Alkaloids definition, Alkaloids history, Occurrence of alkaloids, Alkaloids distribution in nature, Classification of Alkaloids in different categories, Functions of alkaloids.
This document provides an overview of alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that often have physiological effects. It discusses the definition, functions, nomenclature, classification, physical and chemical properties, qualitative tests, isolation, and quantitative assay of alkaloids. Key points covered include that alkaloids can act as protective agents in plants or be metabolic byproducts, are classified based on origin and structure, undergo reactions like dehydration with acids, and can be isolated from plants and quantified.
The document discusses alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that are physiologically active. It defines alkaloids and describes their distribution in plants, forms, nomenclature, extraction and classification. Key points include that alkaloids are found mainly in dicots and families like Apocynaceae, with properties like being crystalline solids, bitter taste, and soluble in organic solvents but not water. Common tests for alkaloids are Mayer's, Dragendorff's, Wagner's and Hager's tests. Alkaloids are classified based on their biogenetic pathway, plant source, basic chemical skeleton or type of amine group.
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are volatile essential oils found in many plants and flowers which give them their distinctive fragrances. There are many different classes of terpenoids classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain, such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpenoids. Common terpenoids include limonene, menthol, and camphor. Spectroscopic techniques such as UV, IR, NMR and mass spectrometry are used to determine terpenoid structures and functional groups.
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are produced mainly by plants and play roles such as contributing fragrances to flowers and flavors to fruits. The document discusses the definition, classification, occurrence, biosynthesis, and chemistry of terpenoids. It notes that terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain and can range from simple hemiterpenes to more complex polyterpenes. Their biosynthesis occurs primarily via the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways which link isoprene units together.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are aromatic oily liquids found in many plants. They are highly volatile and evaporate easily at room temperature. Volatile oils are composed of hydrocarbons and oxidized hydrocarbons derived from terpenes. They are found stored in secretory cells, cavities, or channels located in different parts of plants. Volatile oils have various therapeutic uses and are also used in perfumes, cosmetics, and flavorings due to their strong aromas. They are extracted from plants using various techniques including water and steam distillation, solvent extraction, and enfleurage.
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds that are often obtained from plants and demonstrate physiological effects.
- They are classified based on their biological origin, biosynthetic pathway, chemical structure, and pharmacological effects.
- Common alkaloids include morphine, quinine, caffeine, and nicotine. They are extracted from plants using various organic solvents and purified.
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogenous plant compounds with physiological effects. They contain heterocyclic nitrogen structures derived from amino acids.
- Atropine is an alkaloid obtained from plants like belladonna. It acts as an anticholinergic and is used to treat conditions like nausea, vomiting, Parkinson's disease, and as a pre-anesthetic.
- Reserpine is obtained from Rauwolfia serpentina and works by depleting catecholamines. It is used to treat psychosis, anxiety, hypertension, and aggression.
- Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic alkaloid obtained from Ephedra that stimulates alpha and beta receptors. It is
This document discusses various methods used for isolation and purification of natural products, including chromatographic techniques and physical methods. It provides details on different types of chromatography such as thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, and gas chromatography. It explains the basic principles and processes of thin layer chromatography, including preparing the chromatography chamber and plates, developing the plates, visualizing and interpreting results. Column chromatography is also summarized. Other physical separation techniques discussed include fractional crystallization and distillation.
This document provides an overview of alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that often have physiological effects. It discusses the definition, functions, nomenclature, classification, physical and chemical properties, qualitative tests, isolation, and quantitative assay of alkaloids. Key points covered include that alkaloids can act as protective agents in plants or be metabolic byproducts, are classified based on origin and structure, undergo reactions like dehydration with acids, and can be isolated from plants and quantified.
The document discusses alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that are physiologically active. It defines alkaloids and describes their distribution in plants, forms, nomenclature, extraction and classification. Key points include that alkaloids are found mainly in dicots and families like Apocynaceae, with properties like being crystalline solids, bitter taste, and soluble in organic solvents but not water. Common tests for alkaloids are Mayer's, Dragendorff's, Wagner's and Hager's tests. Alkaloids are classified based on their biogenetic pathway, plant source, basic chemical skeleton or type of amine group.
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are volatile essential oils found in many plants and flowers which give them their distinctive fragrances. There are many different classes of terpenoids classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain, such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpenoids. Common terpenoids include limonene, menthol, and camphor. Spectroscopic techniques such as UV, IR, NMR and mass spectrometry are used to determine terpenoid structures and functional groups.
