This document discusses air pollution. It begins by defining air pollution and air pollutants. It then discusses ambient air quality standards and classifications of air pollutants based on origin and state of matter. Sources of air pollutants include natural sources like dust storms and volcanoes, as well as man-made sources from domestic, industrial and traffic activities. Effects of various air pollutants like carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and particulate matter on health and the environment are outlined. The document also discusses factors affecting air pollution and control measures to prevent it.
The document discusses air pollution, including its definition, types, causes, effects, and prevention. It defines air pollution as physical, chemical, and biological agents that modify the natural atmosphere. It discusses primary and secondary pollutants like carbon monoxide and ozone. Major causes of air pollution include vehicle emissions, industrial emissions, and natural sources like wildfires. Short-term effects include respiratory issues, while long-term effects involve chronic diseases like lung cancer and heart disease. Prevention strategies include controlling vehicle and industry emissions, restricting smoking, and increasing ventilation.
The document discusses air pollution, defining it as the discharge of foreign substances into the air that adversely affect air quality and harm human, plant, and animal life. It classifies air pollutants, sources of pollution, effects of pollution, and methods for controlling pollution. Key topics include primary and secondary air pollutants, natural and man-made pollution sources, impacts on health, animals, plants, materials and climate, and devices like cyclone collectors and electrostatic precipitators that can remove particulates from industrial emissions.
1) Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that can cause harm. It can take the form of chemical substances or energies like noise, heat, or light.
2) Urban pollution became a major problem during the Industrial Revolution as factories discharged untreated chemicals and waste into local water supplies.
3) The major forms of pollution are air, light, littering, noise, soil, radioactive, thermal, visual, water, and plastic pollution, each with their own contaminants. Motor vehicles and power plants are leading causes of air pollution.
The nitrogen cycle describes the transformation of nitrogen between its various chemical forms through biological and physical processes. Nitrogen is essential for plant growth but must be fixed from atmospheric nitrogen by bacteria, lightning, or symbiotic bacteria in legume root nodules before plants can use it. As plants and animals use and recycle nitrogen compounds, bacteria in the soil ultimately convert some back to atmospheric nitrogen to complete the cycle.
: Air pollution is the presence of substances in ambient atmosphere, generally resulting from the activity of man in sufficient concentration, present for sufficient time and cause harmful effect on humans, plants and animals.
Pollution occurs when harmful or poisonous substances are introduced into the environment. There are several types of pollution including air, water, land, noise pollution. Air pollution is caused by smoke from factories and vehicles which contains harmful gases like carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide. When the concentration of these gases increases, it results in air pollution. Air pollution adversely affects both human and environmental health.
The document defines air pollution and discusses its sources and effects. It provides definitions of air pollution from Perkins and others. It discusses point and non-point sources of pollution, including vehicles, fossil fuel combustion, and population growth. Specific pollutants like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury, and lead are examined along with their sources and health impacts. The harmful effects of air pollution on materials are outlined. Control methods discussed include source correction in industry, cleaning gaseous effluents using absorption, adsorption, and particulate controls like cyclones and fabric filters.
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
The document discusses air pollution, including its definition, types, causes, effects, and prevention. It defines air pollution as physical, chemical, and biological agents that modify the natural atmosphere. It discusses primary and secondary pollutants like carbon monoxide and ozone. Major causes of air pollution include vehicle emissions, industrial emissions, and natural sources like wildfires. Short-term effects include respiratory issues, while long-term effects involve chronic diseases like lung cancer and heart disease. Prevention strategies include controlling vehicle and industry emissions, restricting smoking, and increasing ventilation.
The document discusses air pollution, defining it as the discharge of foreign substances into the air that adversely affect air quality and harm human, plant, and animal life. It classifies air pollutants, sources of pollution, effects of pollution, and methods for controlling pollution. Key topics include primary and secondary air pollutants, natural and man-made pollution sources, impacts on health, animals, plants, materials and climate, and devices like cyclone collectors and electrostatic precipitators that can remove particulates from industrial emissions.
1) Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that can cause harm. It can take the form of chemical substances or energies like noise, heat, or light.
2) Urban pollution became a major problem during the Industrial Revolution as factories discharged untreated chemicals and waste into local water supplies.
3) The major forms of pollution are air, light, littering, noise, soil, radioactive, thermal, visual, water, and plastic pollution, each with their own contaminants. Motor vehicles and power plants are leading causes of air pollution.
The nitrogen cycle describes the transformation of nitrogen between its various chemical forms through biological and physical processes. Nitrogen is essential for plant growth but must be fixed from atmospheric nitrogen by bacteria, lightning, or symbiotic bacteria in legume root nodules before plants can use it. As plants and animals use and recycle nitrogen compounds, bacteria in the soil ultimately convert some back to atmospheric nitrogen to complete the cycle.
: Air pollution is the presence of substances in ambient atmosphere, generally resulting from the activity of man in sufficient concentration, present for sufficient time and cause harmful effect on humans, plants and animals.
Pollution occurs when harmful or poisonous substances are introduced into the environment. There are several types of pollution including air, water, land, noise pollution. Air pollution is caused by smoke from factories and vehicles which contains harmful gases like carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide. When the concentration of these gases increases, it results in air pollution. Air pollution adversely affects both human and environmental health.
The document defines air pollution and discusses its sources and effects. It provides definitions of air pollution from Perkins and others. It discusses point and non-point sources of pollution, including vehicles, fossil fuel combustion, and population growth. Specific pollutants like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury, and lead are examined along with their sources and health impacts. The harmful effects of air pollution on materials are outlined. Control methods discussed include source correction in industry, cleaning gaseous effluents using absorption, adsorption, and particulate controls like cyclones and fabric filters.
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
The document discusses several topics related to air pollution and global warming including:
1) It describes different types of air pollution such as smog and their causes.
2) Health effects of air pollution include respiratory diseases and damage to plants and aquatic life.
3) Global warming is caused by increased greenhouse gases from human activities and can lead to issues like rising sea levels and more extreme weather.
4) Solutions discussed include international agreements to reduce emissions and transition to cleaner energy sources.
Air pollution is defined as the presence of contaminants or combinations thereof in air that may be injurious to human health, wildlife, or property. Major air pollutants include gases like sulfur and nitrogen compounds, particulate matter, and aerosols. Sources can be natural like volcanoes or anthropogenic like vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and power generation. Effects of air pollution include damage to plants and reduced crop yields, corrosion of materials, and adverse human health impacts ranging from respiratory illnesses to cancer. Key pollutants like particulate matter, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and ozone can decrease lung function and cause respiratory disease. Children, the elderly, and those with preexisting conditions are especially vulnerable.
