expanded graphite, brake linings, foundry facings and lubricants.
8. Lonsdaleite Lonsdaleite (named in honor of Kathleen Lonsdale), also called hexagonal diamond in reference to the crystal structure, is an allotrope of carbon with a hexagonal lattice. Lonsdaleite was first identified in 1967 from the Canyon Diablo meteorite, where it occurs as microscopic crystals associated with diamond. In nature, it forms when meteorites containing graphite strike the Earth. The great heat and stress of the impact transforms the graphite into diamond, but retains graphite's hexagonal crystal lattice.
9. Lonsdaleite It is translucent, and has an index of refraction of 2.40 to 2.41 and a specific gravity of 3.2 to 3.3. A simulated pure sample has been found to be 58% harder than diamond. Hexagonal diamond has also been synthesized in the laboratory, by compressing and heating graphite either in a static press or using explosives. It can also be produced by the thermal decomposition of a polymer, poly (hydridocarbyne), at atmospheric pressure, under inert gas atmosphere (e.g. argon, nitrogen), starting at temperature 110 °C.
10. C 60 Buckminsterfullerene is a spherical fullerene molecule with the formula C 60. It was first intentionally prepared in 1985 by Harold Kroto, James Heath, Sean O'Brien, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley at Rice University. Kroto, Curl, and Smalley were awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their roles in the discovery of buckminsterfullerene and the related class of molecules, the fullerenes.
11. C 60 The structure of a buckminsterfullerene is a truncated icosahedron (whose faces are two or more types of regular polygons) made of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons, with a carbon atom at the vertices of each polygon and a bond along each polygon edge. The name is a homage to Richard Buckminster Fuller, whose geodesic domes it resembles. Buckminsterfullerene was the first fullerene molecule discovered and it is also the most common in terms of natural occurrence, as it can be found in small quantities in soot.
12. Amorphous Carbon Amorphous carbon or free, reactive carbon, is an allotrope of carbon that does not have any crystalline structure. Coal and soot or carbon black are informally called amorphous carbon. While entirely amorphous carbon can be produced, most amorphous carbon actually contains microscopic crystals of graphite-like, or even diamond-like carbon.
13. Amorphous Carbon The coal industry divides coal up into various grades depending on the amount of carbon present in the sample compared to the amount of impurities. The highest grade, anthracite, is about 90% carbon and 10% other elements. Bituminous coal is about 75–90% carbon, and lignite is the name for coal that is around 55% carbon.
14. Buckytube Carbon nanotubes ( CNTs ) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1, significantly larger than for any other material. These cylindrical carbon molecules have unusual properties, which are valuable for nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science and technology.
15. Buckytube In particular, owing to their extraordinary thermal conductivity and mechanical and electrical properties, carbon nanotubes find applications as additives to various structural materials. For instance, in (primarily carbon fiber) "baseball bats, car parts" and even "golf clubs", where nanotubes form only a tiny portion of the material (s). Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family, which also includes the spherical buckyballs, and the ends of a nanotube may be capped with a hemisphere of the buckyball structure. Their name is derived from their long, hollow structure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon, called graphene.