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are produced mainly by plants and play roles such as contributing fragrances to flowers and flavors to fruits. The document discusses the definition, classification, occurrence, biosynthesis, and chemistry of terpenoids. It notes that terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain and can range from simple hemiterpenes to more complex polyterpenes. Their biosynthesis occurs primarily via the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways which link isoprene units together.
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are aromatic oily liquids found in many plants. They are highly volatile and evaporate easily at room temperature. Volatile oils are composed of hydrocarbons and oxidized hydrocarbons derived from terpenes. They are found stored in secretory cells, cavities, or channels located in different parts of plants. Volatile oils have various therapeutic uses and are also used in perfumes, cosmetics, and flavorings due to their strong aromas. They are extracted from plants using various techniques including water and steam distillation, solvent extraction, and enfleurage.
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds that are often obtained from plants and demonstrate physiological effects.
- They are classified based on their biological origin, biosynthetic pathway, chemical structure, and pharmacological effects.
- Common alkaloids include morphine, quinine, caffeine, and nicotine. They are extracted from plants using various organic solvents and purified.
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogenous plant compounds with physiological effects. They contain heterocyclic nitrogen structures derived from amino acids.
- Atropine is an alkaloid obtained from plants like belladonna. It acts as an anticholinergic and is used to treat conditions like nausea, vomiting, Parkinson's disease, and as a pre-anesthetic.
- Reserpine is obtained from Rauwolfia serpentina and works by depleting catecholamines. It is used to treat psychosis, anxiety, hypertension, and aggression.
- Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic alkaloid obtained from Ephedra that stimulates alpha and beta receptors. It is
This document discusses various methods used for isolation and purification of natural products, including chromatographic techniques and physical methods. It provides details on different types of chromatography such as thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, and gas chromatography. It explains the basic principles and processes of thin layer chromatography, including preparing the chromatography chamber and plates, developing the plates, visualizing and interpreting results. Column chromatography is also summarized. Other physical separation techniques discussed include fractional crystallization and distillation.
Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body.A glycoside is a molecule consisting of a sugar and a non-sugar group, called an aglycone. The sugar group is known as the glycone and can consist of a single sugar group or several sugar groups. The sugars is in its cyclic form and is covalently attached to the aglycon through the hydroxyl group of the hemiactal function.
There are many different kinds of aglycones. It can be a terpene, a flavonoid, a coumarin or practically any other natural occurring product (se figure 1)
The glycone can be attached to the aglycon in many different ways. The most common bridging atom is oxygen (O-glycoside), but it can also be sulphur (S-glycoside), nitrogen (N-glycoside) or carbon (C-glycoside). In general, one distinguishes between α-Glycosides and β-glycosides, depending on the configuration of the hemiactal hydroxyl group. The majority of the naturally occurring glycosides are β-glycosidesGenerally glycosides are more polar than the aglycones and as a result glycoside formation usually increases water solubility. This may allow the producing organism to transport and store the glycoside more efficiently
Many biologically active compounds are glycosides. The pharmacological effects are largely determined by the structure of the aglycone.
Glycosides comprise several important classes of compounds such as hormones, sweeteners, alkaloids, flavonoids and antibiotics
Alkaloids: Introduction, Property and classification OP VERMA
Alkaloids are major secondary metabolites reported in higher plants. In this PPT I have covered Introduction, Property, Clarification and identification tests.
This document discusses the extraction of alkaloids from plant materials. It describes the Stas-Otto method, which involves distributing alkaloidal bases between an acid or aqueous solution and an immiscible organic solvent. The method involves rendering the plant material alkaline, extracting with an organic solvent, shaking with dilute sulfuric acid to form alkaloidal salts, making the solution alkaline to precipitate the free alkaloidal bases. The Stas-Otto method allows for the separation and isolation of alkaloids from other plant compounds.
1. Glycosides are organic compounds found in plants and animals that contain a sugar (glycone) and non-sugar (aglycone or genin) portion. Upon hydrolysis, the sugar and non-sugar portions separate.
2. There are several types of glycosides based on the atom involved in the glycosidic linkage between the glycone and aglycone, including O-, C-, S-, and N-glycosides.
3. Two common cardiac glycoside drugs that contain glycosides are Digitalis and Aloe. Digitalis contains compounds like digitoxin and gitoxin that have cardiac effects. Aloe contains compounds like aloin that have laxative effects.
This document provides information about volatile oils. It begins by defining volatile oils as odorous and volatile products produced by plants. Volatile oils are composed of terpenes and their derivatives and are found in secretory tissues of plants. They can be extracted through various methods including water, steam, solvent extraction and expression. Common sources of volatile oils include leaves, flowers, bark and seeds. Tests can identify volatile oils in plants using reagents like Sudan III. Volatile oils have many pharmaceutical applications as fragrances, flavors and medicines due to their antimicrobial and other therapeutic properties.