There are many environmental issues in India. Air pollution, water pollution, garbage, and pollution of the natural environment are all challenges for India. The situation was worse between 1947 through 1995. According to data collection and environment assessment studies of World Bank experts, between 1995 through 2010, India has made one of the fastest progress in the world, in addressing its environmental issues and improving its environmental quality.Still, India has a long way to go to reach environmental quality similar to those enjoyed in developed economies. Pollution remains a major challenge and opportunity for India.Environmental issues are one of the primary causes of disease, health issues and long term livelihood impact for India.
Dr. B. Victor presented on air pollution. He discussed different types of pollution sources and air pollutants. Some key effects of air pollution include damage to health, vegetation, and structures. Increased carbon dioxide contributes to global warming and climate change through the greenhouse effect. Air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause acid rain when dissolved in water, harming aquatic life and soil.
Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from human activities like burning fossil fuels, and has lowered the pH of rainwater globally. It damages ecosystems, infrastructure, and human health through acidification of soils and waterways. The document outlines the formation, impacts, and geographic distribution of acid rain as well as efforts to mitigate its environmental and economic effects.
Environmental pollution is the biggest menace to the human race on this planet today. It means adding impurity to environment. The environment consists of earth, water, air, plants and animals. If we pollute them, then the existence of man and nature will be hampered.
Environment pollution is any discharge of material or energy into water, land, or air that causes or may cause acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) detriment to the Earth's ecological balance.
It is true that trees are being cut down rapidly, and our earth is becoming warmer. If pollution continues, the day is not far when our earth will be a boiling pan and become a desert. Or it will be covered with sea water causing destruction of mankind.
This document defines and describes different types of environmental pollution including air, water, land, and noise pollution. It explains that pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes harm. The major types of pollution are then defined in more detail. Finally, the document provides nine steps that can be taken to help reduce pollution, such as using alternate transportation, reducing waste and electricity consumption, planting trees, and joining an environmental group. The overall message is that pollution must be stopped to protect the environment.
This document discusses air pollution, including its definition, classification, sources, and effects. It defines air pollution as the presence of unwanted particles and gases in the air that can adversely affect humans, plants, structures, and the environment. It then classifies air pollutants based on their origin (primary or secondary), state of matter (gaseous or particulate), and presence in the environment (indoor or outdoor). Common sources of air pollution are discussed, such as vehicles, industry, agriculture, and household activities. The document outlines some of the negative health, environmental, and infrastructure impacts of air pollution. Finally, it provides some potential solutions to control air pollution issues.
Land pollution is caused by various human activities such as deforestation, agriculture, industrialization, urbanization, mining, waste dumping, and more. Deforestation due to logging, farming, and development has removed many forests and degraded the land. Agricultural runoff of chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides pollutes both soil and waterways. Industrial and urban waste is often dumped untreated, contaminating the ground. Mining leaves behind toxic tailings and pits. Unregulated dumping has caused growing landfills and microplastics in soil and oceans. This widespread land pollution negatively impacts the environment, climate, wildlife, ecosystems, and human health. Preventing further degradation requires sustainable practices like organic farming, reduced consumption and waste,
This document discusses land pollution. It defines land pollution as the deposition of solid or liquid waste materials on land or underground in a way that contaminates soil and groundwater. Some key causes of land pollution mentioned include deforestation, agricultural and mining activities, overflowing landfills, industrial waste, and sewage. The effects of land pollution include soil pollution, environmental impacts, and negative effects on human health and wildlife. The document recommends various prevention methods like reducing waste, reusing materials, recycling, and responsible disposal of industrial and household waste to reduce land pollution.
Acid rain is caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions from burning fossil fuels like coal and oil. These gases mix with water vapor and fall to earth as rain with a lower pH. Acid rain damages forests as it kills trees and soils. It also harms lakes by killing fish and disrupting ecosystems. Buildings and infrastructure like bridges face corrosion from acid rain. Exposure to acid rain can negatively impact human health through respiratory issues. Solutions include reducing fossil fuel usage and implementing pollution control technology on power plants and vehicles.
Air pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the atmosphere that can damage health and the environment. Major air pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, and ground-level ozone. Sources of air pollution include the burning of fossil fuels from vehicles, power plants, and industrial processes. Exposure to air pollutants can cause respiratory and heart problems and increase health risks. Methods to reduce air pollution involve using pollution control devices in vehicles and factories, switching to cleaner fuels, and promoting practices that decrease automobile usage.
Water pollution occurs when energy and materials are released into water sources, contaminating the quality of the water for other users. There are two main types of pollution sources: point sources which can be traced to a single location like drain pipes or sewer lines, and nonpoint sources which are more diffuse like agricultural or industrial runoff. Water pollution has negative effects on both the environment and human and animal health, causing diseases, toxic water, and harm or death to many species. Individual actions like turning off running water, proper fertilizer use, and cleanups can help reduce water pollution.
The document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, soil, noise pollution and their causes and effects. It notes that pollution causes environmental degradation, human health issues and global warming. Some key effects are acid rain, damage to wildlife from oil spills, respiratory and heart diseases from air pollution, and hearing loss from noise pollution. The document also briefly describes pollution control techniques to manage emissions and effluents.
This document provides an overview of air pollution, including its causes, types, and health effects. It discusses major primary pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter that are emitted directly from sources like vehicle exhaust and coal burning. Secondary pollutants like ozone and smog are formed when primary pollutants react in the air. Long-term exposure to air pollution has been linked to increased risk of respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD as well as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Mathematical models are used to analyze and predict the dispersion of air pollutants.
This document provides information about various types of air pollution including smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and ozone layer depletion. It discusses the causes and health effects of major air pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter which can be emitted from natural sources like volcanoes or human sources like burning fossil fuels. Secondary pollutants formed from chemical reactions between primary pollutants are also addressed, including ground-level ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate.
The document discusses several topics related to air pollution and global warming including:
1) It describes different types of air pollution such as smog and their causes.
2) Health effects of air pollution include respiratory diseases and damage to plants and aquatic life.
3) Global warming is caused by increased greenhouse gases from human activities and can lead to issues like rising sea levels and more extreme weather.
4) Solutions discussed include international agreements to reduce emissions and transition to cleaner energy sources.
