Carbon allatrops and their future prospects.

1. Various Form of Carbon:
structure, properties, uses and
future prospects

2. Forms of Carbon
1. Diamond.
2. Lonsdaleite.
3. Graphite.
4. Graphene.
5. C60, Buckminsterfullerene or Buckyball.
6. Fullerenes C540.
7. Fullerenes C70.
8. Carbon nanotube.
9. Amorphous Carbon.

3. Structure of Diamond &
Lonsdaleite
Diamond:Each carbon atom is bonded to 4 others to form a giant
covalent network or lattice.
Lonsdeite:Diamond but retains graphite's hexagonal crystal lattice.

5. Properties of Diamond & Lonsdaleite
• Very high melting point.
• Doesn’t conduct electricity.
• Good conductor of heat.
• Very hard.
• Fluorescence under UV light and X-ray.

6. Uses Of Diamond and Lonsdaleite
• Diamonds and lonsdaleites are valuable gemstones.
• Smaller pieces of diamonds are used for cutting glass
and drilling rocks. Only a diamond can cut another
diamond. Diamond dust is used for polishing
diamonds and precious stones.
• Carbonado and bort are used for making precision
instruments.
• Diamond dies are used to make thin tungsten wires.
• Diamonds are used as a material for heat sinks.

7. Future prospects
• In the future, diamonds and lonsdaleite may
be used for surgical tools, medical devices,
and prosthetic human joints. Research is being
conducted into whether or not the Earth's
hardest naturally occurring substance could be
of any use to the medical community.

8. Structure Of Graphite
Each carbon atom is bonded to 3 other carbon atoms to
give layers of hexagonal rings.

10. Properties of Graphite
• Graphite is a soft, slippery, grayish-black
substance.
• High thermal resistance.
• Low friction and self lubrication.
• High electrical conductivity.
• High thermal conductivity.
• High resistance to neutron radiation.

11. Uses of Graphite
• Carbon brushes for electrical motors are
manufactured from high purity synthetic
graphite.
• Graphite is a crucial material in cylinder heads,
gaskets, clutch materials, exhaust systems and
motors.
• Graphite is used in Lithium Ion Batteries and fuel
cells.
• The "lead" in lead pencils is graphite.
• Graphite rods are used in nuclear reactor.

12. Future prospects
The uses of graphite is increasing day by day.
Simply in one Word the future of graphite is
Graphene.The future prospects are:
1.Graphite will produce graphene.
2.Graphite battery may be used widely.
3.Electrode fabrication of graphite.

13. Structure of Graphene
A layer of atoms arranged in honey combs.

14. Properties of Graphene
1.It is the thinnest material imaginable.It is the strongest
material ever measured.200X stronger than steel & stiffer
than diamond.
2.It is electrically conductive – best known so far.1,000,000x
more conductive than copper.
3.Electrons behave as light inside graphene.
4.It conducts heat even better than diamond.
5.Tunable electronic properties.
6.Transparent,flexible & stretchable: The first elastic 2D crystal.

15. Uses of Graphene
While as of 2015, graphene is not used in commercial applications.
Manyhave been proposed and under development so till now the uses of
graphene is:
1.Sports equipment-Head tennis racquet.
2.Security devices printed inside cardboard layers.

16. Future of Graphene
1.Imagine flexible cell phones.
2. In future the mobile technology would be completely dependent
on the graphene.
3. Standard-sized batteries that hold
a longer charge.
4. Will definitely replace silicon and
germanium as device material.
5. It will replace copper as conducting
material.
6. Graphene transistor,integrated circuits,chips, Single molecule
sensors.
7.super capacitors.

17. Future of Graphene
8. Better sports equipment.
9.Stronger medical implements.
10.Stronger but lighter aircraft that uses less fuel.
11.Graphene is the future of solar power.
12. Graphene’s ability to let nothing pass through it except
water makes it the world’s greatest filter.
13. As a composite material for machines ,cars.
14.Incresing the effeciency of electric battery using graphene
powder.

18. Structure of C60
The C atoms are arranged in hexagons and pentagons to
give a geodesic spherical structure similar to a football.
Like in graphite, each carbon atom is bonded to 3 others.
C60, Buckminsterfullerene or Buckyball

19. Structure of C70,C540
Structure of C70 Structure of C540

20. Properties of C60,C70,C540
• They are closed hollow cages consisting of carbon atoms
interconnected in hexagonal and pentagonal rings.
• High tensile strength & high packing density.
• Due to absence of aromatic character fullerenes behave
like alkenes thus undergoing electrophilic addition.
• Fullerene crystals are bonded weakly with each other by
van der waals forces.
• They are very stable & largest known molecule.
• C60 can be used to transport other molecules inside like a
basket, or on the surface like a "fuzzyball.“
• By doping fullerenes, they can be electrically insulating,
conducting, semiconducting or even superconducting.

21. Uses of C60,C70,C540
• Forms a superconductor with alkali metals.
• Takes part in catalytic processes.
• Used as a therapeutic & diagnostic agent due to
size, stability and hydrophobic nature.
• Acts as a potential inhibitor to HIV.
• For trapping smaller size ions from solution of
water .
• The use of bucky balls in fibre optics. Because of
the perfect spherical shape that they carry, they
are able to transmit light.

22. Future prospects
• Solar Cells.
• Hydrogen Gas stroge.
• Fullerenes Based Sensors.
• Optical Application.
• Medicine Application.

23. Structure of Carbon Nanotube
They have a hollow structure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick
sheets of carbon, called graphene.

24. Properties of Carbon Nanotube
• Carbon nanotubes are the strongest, flexible and stiffest
materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and
elastic modulus respectively.
• The hardness and bulk modulus of carbon nanotubes are
greater than diamond, which is considered the hardest
material.
• Because of the symmetry and unique electronic structure of
graphene, nanotube has a very high current carrying capacity.
• All nanotubes are expected to be very good thermal
conductors along the tube but good insulators laterally to the
tube axis.
• Defects and toxicity occur commonly in carbon nanotubes.

25. Uses of Carbon Nanotube
Carbon Nanotube invented recently.so many
application is proposed and underdevelopment.
Now the applications of carbon nano tubes are:
1.Structural application
2.Nanotube Transistor.
3.Nanotube based Solar cell.
4.Paper battery.
5.Flywheel.

26. Future Prospects
• Hybrid Power Generation: Charging electric cars within
seconds using devices made of carbon nanotubes.
• Energy Storage:supercapacitors made of carbon nanotubes.
• CNT-based transparent conducting films.
• Alternative to expensive indium tin oxide (ITO).
• Flexible, and not brittle
• Application in-Displays,Touch screen devices,photovolatics.
• Future Electrical Transmission.Will cut the cost of Silver
required.
• The Space Elevator.

27. Future Prospects

28. Structure of Amorphous Carbon
No crystalline Structure.carbons are reactive in amorphous form.
coal

29. Properties of Amorphous Carbon
• Hardness but easily breakable.
• low friction.
• electrical insulation.
• chemical inertness.
• optical transparency.
• ability to absorb photons selectively .
• smoothness and resistance to wear.

30. Uses of Amorphous Carbon
• Amorphous carbon is used as fuel.
• It is used to produce electricity in power
plants.
• Amorphous carbon finds its use in advanced
chemistry experiments, and also in the
production of carbon nanotubes and carbon
nano brushes.
• Coke, a product left after heating coal, is used
to manufacture iron and steel.

31. Future Prospects
• Amorphus carbon layer may take part to
produce multi-walled carbon nanotube.
• Amorphous carbon flims.
• Fabrication of Amorphous carbon.