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in plants that act as antioxidants. They have 15 carbon atoms arranged in two benzene rings connected by a 3 carbon chain. There are over 4,000 known flavonoids that are commonly found as flower pigments but also occur in other plant parts. Major classes of flavonoids include flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and isoflavonoids. Flavonoids have important biological functions like repairing damage, protecting plants from toxins and UV radiation, and possess anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antitumor properties in humans.
This document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. It describes the different classes of alkaloids based on their chemical structure, including pyrrole, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, steroidal, and terpenoid alkaloids. Over 10,000 alkaloids have been isolated from plants to date. Alkaloids show great diversity in their botanical origin, chemical structure, and pharmacological effects. While many alkaloids are toxic, some such as morphine and quinine have historically been important medicines.
This document defines alkaloids as basic, heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds derived from amino acids that are physiologically active. However, it notes some deviations from this definition, including that some alkaloids are not basic, do not contain heterocyclic nitrogen, or are derived from sources other than plants. It then provides qualitative chemical tests to identify alkaloids and discusses their physical and chemical properties, distribution in plants, extraction methods, classification, and biosynthesis.
The document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. It describes the properties of alkaloids such as being basic, containing heterocyclic rings, and having physiological effects. The document outlines the structures, classifications, names, biosynthesis, extraction methods, and pharmacological uses of different alkaloids. Common alkaloids are derived from amino acids and include morphine, caffeine, ephedrine, and quinine.
Alkaloids are classified based on their biosynthetic precursors, which include amino acids like ornithine, tryptophan, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and histidine. Other precursors include purines. Major classes include tropane alkaloids from ornithine, indole alkaloids from tryptophan, quinoline alkaloids from tryptophan, papaver alkaloids from tyrosine, and purine alkaloids like caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline not derived from amino acids. Biosynthesis involves reactions like decarboxylation and transamination of amino acid precursors.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
This document provides information about terpenoids, which are a large and diverse class of organic compounds derived from isoprene units. It discusses that terpenoids are commonly found in plants and have various important uses and properties. The document classifies terpenoids based on their carbon content, including monoterpenes which contain two isoprene units. It provides examples of important acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenes and discusses their structures, natural sources, and significance.
This document summarizes key information about alkaloids. It discusses that alkaloids are nitrogen-containing organic compounds found in plants that have physiological effects. Common alkaloids like morphine, codeine, caffeine, and cocaine are mentioned. The characteristics, occurrence in plants, classification based on chemical structure, and examples of alkaloids used in modern medicine are described. The biosynthesis pathways of morphine and codeine from opium poppy are also summarized.
This document provides information about alkaloids. It begins with definitions and classifications of alkaloids. It then discusses two specific alkaloids - ephedra and colchicum. For ephedra, it describes the plant source, chemical constituents including ephedrine, uses, and chemical tests. For colchicum, it provides the plant source, chemical constituents including colchicine, and geographical sources.
Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloids introduction, Alkaloids classification, Alkaloids function, pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, Examples of alkaloids, Some review questions related to alkaloids.
The document discusses the occurrence, classification, and biosynthesis of different types of alkaloids. It describes alkaloids as naturally occurring basic nitrogen compounds that are physiologically active but insoluble in water. Alkaloids are generally classified based on their basic chemical structures and common precursors like amino acids. The document outlines four main types of alkaloids - protoalkaloids, true alkaloids, pseudoalkaloids, and false alkaloids - and provides examples of important alkaloids like morphine, codeine, and caffeine.
This document provides information about natural products and terpenoids. It begins by defining natural products and describing their sources from plants, microbes, and animals. It then discusses the history of isolating and identifying pure natural compounds in the 18th-19th centuries. The rest of the document focuses on terpenoids, including their classification, isolation, properties, and structure elucidation. Specific terpenoids like myrcene, geraniol, and citral are discussed as examples.
The document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing plant compounds. It defines alkaloids and explains that they are difficult to define precisely due to overlapping properties with other amines. It then covers the distribution of various alkaloids in different plant parts, their chemical properties, pharmacological actions, classification based on ring structure, extraction methods, and chemical tests to identify alkaloids.
This presentation provides an overview of alkaloids. It defines alkaloids as naturally occurring basic compounds found in plants that have physiological effects. Alkaloids contain nitrogen and can be found in various plant parts. They exhibit a variety of physical and chemical properties and pharmacological activities. Alkaloids are isolated from plants through extraction processes and identified through their naming conventions which typically end in "ine" and relate to the source plant. The presentation covers the isolation, properties, locations in plants, physiological effects and nomenclature of alkaloids.
Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body.A glycoside is a molecule consisting of a sugar and a non-sugar group, called an aglycone. The sugar group is known as the glycone and can consist of a single sugar group or several sugar groups. The sugars is in its cyclic form and is covalently attached to the aglycon through the hydroxyl group of the hemiactal function.
There are many different kinds of aglycones. It can be a terpene, a flavonoid, a coumarin or practically any other natural occurring product (se figure 1)
The glycone can be attached to the aglycon in many different ways. The most common bridging atom is oxygen (O-glycoside), but it can also be sulphur (S-glycoside), nitrogen (N-glycoside) or carbon (C-glycoside). In general, one distinguishes between α-Glycosides and β-glycosides, depending on the configuration of the hemiactal hydroxyl group. The majority of the naturally occurring glycosides are β-glycosidesGenerally glycosides are more polar than the aglycones and as a result glycoside formation usually increases water solubility. This may allow the producing organism to transport and store the glycoside more efficiently
Many biologically active compounds are glycosides. The pharmacological effects are largely determined by the structure of the aglycone.
Glycosides comprise several important classes of compounds such as hormones, sweeteners, alkaloids, flavonoids and antibiotics
Alkaloids: Introduction, Property and classification OP VERMA
Alkaloids are major secondary metabolites reported in higher plants. In this PPT I have covered Introduction, Property, Clarification and identification tests.
This document discusses the extraction of alkaloids from plant materials. It describes the Stas-Otto method, which involves distributing alkaloidal bases between an acid or aqueous solution and an immiscible organic solvent. The method involves rendering the plant material alkaline, extracting with an organic solvent, shaking with dilute sulfuric acid to form alkaloidal salts, making the solution alkaline to precipitate the free alkaloidal bases. The Stas-Otto method allows for the separation and isolation of alkaloids from other plant compounds.
1. Glycosides are organic compounds found in plants and animals that contain a sugar (glycone) and non-sugar (aglycone or genin) portion. Upon hydrolysis, the sugar and non-sugar portions separate.
2. There are several types of glycosides based on the atom involved in the glycosidic linkage between the glycone and aglycone, including O-, C-, S-, and N-glycosides.
3. Two common cardiac glycoside drugs that contain glycosides are Digitalis and Aloe. Digitalis contains compounds like digitoxin and gitoxin that have cardiac effects. Aloe contains compounds like aloin that have laxative effects.
This document provides information about volatile oils. It begins by defining volatile oils as odorous and volatile products produced by plants. Volatile oils are composed of terpenes and their derivatives and are found in secretory tissues of plants. They can be extracted through various methods including water, steam, solvent extraction and expression. Common sources of volatile oils include leaves, flowers, bark and seeds. Tests can identify volatile oils in plants using reagents like Sudan III. Volatile oils have many pharmaceutical applications as fragrances, flavors and medicines due to their antimicrobial and other therapeutic properties.
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in plants that act as antioxidants. They have 15 carbon atoms arranged in two benzene rings connected by a 3 carbon chain. There are over 4,000 known flavonoids that are commonly found as flower pigments but also occur in other plant parts. Major classes of flavonoids include flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and isoflavonoids. Flavonoids have important biological functions like repairing damage, protecting plants from toxins and UV radiation, and possess anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antitumor properties in humans.
This document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. It describes the different classes of alkaloids based on their chemical structure, including pyrrole, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, steroidal, and terpenoid alkaloids. Over 10,000 alkaloids have been isolated from plants to date. Alkaloids show great diversity in their botanical origin, chemical structure, and pharmacological effects. While many alkaloids are toxic, some such as morphine and quinine have historically been important medicines.
This document defines alkaloids as basic, heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds derived from amino acids that are physiologically active. However, it notes some deviations from this definition, including that some alkaloids are not basic, do not contain heterocyclic nitrogen, or are derived from sources other than plants. It then provides qualitative chemical tests to identify alkaloids and discusses their physical and chemical properties, distribution in plants, extraction methods, classification, and biosynthesis.
The document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. It describes the properties of alkaloids such as being basic, containing heterocyclic rings, and having physiological effects. The document outlines the structures, classifications, names, biosynthesis, extraction methods, and pharmacological uses of different alkaloids. Common alkaloids are derived from amino acids and include morphine, caffeine, ephedrine, and quinine.