Air pollution is defined as the presence of contaminants or combinations thereof in air that may be injurious to human health, wildlife, or property. Major air pollutants include gases like sulfur and nitrogen compounds, particulate matter, and aerosols. Sources can be natural like volcanoes or anthropogenic like vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and power generation. Effects of air pollution include damage to plants and reduced crop yields, corrosion of materials, and adverse human health impacts ranging from respiratory illnesses to cancer. Key pollutants like particulate matter, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and ozone can decrease lung function and cause respiratory disease. Children, the elderly, and those with preexisting conditions are especially vulnerable.
There are many environmental issues in India. Air pollution, water pollution, garbage, and pollution of the natural environment are all challenges for India. The situation was worse between 1947 through 1995. According to data collection and environment assessment studies of World Bank experts, between 1995 through 2010, India has made one of the fastest progress in the world, in addressing its environmental issues and improving its environmental quality.Still, India has a long way to go to reach environmental quality similar to those enjoyed in developed economies. Pollution remains a major challenge and opportunity for India.Environmental issues are one of the primary causes of disease, health issues and long term livelihood impact for India.
Dr. B. Victor presented on air pollution. He discussed different types of pollution sources and air pollutants. Some key effects of air pollution include damage to health, vegetation, and structures. Increased carbon dioxide contributes to global warming and climate change through the greenhouse effect. Air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause acid rain when dissolved in water, harming aquatic life and soil.
Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from human activities like burning fossil fuels, and has lowered the pH of rainwater globally. It damages ecosystems, infrastructure, and human health through acidification of soils and waterways. The document outlines the formation, impacts, and geographic distribution of acid rain as well as efforts to mitigate its environmental and economic effects.
Environmental pollution is the biggest menace to the human race on this planet today. It means adding impurity to environment. The environment consists of earth, water, air, plants and animals. If we pollute them, then the existence of man and nature will be hampered.
Environment pollution is any discharge of material or energy into water, land, or air that causes or may cause acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) detriment to the Earth's ecological balance.
It is true that trees are being cut down rapidly, and our earth is becoming warmer. If pollution continues, the day is not far when our earth will be a boiling pan and become a desert. Or it will be covered with sea water causing destruction of mankind.
This document defines and describes different types of environmental pollution including air, water, land, and noise pollution. It explains that pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes harm. The major types of pollution are then defined in more detail. Finally, the document provides nine steps that can be taken to help reduce pollution, such as using alternate transportation, reducing waste and electricity consumption, planting trees, and joining an environmental group. The overall message is that pollution must be stopped to protect the environment.
This document discusses air pollution, including its definition, classification, sources, and effects. It defines air pollution as the presence of unwanted particles and gases in the air that can adversely affect humans, plants, structures, and the environment. It then classifies air pollutants based on their origin (primary or secondary), state of matter (gaseous or particulate), and presence in the environment (indoor or outdoor). Common sources of air pollution are discussed, such as vehicles, industry, agriculture, and household activities. The document outlines some of the negative health, environmental, and infrastructure impacts of air pollution. Finally, it provides some potential solutions to control air pollution issues.
Land pollution is caused by various human activities such as deforestation, agriculture, industrialization, urbanization, mining, waste dumping, and more. Deforestation due to logging, farming, and development has removed many forests and degraded the land. Agricultural runoff of chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides pollutes both soil and waterways. Industrial and urban waste is often dumped untreated, contaminating the ground. Mining leaves behind toxic tailings and pits. Unregulated dumping has caused growing landfills and microplastics in soil and oceans. This widespread land pollution negatively impacts the environment, climate, wildlife, ecosystems, and human health. Preventing further degradation requires sustainable practices like organic farming, reduced consumption and waste,
This document discusses land pollution. It defines land pollution as the deposition of solid or liquid waste materials on land or underground in a way that contaminates soil and groundwater. Some key causes of land pollution mentioned include deforestation, agricultural and mining activities, overflowing landfills, industrial waste, and sewage. The effects of land pollution include soil pollution, environmental impacts, and negative effects on human health and wildlife. The document recommends various prevention methods like reducing waste, reusing materials, recycling, and responsible disposal of industrial and household waste to reduce land pollution.
Acid rain is caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions from burning fossil fuels like coal and oil. These gases mix with water vapor and fall to earth as rain with a lower pH. Acid rain damages forests as it kills trees and soils. It also harms lakes by killing fish and disrupting ecosystems. Buildings and infrastructure like bridges face corrosion from acid rain. Exposure to acid rain can negatively impact human health through respiratory issues. Solutions include reducing fossil fuel usage and implementing pollution control technology on power plants and vehicles.
Air pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the atmosphere that can damage health and the environment. Major air pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, and ground-level ozone. Sources of air pollution include the burning of fossil fuels from vehicles, power plants, and industrial processes. Exposure to air pollutants can cause respiratory and heart problems and increase health risks. Methods to reduce air pollution involve using pollution control devices in vehicles and factories, switching to cleaner fuels, and promoting practices that decrease automobile usage.
Water pollution occurs when energy and materials are released into water sources, contaminating the quality of the water for other users. There are two main types of pollution sources: point sources which can be traced to a single location like drain pipes or sewer lines, and nonpoint sources which are more diffuse like agricultural or industrial runoff. Water pollution has negative effects on both the environment and human and animal health, causing diseases, toxic water, and harm or death to many species. Individual actions like turning off running water, proper fertilizer use, and cleanups can help reduce water pollution.
The document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, soil, noise pollution and their causes and effects. It notes that pollution causes environmental degradation, human health issues and global warming. Some key effects are acid rain, damage to wildlife from oil spills, respiratory and heart diseases from air pollution, and hearing loss from noise pollution. The document also briefly describes pollution control techniques to manage emissions and effluents.
This document provides an overview of air pollution, including its causes, types, and health effects. It discusses major primary pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter that are emitted directly from sources like vehicle exhaust and coal burning. Secondary pollutants like ozone and smog are formed when primary pollutants react in the air. Long-term exposure to air pollution has been linked to increased risk of respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD as well as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Mathematical models are used to analyze and predict the dispersion of air pollutants.
This document provides information about various types of air pollution including smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and ozone layer depletion. It discusses the causes and health effects of major air pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter which can be emitted from natural sources like volcanoes or human sources like burning fossil fuels. Secondary pollutants formed from chemical reactions between primary pollutants are also addressed, including ground-level ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate.
Unit 4_Environmental Pollution for du.pptxMayankTiwary7
Environmental pollution can take many forms including air, water, and soil pollution. Air pollution is caused by both natural sources like volcanoes and forests fires, as well as man-made sources like vehicles, power plants, and industrial activities. Common air pollutants include particulate matter, gases like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds. Air pollution can harm human health, damage plants, and affect aquatic ecosystems. While regulations and technologies can help control pollution, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and promoting non-motorized transportation can also improve air quality.
