Diamonds have been treasured for centuries due to their rarity, durability, and beauty. Their sparkle comes from facets that reflect light internally and externally. Diamonds are graded on the 4 Cs - color, clarity, cut, and carat weight. Higher grades mean fewer inclusions, closer to colorless color, ideal cutting proportions, and larger size. Proper cleaning maintains a diamond's brilliance. Synthetic diamonds and simulants like cubic zirconia are available but have distinguishing characteristics. Understanding these basics empowers consumers.
Gemmology is a vast subject to learn about all the Gemstones, their properties, occurrences, geographical location, geometrical structure or formations, various colour shades, transparency to opaque, sheen & luster, cuts & shapes, carat & cost, testing through various instruments & devices for their Real, synthetics or simulants.
Gold is a transitional metal. In its purest form have reddish yellow color, soft, malleable, and ductile metal.
Atomic number : 79
Atomic mass : 196.9 u
Density : 19.32 g/cm3
Melting point : 1,064 °C
Boiling point : 2,700 °C
Founded in different form associated with different rock type in different tectonic setting.
Discovered from earlier time and used for multi purposes.
Formation of gold
The saying among prospectors that "gold is where you find it" suggests its occurrence is unpredictable, but there is some certain geological environments for the formation.
Because gold is very stable over a range of conditions, it is very widespread in the earth’s crust.
Gold dissolved in warm to hot salty water, the fluids are generated in huge volumes deep in the Earth’s crust as water-bearing minerals dehydrate during metamorphism.
Any gold present in the rocks being heated and squeezed is sweated out and goes into solution as complex ions.
In this form, dissolved gold, along with other elements such as silicon, iron and sulphur, migrates wherever fractures in the rocks allow the fluids to pass.
The direction is generally upwards, to cooler regions at lower pressures nearer the Earth’s surface.
Gold eventually becomes insoluble and begins to crystallize, most often enveloped by quartz.
The association of gold and quartz vein forms one of the most common types of "primary gold deposits".
India
In India, gold mineralization of economic importance is mainly restricted to Archean greenstone terranes of the Dharwar Craton (DC).
The eastern block of the DC has a high favorability for hosting major gold deposits such as Kolar, Hutti, and Ramagiri, whereas the western block hosts only a few smaller deposits such as Gadag, Ajjahanahalli, and Kempinkote.
Gold also discoverrd by GSI in the Singbhum Craton, Aravalli Craton, Bastar Craton and Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT).
India is the second-largest consumer of gold after China.
India currently holds about 558 tones of gold, representing 6.6% of its reserves, (World Gold Council, October 2016).
Kolar Gold Field, Hutti Gold Field and Ramgiri Gold Field are the most important gold fields.
Gold Demand and Use
The largest source of demand is the jewelry industry Gold’s workability, unique beauty, and universal appeal make this rare precious metal the favorite of jewelers all over the world.
Besides jewelry, gold has many applications in a variety of industries including aerospace, medicine, dentistry, and electronics for the manufacture of computers, telephones, televisions...
The third source of gold demand is governments and central banks that buy gold to increase their official reserves.
Private investors there are private investors. Depending upon market circumstances, the investment component of demand can vary substantially from year to year.
we sell both raw and polished lab-grown diamonds. Additionally, we are also in the business of manufacturing jewellery only on order basis.
We intend to popularize lab-grown diamonds for their benefits and price competitiveness.
We are currently involved in the business of the production, manufacture and sale of both Type 1 and Type 2 diamonds
For More Details Contact us
Email : info@labgrowndiamoand.com
Tel No: +91 261 2550073
Fax: +91 261 2550073
Visit : http://labgrowndiamoand.com/
A List Of Precious And Semi Precious Gemstones9gemeu
There are so many types of gemstones available today. We have created a comprehensive list of gemstones to guide you and help to find the perfect gemstone. others to be semi-precious, more are considered fine or ornamental. Differences apply. What stones are considered precious and which are those considered semi precious
During the cooling process of intermediate compositions, a natural texture of perthite forms in alkali feldspar while following from the exsolution of multiple compositions of alkali feldspar.