Alkaloids are classified based on their biosynthetic precursors, which include amino acids like ornithine, tryptophan, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and histidine. Other precursors include purines. Major classes include tropane alkaloids from ornithine, indole alkaloids from tryptophan, quinoline alkaloids from tryptophan, papaver alkaloids from tyrosine, and purine alkaloids like caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline not derived from amino acids. Biosynthesis involves reactions like decarboxylation and transamination of amino acid precursors.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
This document provides information about terpenoids, which are a large and diverse class of organic compounds derived from isoprene units. It discusses that terpenoids are commonly found in plants and have various important uses and properties. The document classifies terpenoids based on their carbon content, including monoterpenes which contain two isoprene units. It provides examples of important acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenes and discusses their structures, natural sources, and significance.
This document summarizes key information about alkaloids. It discusses that alkaloids are nitrogen-containing organic compounds found in plants that have physiological effects. Common alkaloids like morphine, codeine, caffeine, and cocaine are mentioned. The characteristics, occurrence in plants, classification based on chemical structure, and examples of alkaloids used in modern medicine are described. The biosynthesis pathways of morphine and codeine from opium poppy are also summarized.
This document provides information about alkaloids. It begins with definitions and classifications of alkaloids. It then discusses two specific alkaloids - ephedra and colchicum. For ephedra, it describes the plant source, chemical constituents including ephedrine, uses, and chemical tests. For colchicum, it provides the plant source, chemical constituents including colchicine, and geographical sources.
Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloids introduction, Alkaloids classification, Alkaloids function, pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, Examples of alkaloids, Some review questions related to alkaloids.
The document discusses the occurrence, classification, and biosynthesis of different types of alkaloids. It describes alkaloids as naturally occurring basic nitrogen compounds that are physiologically active but insoluble in water. Alkaloids are generally classified based on their basic chemical structures and common precursors like amino acids. The document outlines four main types of alkaloids - protoalkaloids, true alkaloids, pseudoalkaloids, and false alkaloids - and provides examples of important alkaloids like morphine, codeine, and caffeine.
This document provides information about natural products and terpenoids. It begins by defining natural products and describing their sources from plants, microbes, and animals. It then discusses the history of isolating and identifying pure natural compounds in the 18th-19th centuries. The rest of the document focuses on terpenoids, including their classification, isolation, properties, and structure elucidation. Specific terpenoids like myrcene, geraniol, and citral are discussed as examples.
The document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing plant compounds. It defines alkaloids and explains that they are difficult to define precisely due to overlapping properties with other amines. It then covers the distribution of various alkaloids in different plant parts, their chemical properties, pharmacological actions, classification based on ring structure, extraction methods, and chemical tests to identify alkaloids.
This presentation provides an overview of alkaloids. It defines alkaloids as naturally occurring basic compounds found in plants that have physiological effects. Alkaloids contain nitrogen and can be found in various plant parts. They exhibit a variety of physical and chemical properties and pharmacological activities. Alkaloids are isolated from plants through extraction processes and identified through their naming conventions which typically end in "ine" and relate to the source plant. The presentation covers the isolation, properties, locations in plants, physiological effects and nomenclature of alkaloids.
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
The document discusses alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that are physiologically active. Some key points:
- True alkaloids contain heterocyclic nitrogen derived from amino acids and are usually toxic. Protoalkaloids are simple amines without heterocyclic rings. Pseudoalkaloids include steroidal and terpenoid compounds.
- Over 6000 alkaloids have been discovered from plants like poppy, tobacco, and coca. They are concentrated in certain plant parts like roots, leaves, or latex.
- Alkaloids have properties like being colorless solids, bitter taste, and soluble in organic solvents. They can be classified pharmacologically or by their
The document discusses the isolation and properties of alkaloids such as atropine and quinine. It provides a history of alkaloid discovery and defines alkaloids as basic heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds found primarily in plants. Methods for isolating alkaloids from plant materials using extraction with organic solvents and precipitation are described. Key tests and properties of atropine and quinine such as appearance, solubility, chemical tests, and uses are outlined. The isolation of atropine from plants such as belladonna involves extraction with petroleum ether followed by precipitation. Quinine is isolated from cinchona bark using extraction with benzene followed by acid-base separation.
The document discusses the isolation and properties of alkaloids including atropine and quinine. It provides a history of alkaloid discovery and defines alkaloids as basic heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds found primarily in plants that are physiologically active. Methods of alkaloid isolation from plant materials and chemical tests for identification are described. Key details about the biological sources, isolation, properties, identification and uses of atropine and quinine are also summarized.