This document discusses air and noise pollution. It begins by defining air pollution as the introduction of harmful substances into the atmosphere. The main sources of air pollution are identified as anthropogenic (man-made) sources such as vehicles, factories, and power plants, as well as natural sources like volcanoes, wildfires, and vegetation. Four primary air pollutants are described in detail: particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide. The health effects of air pollution on humans and the environment are outlined. Methods for preventing air pollution through the use of devices like electrostatic precipitators and scrubbers are also presented. The document then defines noise pollution and identifies major industrial and transportation sources. The health impacts of noise
This document discusses air pollution, including its definition, composition, sources, and effects. It defines air pollution as the presence of harmful substances in the atmosphere due to human activity. It describes the composition of air and structure of the atmosphere. It discusses how air pollutants are classified based on their origin and state of matter. It details the various sources of air pollutants, both natural and man-made. Finally, it outlines the effects of common air pollutants like particulate matter, SO2, and NOx on human health, plants, materials, and the environment.
Air pollution is caused by both natural sources like dust storms and volcanic emissions, as well as human activities such as burning fossil fuels. The main primary pollutants from human activity are nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds emitted from vehicles, power plants, industry, and other sources. These primary pollutants can then form secondary pollutants in the atmosphere through complex chemical reactions. Air pollution poses risks to human health through respiratory and cardiovascular issues and can also damage ecosystems and contribute to global warming through increased greenhouse gases.
This document discusses air pollution and its effects. It begins with a disclaimer regarding copyrighted images and discusses the structure of the atmosphere including layers like the troposphere and stratosphere. It then covers topics like ambient air quality standards in India set by organizations like CPCB and MOEF. It classifies air pollutants based on origin and state of matter. Common air pollutants are discussed like particulate matter from sources like combustion, their properties and health effects. Gaseous pollutants like SO2, NOx, and CO are also described in terms of their sources and impacts on health, environment and structures. The effects of air pollution on human health include both acute and chronic respiratory and cardiovascular issues.
This document provides an overview of air pollution, including its definition, units of measurement, sources, classification of pollutants, types of pollutants, effects on the environment and humans, and actions to control and prevent it. It discusses key topics such as smog formation, temperature inversions, indoor air pollution, health impacts, effects on agriculture/forests, materials, acid rain, ozone depletion, and climate change/global warming. The document is an educational resource that comprehensively addresses the various aspects of air pollution.
Air Pollution-
Sources of Air Pollutants,
Classification of Air Pollutants,
Effect of Air Pollutants,
Photo-chemical Smog,
Greenhouse Effect And Global Warming
The Ozone Layer: Formation and Depletion
1. The document discusses air pollution and defines it as the presence of unwanted particles and gases in the air that can adversely affect humans, animals, plants, and structures.
2. It describes the composition of air and structure of the atmosphere, which is divided into different layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.
3. The major sources of air pollution are discussed as natural sources like volcanic eruptions and man-made sources such as automobile exhaust, industries, and agricultural activities. Common air pollutants like particulate matter, carbon monoxide, oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, and hydrocarbons are described along with their sources and effects on
1. The document discusses air pollution and provides information on its sources, classification, and effects. It defines air pollution and pollutants and describes the composition and structure of the atmosphere.
2. Major sources of air pollution discussed include industries, vehicles, and natural sources. Air pollutants are classified based on their origin, state of matter, and presence in the indoor or outdoor environment.
3. The effects of several common air pollutants like particulate matter, carbon monoxide, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, and hydrocarbons are outlined for humans, plants, and materials. Particulate matter can cause lung damage in humans while sulfur and nitrogen oxides negatively impact vegetation growth.
The document discusses various types and causes of pollution. It notes that pollution can be caused by natural sources producing 0.95% of pollution or human/anthropogenic activities producing 0.05% of pollution. Major human causes include automobile exhaust, pesticides, waste chemicals from factories, and increased CO2 levels. The effects of pollution include damage to crops, disease, soiling of materials, and loss of resources. Air pollution in particular is discussed in depth, with specific pollutants like carbon monoxide, particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide explained alongside their health effects. Methods to prevent and control air pollution include controlling emissions at the source, using treatment systems, dispersion techniques, vegetation buffers, and controlling vehicular
The document discusses various types of pollution including water, air, land, and noise pollution. It focuses on defining and providing details about water pollution and the different criteria air pollutants regulated by the EPA: carbon monoxide, lead, ground-level ozone, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. The text explains the sources and health effects of each of these air pollutants.
This document discusses various types of environmental pollution including air, water, and soil pollution. It describes the major pollutants in each category, their sources, and their harmful effects. Some of the key pollutants discussed are oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and dioxide, and particulate matter which can cause issues like acid rain, global warming, and damage to ecosystems. International drinking water standards and tests like BOD and COD are also covered.
This document provides notes on various types of pollution, including air, water, noise, marine, thermal, and solid waste pollution. It discusses key topics like primary and secondary air pollutants, effects of different pollutants, and prevention and control measures. The main air pollutants described are carbon monoxide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, chlorofluorocarbons, ozone, smog, para acetyl nitrate, and acid rain. Secondary pollutants formed from chemical reactions between primary pollutants in the air are also explained.
It is a brief description about one of the serious problems of environment and that is Air pollution. It includes its definition, types, causes and prevention.
B.tech. i es unit3. 1 environment air plollutionRai University
This document discusses sources and effects of air pollution. It defines air pollution and lists its natural and man-made sources. Major man-made sources include industrial activities, vehicular emissions, and domestic fuel burning. Air pollutants are classified based on their origin as primary or secondary pollutants and based on their physical state as gaseous or particulate matter. Various air pollutants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone are described along with their health and environmental effects. Methods for controlling air pollution from sources include technologies like settling chambers, cyclones, and fabric filters.
1) Air pollution occurs when harmful substances are introduced into the atmosphere from both natural and man-made sources. It can cause health issues in humans and harm ecosystems.
2) Major sources of air pollution include stationary sources like power plants and factories, mobile sources like vehicles, and natural sources like dust, wildfires, and volcanic eruptions. Air pollutants are classified as primary emitted pollutants or secondary pollutants formed from chemical reactions.
3) Air pollution has short and long term health effects on humans and contributes to issues like acid rain, global warming, and harm to animals and plants. Prevention methods aim to reduce emissions from industries and vehicles.