Gemmology is a vast subject to learn about all the Gemstones, their properties, occurrences, geographical location, geometrical structure or formations, various colour shades, transparency to opaque, sheen & luster, cuts & shapes, carat & cost, testing through various instruments & devices for their Real, synthetics or simulants.
Gold is a transitional metal. In its purest form have reddish yellow color, soft, malleable, and ductile metal.
Atomic number : 79
Atomic mass : 196.9 u
Density : 19.32 g/cm3
Melting point : 1,064 °C
Boiling point : 2,700 °C
Founded in different form associated with different rock type in different tectonic setting.
Discovered from earlier time and used for multi purposes.
Formation of gold
The saying among prospectors that "gold is where you find it" suggests its occurrence is unpredictable, but there is some certain geological environments for the formation.
Because gold is very stable over a range of conditions, it is very widespread in the earth’s crust.
Gold dissolved in warm to hot salty water, the fluids are generated in huge volumes deep in the Earth’s crust as water-bearing minerals dehydrate during metamorphism.
Any gold present in the rocks being heated and squeezed is sweated out and goes into solution as complex ions.
In this form, dissolved gold, along with other elements such as silicon, iron and sulphur, migrates wherever fractures in the rocks allow the fluids to pass.
The direction is generally upwards, to cooler regions at lower pressures nearer the Earth’s surface.
Gold eventually becomes insoluble and begins to crystallize, most often enveloped by quartz.
The association of gold and quartz vein forms one of the most common types of "primary gold deposits".
India
In India, gold mineralization of economic importance is mainly restricted to Archean greenstone terranes of the Dharwar Craton (DC).
The eastern block of the DC has a high favorability for hosting major gold deposits such as Kolar, Hutti, and Ramagiri, whereas the western block hosts only a few smaller deposits such as Gadag, Ajjahanahalli, and Kempinkote.
Gold also discoverrd by GSI in the Singbhum Craton, Aravalli Craton, Bastar Craton and Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT).
India is the second-largest consumer of gold after China.
India currently holds about 558 tones of gold, representing 6.6% of its reserves, (World Gold Council, October 2016).
Kolar Gold Field, Hutti Gold Field and Ramgiri Gold Field are the most important gold fields.
Gold Demand and Use
The largest source of demand is the jewelry industry Gold’s workability, unique beauty, and universal appeal make this rare precious metal the favorite of jewelers all over the world.
Besides jewelry, gold has many applications in a variety of industries including aerospace, medicine, dentistry, and electronics for the manufacture of computers, telephones, televisions...
The third source of gold demand is governments and central banks that buy gold to increase their official reserves.
Private investors there are private investors. Depending upon market circumstances, the investment component of demand can vary substantially from year to year.
we sell both raw and polished lab-grown diamonds. Additionally, we are also in the business of manufacturing jewellery only on order basis.
We intend to popularize lab-grown diamonds for their benefits and price competitiveness.
We are currently involved in the business of the production, manufacture and sale of both Type 1 and Type 2 diamonds
For More Details Contact us
Email : info@labgrowndiamoand.com
Tel No: +91 261 2550073
Fax: +91 261 2550073
Visit : http://labgrowndiamoand.com/
A List Of Precious And Semi Precious Gemstones9gemeu
There are so many types of gemstones available today. We have created a comprehensive list of gemstones to guide you and help to find the perfect gemstone. others to be semi-precious, more are considered fine or ornamental. Differences apply. What stones are considered precious and which are those considered semi precious
During the cooling process of intermediate compositions, a natural texture of perthite forms in alkali feldspar while following from the exsolution of multiple compositions of alkali feldspar.
When you are planning on purchasing a diamond it is important that you know how diamonds are classified. There are four topics you need to become familiar with?Cut, Color, Clarity, and Carat Weight.
Sunny Diamonds- Comprehensive Guide To Diamond JewelrySunny Diamonds
The Sunny Diamonds- Comprehensive Guide To Diamond Jewelry is an all in one directory, guiding prospective customers in choosing the perfect diamond in terms of it quality, value and price
Whether you're buying or selling a diamond or engagement ring, you should know: there's more to diamonds than meets the eye. In this presentation, you'll find out what makes diamonds more or less valuable, the different types of cuts, and what to look for when buying.