This document discusses alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that are physiologically active. It provides definitions and examples of different types of alkaloids including true, proto, and pseudoalkaloids. The document discusses the distribution of alkaloids in plants, fungi, animals, and bacteria. It describes the parts of plants that contain alkaloids and how alkaloid names are derived. Finally, it covers the physicochemical properties of alkaloids, including their solubility and crystallinity.
Health benefits of plant alkaloids A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Health benefits of plant alkaloids A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province & Visiting Professor Agriculture University Peshawar Pakistan
pharmacognocy presentation talk about the alkaloids and its sources and all the active consitetuents of the plants that contain alkaloids
alkaloids which found in leaves, seeds, fruits, barks, and rhizoms and roots of some medicinal plants used for its pharmacological effects .
this is short presentation about this plants to make pharmacognocy easer for medical students
Alkaloids are basic, nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants that have significant pharmacological effects. They have complex molecular structures with nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring. Many alkaloids have potent physiological effects and are used as important therapeutic agents to treat diseases. However, some alkaloids like ergot alkaloids are also highly poisonous. Alkaloids exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities and can be used as analgesics, stimulants, anticancer agents, and to treat various other conditions.
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing organic compounds produced by plants. They have diverse chemical structures but generally contain heterocyclic compounds and have physiological effects in humans and animals. Many plants produce alkaloids as protective compounds against herbivores. Some common alkaloids include morphine, codeine, caffeine, and nicotine. Alkaloids are classified based on their chemical structure, pharmacological effects, biosynthetic pathways, and plant sources. They can be detected using chemical tests like Mayer's, Wagner's, and Dragendorff's tests which produce characteristic precipitate colors.
The document discusses alkaloids, which are basic nitrogen-containing plant compounds. It describes their isolation from plants like opium in 1804 and defines their characteristics. Alkaloids can have one or more nitrogen atoms and may be classified based on source, chemical structure, or pharmacological effects. Common alkaloids mentioned include morphine, cocaine, nicotine, and caffeine. The document also covers alkaloid properties, biosynthesis, functions in plants, effects on humans, examples of different types of alkaloids, and their chemical properties including stability.
Lecture# 01& 02 Inroduction to natural products.pptxNisha869594
This document discusses natural products and their isolation from natural sources. It defines natural products as compounds isolated from plants, animals, fungi, bacteria or lichens. These are divided into primary and secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites are essential for survival while secondary metabolites provide competitive advantages. The four major classes of natural products discussed are alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, polyketides and terpenoids. The document also outlines methods for isolating and purifying alkaloids from plant materials through extraction, separation, purification and analysis.
This document provides information about alkaloids found in plants. It defines alkaloids as nitrogenous organic compounds that are basic in nature. Alkaloids are found distributed across many angiosperm and gymnosperm families as well as some fungi. They serve functions like protecting plants from herbivores and regulating growth. Alkaloids are extracted from plants using organic solvents and tested for using precipitating and coloring reagents. They exhibit a variety of pharmacological activities and are used as medicines, like morphine as a pain reliever.
Primary metabolites directly involve normal growth and development and perform essential physiological functions. Examples include ethanol, lactic acid, sugars, fatty acids and amino acids. Secondary metabolites are not directly involved in normal growth and development but represent chemical adaptations to stresses or serve defensive/protective functions. Examples include alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids and volatile oils. The shikimic acid pathway appears important for biosynthesis of phenylpropane derivatives like phenylalanine and tyrosine in plants. It involves conversion of chorismic acid to prephenic acid or anthranilic acid. Alkaloids are basic compounds found in plants containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring. They have complex molecular structures and significant pharmacological activity
This document provides an overview of alkaloids, including their history, characteristics, classification, distribution in plants, biosynthesis, and uses. Some key points are:
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants that are usually bitter-tasting and have pharmacological effects.
- They are classified based on their amino acid precursors and ring structures. Major groups include pyridine, tropane, quinoline, and indole alkaloids.
- Important alkaloids include morphine, codeine, caffeine, and vinca alkaloids like vinblastine and vincristine, which are used to treat cancers.
- Alkaloids serve functions like
The document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. It notes that plants have historically been an important source of medicines and there is still much to be learned from studying plant compounds, as only a small percentage of plant species have been investigated. The document then provides definitions of alkaloids and discusses their physical and chemical properties, common tests used to detect them, where they are found in plants, methods of extraction, and more. It aims to give an overview of alkaloids found in plants and their significance.
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This document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing organic compounds that have pharmacological effects on humans and animals. It defines three types of alkaloids - true alkaloids, protoalkaloids, and pseudoalkaloids - and provides examples of each type. The document also examines two specific alkaloid-containing plants - vinca and belladonna - describing their macroscopic characteristics, chemical constituents, and medicinal uses.