Diploma. ii es unit3. 2 environment air plollutionRai University
Air pollution can be caused by both natural and man-made sources. The main natural sources are pollen, volcanic eruptions, forest fires, and bacteria. The main man-made sources are industrial activities, vehicle exhaust, power generation, mining, and agriculture. Air pollutants can be classified based on their origin as primary pollutants emitted directly from sources or secondary pollutants formed through atmospheric chemical reactions, and based on their physical state as gaseous or particulate matter. Common air pollutants and their health effects include carbon monoxide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, ozone, and particulate matter which can cause respiratory and cardiovascular issues.
Plane table surveying involves using a plane table, alidade, and other instruments to take field measurements and plot a map. Key principles include maintaining parallelism between lines of sight on the ground and plane table. Common methods are radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection. Sources of error include imperfect instruments, sighting errors, and plotting mistakes. While less accurate than a theodolite, plane table surveying allows mapping in the field with moderate accuracy for small to medium scale maps.
Demolition involves the controlled dismantling of structures using planned methods. Proper planning is essential and includes assessing the building, utilities, and hazardous materials. Common demolition types are progressive, deliberate collapse, and element removal. Manual demolition uses hand tools while mechanical uses equipment. Implosion uses explosives to strategically collapse the structure. Safety precautions must be taken before and during demolition to protect workers and the public.
TIME & RESOURCE PLANNING,MANAGEMENT SOFTWAREKHUSHBU SHAH
The document discusses time planning and resource management for construction projects. It describes the key stages of time planning as project work breakdown, network modeling and analysis, and scheduling work programs. It also covers forecasting resource needs, the four M's of resource planning (manpower, machinery, material, money), resource allocation and leveling techniques, and the purpose of management software in optimizing operations and controlling projects.
This document provides an overview of bridges, including:
1) It defines what a bridge is, its main components, and classifications based on various factors such as material, location, purpose, and structural design.
2) The key components of a bridge are described as the superstructure, which is above the bearings, and the substructure, which is below the bearings.
3) Bridges are investigated and designed based on considerations like span length, site conditions, and cost. Maintaining bridges requires regular inspections to identify deterioration and prevent structural failures.
Chapter 7 Maintenance of railway trackKHUSHBU SHAH
The document discusses the maintenance of railway tracks. Regular maintenance is needed due to factors that degrade tracks like heavy train loads, weather effects, and curvature stresses. Good maintenance provides benefits like increased safety, lower operating costs, and higher train speeds. Maintenance includes daily checks by track gangs and periodic inspections every 2-3 years to repair defects. Special pre- and post-monsoon maintenance is also required to address corrosion from monsoon rains.
This document discusses various aspects of railway track components and infrastructure. It describes points and crossings which allow trains to divert from one track to another. It then discusses turnouts, their components like stock rails, crossings, and operating mechanisms. The document covers different types of stations like wayside, junction and terminal stations. It also discusses railway yards for passengers, goods, and locomotives along with their key facilities.
Transportation is regarded as an index of economic progress in a country. The key modes of transport are land, water, and air. Railways are a major form of land transport and have various economic, social, and strategic advantages. Railways have helped integrate people across religions and regions. They allow for efficient administration and rapid mobilization during emergencies. Railways also facilitate mass migration and have broadened social outlooks by enabling travel. Economically, railways increase mobility, transport goods, provide employment, and increase land values near stations. The essential components of a railway track include rails, sleepers, ballast, and other fixtures that work together to form a strong yet flexible surface for train movement.
Chapter 4 Drainge and maintenance of roadKHUSHBU SHAH
This document discusses highway drainage and maintenance. It notes that highway drainage removes excess surface and subsoil water from the roadway. Excess moisture in the soil subgrade reduces stability and strength. Surface drainage removes water from the road and adjoining land using longitudinal side drains and catch basins. Subsurface drainage removes excess water from below the subgrade using trenches, drain pipes, and lowering the water table. Proper drainage design and regular maintenance of drains is needed to prevent damage to roadways from water.
This document discusses the key elements of highway geometric design including cross-section elements, sight distance considerations, horizontal and vertical alignment details, and intersection elements. It covers factors that affect highway geometric design such as design speed, topography, traffic, capacity, and environmental factors. It provides details on cross-section components, sight distance requirements, horizontal and vertical curves, and overtaking sight distance calculations. The objective of highway geometric design is to provide efficient traffic operation with maximum safety at reasonable cost.
The document discusses highway alignment and engineering surveys. It provides details on different types of highway alignment and the factors that control alignment such as terrain, materials, and costs. It also outlines the various stages of engineering surveys conducted for highway projects, including map studies, reconnaissance surveys, preliminary surveys, and final location surveys. Key considerations for surveys are topography, drainage, soils and estimating construction aspects. The document also briefly discusses highway classification systems in India and the roles of organizations like the Indian Roads Congress.
This document discusses equipment scheduling and maintenance for construction projects. It provides a sample equipment schedule listing equipment needs by month. It also classifies construction equipment, discusses factors to consider when selecting equipment, and outlines preventative maintenance and repair requirements to keep equipment functioning properly and reduce costs. Regular inspection and maintenance of equipment is emphasized.
This document discusses various topics related to construction labor in India including:
1) It provides guidance on preparing a labour schedule to arrange skilled and unskilled labor as needed to reduce costs.
2) It describes the characteristics of Indian labor such as most being illiterate, having poor economic conditions, and low output despite being the cheapest in the world.
3) It discusses factors that influence low output including very low wages, poor working conditions, illiteracy, and lack of facilities and safety equipment.
This document provides guidance on proper storage and safety precautions for construction materials. Key points include:
1. Materials like timber, plywood, petroleum products, explosives, etc. should be stored separately to prevent fire hazards.
2. Adequate spacing between stacks is needed to prevent damage if a fire occurs. Smoking and open fires should be prohibited at storage sites.
3. The storekeeper is responsible for safety of all materials and fire extinguishing equipment should be available. Wastage of materials like cement and aggregates should also be prevented.
Chapter 8 introduction to construction equipmentsKHUSHBU SHAH
The document discusses the importance of construction equipment for major construction projects. It states that construction equipment accounts for 25-40% of total project costs and discusses factors for selecting equipment such as operating costs, availability of spare parts, and suitability for future projects. It also covers types of equipment, methods of financing purchases versus renting, and factors that influence the cost of owning and operating equipment.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain poured concrete until it cures and can support itself. It needs to be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and withstand pouring and compaction loads. New materials like steel and plastics are now used for formwork in addition to wood. Slipforming allows for continuous vertical pouring of concrete structures like building cores without relying on external support, by using a formwork that rises slowly on its own as concrete is added.