Raw diamonds are referred to as 'rough' or 'uncut' diamonds. To determine whether the stone is a diamond, perform a brief visual examination to exclude other gemstones.
Both diamonds and gemstones are crystals of certain elements or compounds, but what’s the difference between coloured diamonds & other gemstones,When we think about engagement rings and jewellery, the most popular stone to go with the precious metal of choice is a brilliant white diamond. At Diamond Heaven, we love diamonds. From shining black diamonds to sparkling yellow and even pale pink, diamonds are forever.
Because diamonds are so valuable, it’s essential to have a universal grading system for comparing their quality. In the 1940s and ’50s, GIA developed the 4Cs and the GIA International Diamond Grading System™ to objectively compare and evaluate diamonds.
Andrews Jewelry Store carries beautiful engagement rings, quality diamonds, vintage and estate jewelry, colored gemstones, necklaces and earrings.
We buy gold, diamonds, antique, colored stones and all types of jewelry and inherited jewelry. Come to see us for an appraisal or cash for your jewelry.
We are located in
The Streets of Southglenn
6851 S Gaylord St Suite 257
Centennial, CO 80112
http://andrewsjewelrystore.com/
Both diamonds and gemstones are crystals of certain elements or compounds, but what’s the difference between coloured diamonds & other gemstones,When we think about engagement rings and jewellery, the most popular stone to go with the precious metal of choice is a brilliant white diamond. At Diamond Heaven, we love diamonds. From shining black diamonds to sparkling yellow and even pale pink, diamonds are forever.
A symmetry of a diamond is a key factor to identify price and preciousness of diamond. Here, a topic is presented of diamond symmetry factors for learning about how diamond is graded by laboratory and which diamond can value for us.
Fancy Yellow Diamonds breathtaking beauty, bright shine, warm color, and the fact that they are rare but affordable for most people make them the perfect gift, the coveted engagement ring, and the ideal diamond, even for you. Naturaly, yellow diamonds are a trendy and popular choice for easygoing and positive people who like to rejoice and spread love.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. Diamonds: Beauty and Brawn
Carl Wozniak
Graduate Gemologist (GIA)
Northern Michigan
University
2. The allure of diamonds
• The world’s love of diamonds
started in India.
• Romans set uncut diamonds in
jewelry
• By the 1400s, diamonds had
become fashionable in Europe.
Roman ring, 4 A.D.
3. Why the allure?
Diamonds are
cherished because:
They are rare
They are durable
They are beautiful
They have value
They are expensive to
mine and cut
7. What makes diamonds
sparkle?
A polished diamond’s beauty lies in a
complex relationship with the light
around it.
Facets on the stone reflect light
externally and internally.
8. What makes diamonds
sparkle?
We see this interplay between light and
the diamond in three qualities
Brilliance- the degree to which light from
within the stone returns to our eye
Fire- the play of colors from the refraction
of light within the stone
Scintillation- the bits of light that flash as
the stone is moved
9. Brilliance
In brilliant stones, much of the light that enters leaves
through the crown. Less brilliant stones result when
light leaks out the pavilion.
10. Fire
Fire, also known as
dispersion, is the color play
within a diamond caused by
refraction of light in the
stone.
12. Grading diamonds
Why grade diamonds?
Diamond grading:
Makes it possible to
discuss diamonds
simply and
concisely;
Helps you compare
stones;
Helps identify
quality.
14. Color
While there are fancy colored diamonds that can be
extremely expensive, typical diamonds increase in
value as they get closer to colorless.
The currently used grading scale was developed by the
Gemological Institute of America
A, B, C were not used to prevent confusion with
existing scales.