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This document describes a method for estimating proline content in plants. Proline acts as an osmolyte and protects cell structures under abiotic stress. It is extracted from plant tissues using sulphosalicylic acid and reacts with acid ninhydrin to form a red chromophore, whose absorbance at 520nm is used to determine proline concentration based on a standard curve. The method involves tissue extraction, reaction with reagents, measurement of absorbance, and calculation of proline content from the standard curve.
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Estimation of total sugars, Extration, Total sugar introduction, estimation, principle, materials required, procedure, calculation , result , observation , colorimetry, calibration curve, important note, videolinks.
Chemical interactions of food components emulsion, gelation, browning.JasmineJuliet
This document discusses various chemical interactions that occur between components in food, including emulsions, gelation, and browning. It describes how emulsifiers stabilize emulsions found in foods like mayonnaise and margarine. Gelation forms soft solids through water entrapment and network formation using proteins and polysaccharides. Browning reactions like Maillard and caramelization impact flavor and color during cooking through complex chemical processes. Understanding these interactions is important for improving food quality, nutrition, and stability.
Photorespiration - Introduction, why is it occur in plants, pathway of photorespiration, Enzymes names, pathway step by step explanation, Benefits of photorespiration, additional information related to photorespiration, Rubisco enzyme, Oxygenase enzyme, Oxygen concentration higher leads to photorespiration, problem to carry out calvin cycle.
Estimation of reducing and non reducing sugarJasmineJuliet
Reducing sugar definition and example, non-reducing sugar definition and example, Estimation of reducing sugar by DNSA method, Estimation of total sugars by anthrone metod, Estimation of non-reducing sugar from amount of total sugars and reducing sugar, formula for estimation of non-reduci
Estimation of starch by anthrone methodJasmineJuliet
This document describes the anthrone method for estimating starch content in samples. Starch is hydrolyzed to glucose using acids and the glucose is reacted with anthrone reagent to produce a colored product. The absorbance is measured and starch content is estimated by comparing to a standard glucose curve. Key steps include extracting starch from samples using ethanol and perchloric acid, hydrolyzing the starch to glucose, reacting the glucose with anthrone reagent and measuring absorbance at 630nm. Starch content is calculated from the glucose content using a conversion factor of 0.9.
Coenzyme - Introduction, Definition, Examples for coenzyme, reaction catalysed by coenzyme, Types of coenzymes - cosubstrate and prosthetic group coenzymes, second type of classification of coenzyme- hydrogen group transfer , other than hydrogen group transfer.
Enzymes definitions, types & classificationJasmineJuliet
Enzyme - Introduction, Biocatalysts, Definition of enzymes, Types of enzymes, classification of enzyme, Nomenclature of enzymes, EC number, Types of enzymes with examples, and reaction.
Enzymes properties, nomenclature and classificationJasmineJuliet
Enzymes - Definition, Introduction about biocatalysts, Properties of enzymes, Specificity, capacity for regulation, Example for enzyme at specific pH, Nomenclature of enzymes, Systematic name, common name, enzyme commission number, Classification of enzymes: Oxidoreductase, Transferase, lyases, ligases, isomerases, hydrolases.
Glycoproteins and lectin ( Conjugated Carbohydrate)JasmineJuliet
Glycoprotein - Introduction, Structure, Significance. Lectin - Introduction, Structure, Significance. Lipid definition, Some review questions related to Glycoprotein and lectins
Physical and chemical properties of carbohydratesJasmineJuliet
The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of carbohydrates. It describes how monosaccharides exhibit optical isomerism due to asymmetric carbon atoms, and can be dextrorotatory or levorotatory. It also discusses mutarotation, where the optical rotation of monosaccharides changes over time when in solution. Additionally, it covers chemical properties such as reducing ability, reaction with acids and bases, and different types of oxidation reactions carbohydrates undergo.
Polysaccharide introduction, example, structure, starch, cellulose, chitin those structure and important functions and their presence in plants and animals, polysaccharide types based on functions and their composition , functions of polysaccharides , important images for relevant polysaccharides types, polysaccharide role in plants and animal cells. Starch - structure and functions, cellulose structure and functions, chitin - structure and functions
Copper -trace element, Biochemical role of copper, RDA of copper, Deficiency diseases of Copper, Cobalt - Introduction, Biochemical role of cobalt, RDA of cobalt, Deficiency diseases of cobalt, Selenium - introduction, Biochemical role of selenium, RDA of selenium, Deficiency diseases of selenium
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
3. The first individual alkaloid, morphine, was isolated in 1804
from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).