Chapter 4 control of ground water in excavationsKHUSHBU SHAH
This document discusses various methods for controlling groundwater during excavation projects. It describes 9 common dewatering methods: sumps and ditches, shallow well systems, deep well systems, well point systems, vacuum methods, cement grouting, chemical grouting, freezing processes, and electro-osmosis. For each method, it provides details on how the method works and its suitability for different soil and water conditions. The document aims to help construction professionals select the appropriate dewatering approach based on the unique factors of their project site.
The document provides information about caissons, which are watertight structures used in construction projects involving excavation below water levels. It discusses different types of caissons including box caissons, open or well caissons, pneumatic caissons, and multiple well or monolith caissons. Methods of constructing and sinking each type are described. Advantages and uses of caissons are outlined. Health risks associated with working under compressed air in pneumatic caissons, known as caisson sickness, are also summarized.
Coffer dams are temporary structures built to exclude water from an area where permanent structures will be constructed. They allow construction to occur in dry conditions. There are several types of coffer dams depending on the depth of water, soil conditions, and available materials. Earthfill coffer dams use earthen embankments for shallow water, while more complex designs like braced sheet pile or cellular coffer dams are needed for deeper waters. Properly designed coffer dams prevent leakage and ensure the enclosed area remains dry for construction work.
This document provides information about pile foundations, including:
- Piles transfer structural loads through weak soil layers into stronger soils and rocks below.
- Common types of piles include pre-cast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete (e.g. Raymond, MacArthur), steel, timber, and composite piles.
- Piles are selected based on factors like soil properties, loading conditions, costs, and availability of materials. Proper pile type and design are necessary to safely support structures.
This document discusses green buildings and construction. It defines green buildings as those that use less resources and generate less waste compared to conventional buildings. The objectives of green buildings are to minimize environmental impact, maximize energy and water efficiency, and protect occupant health. Fundamental principles involve structural efficiency, energy efficiency, water efficiency, and waste efficiency. Materials used in green construction include renewable sources like forests and reused materials. The benefits of green buildings are environmental protection, economic savings from reduced operating costs, and social benefits like improved occupant health and comfort.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
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2. AIR POLLUTION
DEFINITION
AIR POLLUTION :-Means any solid , liquid, or
gaseous substance ( including noise ) present in the
atmosphere in such concentration as may be or
tend to be injurious to human beings or other living
creatures or plants or property or environment
AIR POLLUTANT :-the substance which creates
pollutant is called pollutant
2
5. CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS
A - Classification based on origin of pollutants :
1) PRIMARY POLLUTANT
2)SECONDARY POLLUTANT
1) Primary Pollutant:-
- Emitted directly from
the
the sources and are found in the
atmosphere in form in which they
fumes,
were
mist,
emitted,
sprays,like SOx, NOx, HC, ash, smoke, dust
radioactive compounds etc
2) Secondary pollutants:-
- These are formed in atmosphere by chemical interaction between
primary pollutants and atmospheric constituents,
like ozone, SO3, peroxyacyl nitrate ( PAN ) , aldehydes, ketones ,
etc
5
7. CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS
B – Classification according to the states of matter :
1) GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
2) PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTANTS
1) Gaseous pollutants:-
- These pollutants are in gaseous state,
like , CO, CO2, NOx, SOx, HC, Photochemical oxidants, fluorine, chlorine,
H2S, CH4, etc , and have different residence time in atmosphere
2) Particulate pollutants:-
- They are in suspended form in the atmosphere and their
residence time depends upon the size of particulate matter .
These are in the form of dust, smoke, fumes, mist, flash, soot,
along with natural particulates , like , pollen grains, volcanic dust,
fungal spores, protozoa.
7
8. SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
SOURCES ARE MAINLY DIVIDED INTO
a) Natural sources :-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Dust storms
Forest fires
Volcanoes
Sea spray
Plant pollen
b) Man made sources :-
1.
2.
3.
Domestic
Industrial
Traffic
8
9. a) NATURAL AIR POLLUTANTS
Air pollutants like methane, CO2, H2S etc
emitted into atmosphere through biological
processes, volcanic eruptions, forest fires,
natural gas seepage
Air pollution from natural sources is a
continuous phenomenon because of its
natural processes.
cyclic
Man’s role is least to control such natural
pollution
But he can aggravate such pollution by
disturbing natural and ecological balances
9
10. b) MAN MADE SOURCES
Point or stationary sources :-Example of point
sources is an industrial unit which adds pollutant to
air at particular points from their tall chimneys.
Pollutants from such point sources affect only
restricted areas.
Line or mobile sources :- The line or mobile
sources of air pollution are the automobile as these
add pollutants along a narrow belts and aver long
distance.
Area sources :- Town & cities add smoke and gases
over wide areas and so it is called as area sources of
air pollution.
10
15. AIR POLLUTANTS – SOURCES AND EFFECTS
•
•
-
Carbon Monoxide(CO):-
Color less, odorless ,taste less and highly stable gas.
It seriously affects the human metabolism.
SOURCES:-
Natural processes such as volcanoes, natural gas emissions, marsh gas
production, etc . Contribute to CO in atmosphere.
- Transportation sources contribute 64% of CO in air.
- Forest fires and agricultural burning contribute about 17%of CO in
atmosphere.
- Industrial processes contribute 9.6% of CO in air.
EFFECTS:-
- It reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood,
- It reduces the vision ,
- CO is a very dangerous and its high levels are fatal to human life.
15
16. •
Carbon dioxide (CO2):-
The content of CO2 in the air has increased by approximately
during the last century .
15%
SOURCES:
- Fossil fuel combustion.
- Jet planes use O2 and release CO2.
- Agricultural practices .
- Forestry.
EFFECTS:
- CO2 causes nausea and headache.
- It major effect is on the climate of earth.
16
17. Oxides of sulphur (SOx):
• There are six different gaseous compounds of ‘S’, but the most
prevalent are SO2 and SO3 as they form H2SO3 (Sulfurous acid) and
H2SO4.
SOURCES:
Volcanic activities and other natural sources
Burning of solid and fossil fuels.
Transportation
Industries , Refineries , Sulphuric acid plants.
Open burning of refuse and municipal incinerator.
-
-
-
-
-
EFFECTS:
- Accelerates the decay of building material, paints,
statues, sculptures.
monuments,
- High concentrations of so2 suffer choruses, metabolic inhibition ,
plasmolysis and even death.
17
18. Oxides of Nitrogen:
• Primary pollutants released from industrial and automobile
composition are NO and NO2
There are 7 oxides of Nitrogen(N2O,NO,N02,NO3,N2O4and N2O5)
Responsible for formation of smog
NO2 is most toxic.
