Carbon exists in several allotropes with different properties. Diamond and graphite are two major allotropes. Diamond is very hard while graphite is soft and slippery. Other allotropes include nanotubes, graphene, buckminsterfullerene, and amorphous carbon. Carbon undergoes substitution, addition, and oxidation reactions. It is essential for life but can also have harmful health effects if inhaled in certain forms like coal dust. Applications of carbon include uses in jewelry, lubricants, batteries, and tires due to its various properties.

1. CARBON
Submitted By: Iqra Qaisar
Submitted To: Dr Rohama Gill
Course: Environmental Chemistry
Department: Env.Science

2. CARBON:

3. Isotopes of Carbon
12 C 13 C 14 C
98.89 % 1.11 % ~10-12

4. ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
ALLOTROPES OF CARBON​ PROPERTIES​
• Diamond
• A diamond is one giant molecule of carbon atoms.
• Diamonds are colorless and transparent.
• They sparkle and reflect light, which is why they are
described as lustrous. These properties make them
desirable in items of jewelry.​
• Graphite​
• Graphite is black, shiny and opaque.
• It is not transparent.
• It is also a very slippery material.​
Nanotubes​
• Nanotubes are a type of fullerene and are molecular-scale
tubes of carbon arranged similarly to the layers in graphite.​
Graphene​
A single sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagon
pattern, such that all carbon atoms are bonded to 3 other
carbon atoms
Buckminsterfullerene–
Sometimes called buckyballs, they normally consist of 60
carbon atoms bonded together to form a spherical structure
with 20 hexagonal faces and 12 pentagonal faces.​

5. •Carbon is a unique element. It occurs in many
forms. Some examples
of the pure form of carbon are coal and soot.
•It is soft and dull grey or black in colour.
•Allotropes are nothing but forms of an element
with varying physical as well as chemical
properties.
•The density of the different forms of carbon
depends upon the origin of these elements. You will
find some forms of carbon which are pure and some
forms which are not pure like coal which is the
mixture of both carbon and hydrogen.
Physical Properties of Carbon:

6. Blue carbon is the carbon stored in
coastal and marine ecosystems
For example, over 95% of the carbon
in sea-Grass meadows is stored in
the soils*.
Black carbon, or soot, is part of fine
particulate air pollution (PM2.5) and
contributes to climate change.
. The complex mixture of particulate matter
resulting from incomplete combustion is
often referred to as soot.
BLUE CARBON & BLACK
CARBON

7. Chemical Properties of Carbon
n
Substitution
reaction
Addition
reactions
Oxidation
reaction,
Combustion
reactions

8. SUBSTITUTION REACTION:
Any of a class of chemical reactions in which an atom, ion, or group of
atoms or ions in a molecule is replaced by another atom, ion, or group.
Example:

9. ADDITION REACTION:
Any of a class of chemical reactions in which an atom or group of atoms is added to
a molecule.

10. OXIDATION REACTION:
Oxidation reactions may be particularly important where they result in significantly
increased Kd values for the metal and more so at sites were colloidal transport of
contaminants occurs.
Example:

11. HEALTH EFFECT OF CARBON:
•Carbon is essential to life. Nearly every molecule in a living organism contains
carbon. The study of carbon compounds that occur in living organisms is called
biochemistry (bio- = life + -chemistry ).
•Carbon can also have harmful effects on organisms
• For example, coal miners sometimes develop a disease known as black lung.
Color is not the problem with black lung disease however. The coal dust in the
lungs blocks the tiny holes through which oxygen gets into the lungs. As more
coal dust accumulates, more holes are plugged up, making it harder for the
miner to breathe. Many miners eventually die from black lung disease because
they lose the ability to breathe.
•Carbon monoxide poisoning is another serious health problem. Carbon
monoxide is formed whenever coal, oil, or natural gas bums
•. For example, the burning of gasoline in cars and trucks produces carbon
monoxide.

12. Applications of Carbon
Graphite and diamonds are two important allotropes of carbon that have wide
applications.
Diamonds are expensive and attractive and hence used in high end jewellery.
Industrial diamonds are used to cut, polish and grind glass because of their
extreme hardness.
Graphite used in:
i. Nuclear power plants to help slow down the neutrons in a nuclear reaction
ii. Graphite used in lead pencils
iii. Graphite is used as a lubricant for machines and mechanical parts
iv. Graphite refractories are used when non-wetting furnace linings are
required and oxidation is not an issue e.g. in aluminium production and in
vacuum furnaces
Amorphous carbon also finds a variety of applications such as in:
i. Rubber tires
ii. Inks
iii. Pigments
iv. Phonograph records
v. Stove polish
vi. Typewriter ribbons.

13. CONCLUSION:
Pure carbon has extremely low toxicity to humans
and can be handled safely in the form of graphite
or charcoal.
 Carbon black was probably one of the first
pigments to be used for tattooing, and Ötzi the
Iceman was found to have carbon tattoos that
survived during his life and for 5200 years after his
death.
 Inhalation of coal dust or soot (carbon black) in
large quantities can be dangerous, irritating lung
tissues and causing the
congestive lung disease, coalworker's
pneumoconiosis.
Diamond dust used as an abrasive can be

14. Carbon may burn vigorously and brightly in the
presence of air at high temperatures.
In nuclear applications where graphite is used as
a neutron moderator.
The great variety of carbon compounds include such
lethal poisons as tetrodotoxin, the lectin ricin from
seeds of the castor oil plant Ricinus
communis, cyanide (CN−), and carbon monoxide; and
such essentials to life as glucose and protein