4. Alkaloid - Definition
• Alkaloid is defined as organic products of
natural or synthetic origin which are basic in
nature, and contain one or more nitrogen
atoms, normally heterocyclic nature, and
possess specific physiological actions on
human or animal body, when used in small
quantities.
5.
6. Alkaloids - History
• “Alkaloids" was introduced in 1819 by the German chemist Carl Friedrich
Wilhelm Meißner, ('ashes of plants').
• The term came into wide use only after the publication, by Oscar
Jacobsen in the 1880s.
• In 1804, the German chemist Friedrich Sertürner isolated from opium,
which he called "morphium“ (Greek god of dreams).
• The term "morphine", used by the French physicist Joseph Louis Gay.
• The first complete synthesis of an alkaloid was achieved in 1886 by the
German chemist Albert Ladenburg (coniine ).
7. Occurrence of Alkaloids
• Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms
including:
bacteria,
fungi,
plants, and
animals.
8. Occurrence of Alkaloids
• Distribution in nature:
• Alkaloids are found:
in certain types of fungi, such as psilocybin,
in animals, such as bufotenin in the skin of some toads and
a number of insects, markedly ants.
Many marine organisms also contain alkaloids.
• Some amines, such as adrenaline and serotonin, which play an
important role in higher animals, are similar to alkaloids in their
structure and biosynthesis and are sometimes called alkaloids.
9. Occurrence of Alkaloids
• Distribution in nature:
• Alkaloids are generated by various living organisms, especially by higher
plants – about 10 to 25% of those contain alkaloids.
• Depending on the type of plants, the maximum concentration is observed
in the leaves (black henbane),
fruits or seeds (Strychnine tree),
root (Rauvolfia serpentina) or
bark (cinchona).
• Furthermore, different tissues of the same plants may contain different
alkaloids.
10. Distribution and Occurrence
o Rare in lower plants.
o Dicots are more rich in alkaloids than Monocots.
o Families rich in Alkaloids: Apocyanaceae,
Rubiaceae, Solanaceae, and Papavercea.
o Families free from Alkaloids: Rosaceae,
Labiatae.
11. Distribution and Occurrence
All parts e.g. Datura
Barks e.g. Cinchona
Seeds e.g. Nux vomica
Roots e.g. Aconite
Fruits e.g. Black pepper
Leaves e.g. Tobacco
Latex e.g. Opium
13. Classification of Alkaloids
I. Alkaloids are classified based on similarity of the
carbon skeleton:
Indole,
isoquinoline, and
pyridine
14. Classification of Alkaloids
I. Alkaloids are often classified on the basis of their chemical structure.
• Eg: Alkaloids that contain a ring system indole are known as indole
alkaloids.
• On this basis, the principal classes of alkaloids are:
pyrrolidines, pyridines,
tropanes, pyrrolizidines,
isoquinolines, indoles,
quinolines, terpenoids and steroids.
15. Classification of Alkaloids
I. Chemical classification:
• The alkaloids are categorised into three divisions.
a. True alkaloids: These have heterocyclic ring with nitrogen and
derived from amino acids.
b. Proto alkaloids: These does not have heterocyclic ring with nitrogen
and derive from amino acids, e.g. colchicine.
c. Pseudo alkaloids: These have heterocyclic ring with nitrogen and
derived from terpenoids or purines but not derived from amino acids.
16.
17.
18. Classification of Alkaloids
II. Taxonomical classification:
• This classification is based on the distribution of alkaloids in
various plant families:
solanaceous alkaloids
papilionaceous alkaloids.
• Some times they are grouped as per the name of grouped
genus in which they occur, e.g. ephedra, cinchona, etc.
19. Classification of Alkaloids
II. Alternatively, alkaloids can be classified according
to the biological system in which they occur.
• For example, the opium alkaloids occur in the opium
poppy (Papaver somniferum).
20.
21. Classification of Alkaloids
III. Further Alkaloids are classified based on
biochemical precursor:
ornithine,
lysine,
tyrosine,
tryptophan, etc.,
22.
23.
24.
25. Classification of Alkaloids
IV. The medicinal properties of alkaloids are quite diverse.
• Morphine is a powerful narcotic used for the relief of pain.
• Codeine, the methyl ether derivative of morphine found in the
opium poppy, is an excellent analgesic that is relatively
nonaddictive.
• Certain alkaloids act as cardiac or respiratory stimulants.
• Quinidine, which is obtained from plants of the genus Cinchona, is
used to treat arrhythmias, or irregular rhythms of the heartbeat.