SOURCES:
Fuel combustion in automobiles and industries.
Lightening.
Forest fires.
Natural ionizing radiations.
EFFECTS:
It reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
Water quality deterioration, produce toxic chemicals on reaction with
organic compounds, and visibility impairment.
NO2 is more toxic.
•
•
•
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
18
20. Hydrocarbons (HC):-
• The gaseous and volatile hydrocarbons are mainly responsible for air
pollution
•
Common hydrocarbons include methane ,ethylene ,acetylene ,
SOURCES:
Coal fields.
Natural fires.
Incomplete combustion from car engines.
Coal waste fires.
etc.
-
-
-
-
EFFECTS:
- Some hydrocarbons have carcinogenic and lachrymatory.
- Some harmless hydrocarbons like ethylene , it reacts in the presence
of sunlight and other like nitrogen oxide are harmful.
20
21. Particulate air pollutants:-
• It is small , solid particles and liquid droplets present in the
atmosphere in very large
In size particulates ranges
dia.
In course particles
In fine particles
EFFECTS ON HEALTH:-
numbers.
from 0.02micron in dia. To a 500 micron•
• :2.5 µm
: ≤ 2.5 µm
-
-
Smaller particles more potential to health damages.
Increased respiratory symptoms, such as, irritation of the airways,
coughing, difficulty in breathing, decreased lungs function,
aggravated asthmas, chronic bronchitis.
Non fatal heart attacks.
Premature death with heart or lungs diseases
Major Cause of reduced visibility, damage materials like statues
and monuments.
-
-
-
21
22. Natural particulates:-
• Natural particulates are pollen grains , spores bacteria viruses,
protozoa, fungal spores and volcanic dust.
SOURCES:
- volcanic eruption , blowing of the dust , soil by the wind,
spraying of salt .
- Anthropogenic sources like Fly ash from power plant, melting
and mining operation .
EFFECTS:
- Particulates less than 10 (µm) can enter deep into the lungs
and may also get into blood stream.
- It accelerate corrosion of metal, damages buildings ,paint etc.
- Particulates in atmosphere reduces visibility , influence the
climate through formation of clouds.
22
23. Ground Level Ozone
•At upper level, ozone shields Earth from sun’s harmful UV
rays
•At ground level, ozone is harmful pollutants
SOURCES-formed from car, power and chemical plant
exhaust
EFFECTS-irritate respiratory system and asthma;
reduces lung function by inflaming and damaging lining
of lungs
23
24. Particulates
Particulates Size (µm)
• Dust 1 to 200
• Fumes 0.1 to 1
• Smoke 0.1 to 1
• Fly ash 10 to 1000
• Sprays 1 to 1000
• Mists < 10
• Soot 1 to 10
24
25. Physical state of pollutants or particulate air
pollutants
Dusts:- are small particles of solids resulting from the
breakup of larger particles by operations such as crushing
grinding, and blasting.
Smoke:-It is an aerosol of very fine carbon particles of size
range from 0.1 to 1.0 (µm) which are produced by incomplete
combustion of organic particles such as coal, wood etc.
Soot:- Soot is agglomeration of carbon particles of size 1 to
10 (µm) impregnated with tar, formed due to incomplete
combustion of carbonaceous materials.
Fumes:- Fumes are the fine solid particles formed by
condensation of gaseous state after volatilization. The size
range of particles is 0.1 to 1 (µm)
25
27. Physical state of pollutants or particulate air
pollutants
Mist:- Mist is an aerosol of liquid droplets formed by the
condensation of vapor volatilization. The size range of natural
Mist are from less than 1 (µm)
Fog:- Water mist is called fog. It is the mist in which the
liquid is water (sufficiently dense to obscure visibility). It is a
visible aerosol.
Smog:- Smoke + fog is expressed as smog.
Gas:- Gas is a matter which is having neither independent
shape or volume and tending to expand indefinitely.
Vapor:- Gaseous phase of matter which normally exist in a
liquid or solid state
27
29. Effects:
Premature death
Aggravated asthma
Acute respiratory symptoms
Chronic bronchitis
Decreased lung function (shortness of breath)
People with existing heart and lung disease, as well as
the elderly and children, are particularly at risk
29
30. Around 30-40% of cases of asthma and 20-30% of all respiratory
disease.
Effect our health in many ways with both short term and long term
effect.
Short term effect are: irritation to nose, eye, throat, bronchitis,
headache etc.
Long term affect are: lung disease, chronic respiratory problem,
damage to heart, brain, eyes etc.
Eye irritation due to NOx, O3, PAN, particulates.
Nose and throat due to SO2, NOx etc.
30
31. Gaseous pollutants like H2S, SO2, NO2 and hydrocarbons cause
odor nuisance.
Irritation of respiration tract caused by SOx, NOx, CO, O3.
Increase in mortality.
High conc. of SO2, NO2 and SPM causes bronchitis and asthma.
CO and NO react with hemoglobin and reduce O2 carrying
capacity of blood.
Heavy metals like lead can cause poisoning. High conc. cause
damage to liver and kidney.
31
33. Decrease yield in agriculture.
Suppressed growth of vegetables.
Leaf injury and damage to young plants.
Decreased growth rate and increased death rate.
33
34. Corrosion of metals due to SO2 in presence of oxygen and moisture
is converted into H2SO4 acid.
H2SO4 acid react with limestone, marble and other building
materials to cause deterioration.
Soiling and eroding of building materials.
SO2, O3, H2S and aerosols damage protective coating and paints of
the surface.
O3 and PAN causes cracking of rubber and various electrical
insulations.
Deterioration of art work due to SPM. 34
35. Common atmospheric pollution sources
and their pollutants
Category Source Air pollutants
Agriculture Open burning Suspended
particulate matter
(SPM), carbon
monoxide (CO),
volatile organic
compounds (VOC)
Mining and
quarrying
Coal mining, crude
oil and gas
production, other
mining and
quarrying
SPM, SO2, NOx, VOC
Power generation Electricity, gas steam SPM, SO2, SO3, Pb,
Nox, VOC
Transport Combustion engines SPM, SO2, NOx,
VOC, lead (Pb)
35
36. Category Source Air pollutants
Fertilizers Ammonia, urea, NH3, F, Urea dust,
phosphates NOx
fertilizers plants
Domestic House hold fuel SO2, NOx, Radon,
burning CO, CO2, HC
Chemicals Production of Mercaptans, Nox,
organic, inorganic SO2, H2S, CS2, SPM
chemicals
Nuclear energy Nuclear reactors Radio-active
substances
Mineral processing Cement, smelters, SPM, Mineral
stone crushing, constituents
Community service Municipal SPM, SO2, NOx, CO,
incinerators VOC, Pb
36
37. Air Pollution Episodes:
Meuse valley (Belgium):
December-1930, Experienced severe 3-day fog and temp, inversion, 60
People died and several hundred became ill.