Hope Diamond
45.52 ct., VS-1,
Fancy deep
grayish blue
15. Rule of thumb
Colorless face up and face down
D, E, F
Colorless face up, nearly colorless face down
G, H, I, J
Faint yellow face up, faint yellow face down
K, L, M
Very light yellow face up and face down
N, O, P, Q, R
Light yellow (substantial) color face up or
down
S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z
16. Color
Color is very difficult to judge in
mounted stones
Proper lighting is essential
17. Clarity
Most diamonds come with
some amount of “junk”
inside them. We call these
inclusions.
Scratches and other surface
imperfections are called
blemishes.
Before the 1950s people in
the diamond industry had
no way to accurately
describe a diamond’s
features so that everyone
understood them in the
same way.
18. Clarity
The GIA’s diamond grading system was
developed in 1953 to give professionals
a way to evaluate diamonds and
communicate quality to others.
19. Clarity
Five clarity factors that determine the grade of
a diamond
Size of inclusion
Number of inclusions
Position of inclusions
Nature of inclusions
Color or relief of inclusions
The clarity grade is not based on the sum of
everything in the stone, but is based on the
largest and most visible characteristics.
21. Clarity Grades
Flawless (F) stones are exceedingly
rare and never worn.
Millenium Star,
203.04 ct., D, Flawless
Flawless stones have no visible
inclusions under 10 X
magnification, and there are no
blemishes on the stone’s
surface.
22. Clarity Grades
Internally Flawless (IF) diamonds have
the potential to become flawless stones.
Internally flawless stones have
no visible inclusions under 10 X
magnification, but there are
blemishes on the stone’s
surface.
23. Clarity Grades
Very Very Slightly (VVS) included
diamonds
Contain minute inclusions that are
extremely or very difficult for a
skilled grader to see under 10 X.
•VVS1= extremely difficult to see
face up (one or two pin points)
•VVS2= somewhat easy to see
24. Clarity Grades
Very Slightly (VS) included diamonds
Contain minor inclusions that are
difficult to easy for a skilled
grader to see under 10 X.
•VS1= difficult to see inclusions
•VS2= somewhat easy to see
•Typically small crystals or
feathers near the edge.
25. Clarity Grades
Slightly Included (SI) diamonds
Contain noticeable inclusions
that are easy or very easy for a
skilled grader to see under 10 X.
•SI1= easy to see inclusions
•SI2= very easy to see. Eye
visible.
•Typically crystals, feathers or
clouds centrally located.
26. Clarity Grades
Included (I) diamonds
Contain obvious inclusions to a
skilled grader under 10 X.
•I1= quite visible inclusions
•I2= easily visible
•I3= extremely visible. Affects the
stone’s durability.
I-2
I-3
27. Cut
Diamonds can be cut
in many different
shapes, but this is
not all we mean by
“cut.”
Cut refers to not only
the shape of the
diamonds, but its
proportions and finish,
factors which
determine the sparkle
of the diamond.
28. Cut
Round brilliant cut diamonds have been
studied the most.
They are the most common
The proportions are relatively consistent
34. The care and feeding of
diamonds
Diamonds have a high
affinity for grease. Rough
diamonds are actually
sorted using grease
tables.
Grease changes the
refractive index of the
stone, causing light to leak
out the pavilion.
35. The care and feeding of
diamonds
Use an old toothbrush and soapy water
to clean under the stone.
•Can also use
ultrasound or steam
•Keep gold jewelry
away from chlorine
bleach.
36. Synthetic diamonds
Synthetic diamonds are becoming more
common, but they are usually small stones,
yellowish stones.
Diamonds are made under
temperatures of about
2,200º F and 50,000
atmospheres.
38. Common Diamond Simulants
Cubic Zirconium (Zircon Oxide)
CZ has slightly less brilliance or sparkle
than a diamond and more fire or flashes of
color
CZ also comes
in many colors.
39. Common Diamond Simulants
Telling CZ from diamond
About 75% heavier than diamond
CZ is softer, you see this in abraded facet
junctions
Orange pavilion flash
Usually flawless
Many colors
Thermal conductivity
40. Common Diamond Simulants
Moissanite- Silicon
carbide
Has inclusions and
color differences
Similar thermal
conductivity
Very hard
Slightly lighter than
diamond
Moissanite has a
lot more fire than
diamond.