Donora(U.S.A.)
October-1948, anticyclone weather conditions characterized by no air
movement for 4 days with temp. inversion and fog, 20 People died and
6000 out of 14000 population became ill due to respiratory diseases and
irritation of eyes.
London(England)
December, 5-9 1952; anticyclone weather with subsidence inversion and
fog along with stagnant air, smoke and SO2,4000 people died and several
thousands hospitalized for respiratory troubles.
Jan, 1956 and December,1962-hundreds of People died.
37
38. CONT…
Bhopal (India)
December, 3rd, 1984-30 tones of deadly Methyl Iso cynate
(MIC) gas was released from storage tank, more than 2500
People died,1 lack People severely affected.
Los Angeles (U.S.A)
1945-Under stable atmosphere with air pollutant emissions
from thousands of vehicles and temp. inversion resulted in
formation of photo chemical smog and proxy acetyl nitrate
(PAN) , caused reduction in visibility, irritation to eyes and
damage to vegetation.
38
39. FACTOR AFFECTING AIR
POLLUTION
1) Metrological parameters
- primary parameters are:-
a) wind direction and speed
b) Temperature
c) Mixing height
d) Atmospheric stability
- Secondary parameters:-
or characteristics:-
a) Precipitation
b) Humidity
c) Solar radiation
d) Visibility
39
40. 2) Topographical features:-
- Like unevenness of the land forms and obstacles or barrier like
mountain etc which can obstruct air flow.
3)
-
Characteristics of pollutants :-
Type and size of pollutants and their interactions affects the
distribution and effects of pollutants on human beings,
animal.
4)
-
Mode of release of pollutants :-
For example air pollutant from point source affects a localize
area while air pollutants from a non point source or line
source can affect greater area.
40
41. CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
Controlling measures for air pollution can be mainly divided in to
1. Preventive measures
2. Control measures
1) preventive measures :-
These measures are mainly aimed at correction right at the sources.
Some of the important preventive measures are
1) Selection of suitable fuel
-Using low sulphur coal in power plants,
-Using natural gas in place of coal for power generation ,
-Using LPG/CNG instead of diesel or petrol
Modification in industrial processes and equipments
Selection of suitable site and Zoning for industrial unit
2)
3)
4) By using proper environmental impact studies before setting the
industry.
41
42. 2)Control measures :-
• when it is not possible to control air pollution at source some
measure are to be adoption to control the level of pollution.
• The most common method of eliminating or reducing
pollutants to an acceptable level include.
1. Collecting the pollutants by using
equipment .
2. Destroying the pollutants by thermal
Changing the pollutants to a less toxic
form.
3. By releasing the pollutants through tall chimneys for greater
dispersion..
42
43. Control of Gaseous pollutants
The gaseous pollutants can be controlled through the techniques
of combustion , absorption and adsorption.
In combustion process oxidizable gaseous pollutants are
completely burnt at a high temperature . It mainly use for
petro chemical , fertilizer , paint and varnish industry.
In absorption technique effluent gases are passed through
absorbers containing liquid absorbent that remove ,treat or
modify one or more gaseous pollutant .
In Adsorption , the air pollutants are adsorbed on a solid
surface . Commonly used adsorbents are activated carbon
,activated alumina, silica gel etc.
1.
2.
3.
43
44. Control of automobile Exhaust
Automobile exhaust can be controlled by:
By using efficient engines.a)
b) Catalytic converter can convert NO to
reduce potential hazards of NOx .
Using lead free petrol.
By using cleaner fuel like CNG.
By proper maintenance of vehicles.
nitrogen gas and
c)
d)
e)
f) Developing good mass transportation facility.
44
45. GRAVITATIONAL SETTLING CHAMBER
Used to remove particles with size greater than 50
μm.
Velocity of flue gas reduced in large chamber.
Particles settle under gravitational force.
45
46. Advantages
1. Low initial cost.
2. Easy to design.
3. Low pressure drop.
4. Low maintenance cost.
5. Dry and continuous disposal of solid
particulates.
Disadvantages
1. Require large space.
2. Less collection efficiency.
3. Only larger size particles can be collected.
46
47. CYCLONE SEPARATOR
Centrifugal force is utilized to separate the
particulate matter.
It can remove 10 to 50 μm particle size.
Used mostly in industries.
47
48. Advantages
1. Low initial cost.
2. Require less floor area.
3. Simple construction and maintenance.
4. Can handle large volume of gas at high temp.
Disadvantages
1. Requires large head room.
2. Less efficiency for smaller particles (<10μm).
3. Sensitive to variable dust load and flow rate.
48
49. ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
Works on the principle of electrical charging of
particulate Matter (-ve) and collecting it in a +ve
charged surface.
99% efficiency.
Can remove particle size range of 0.1 μm to 1 μm.
49
51. Advantages
1. High collection efficiency.
2. Particles may be collected dry or wet.
3. Can be operated at high temp. (300-450˚c).
4. Maintenance is normal.
5. Few moving parts.
Disadvantages
1. High initial cost.
2. Require high voltage.
3. Collection efficiency reduce with time.
4. Space requirement is more.
5. Possible of explosion during collection of combustible
gases or particulates.
51
52. FABRIC FILTERS
Flue gas is allowed to pass through a woven Fabric,
which filters out Particulate matter.
Small particles are retained on the fabric.
Remove particles up to 1 μm.
Its efficiency up to 99%.
52
53. Advantages
1. Higher collection efficiency for smaller than 10
μm particle size.
2. Performance decrease becomes visible, giving
prewarning.
3. Normal power consumption.
Disadvantages
1. High temp. gases need to be cooled.
2. High maintenance and fabric replacement cost.
3. Large size equipment.
4. Fabric is liable to chemical attack.
53
54. SCRUBBERS
Particulate matters are incorporated into liquid
droplets and removed from the gas stream.
Different types of scrubbers are-
- Spray tower
- Venturi scrubber
- Cyclone scrubber
Flue gas made to push up against a down falling
water current.
Particulate matter mix up with water thus falls
down and gets removed.
54
56. Advantages
1. Simultaneously remove particulates and gaseous
pollutants.
2. Hot gases can be cooled down.
3. Corrosive gases can be recovered and neutralize.
Disadvantages
1. Lot of waste waters produced.
2. Poses freezing problem in cold countries.
3. Maintenance cost is high when corrosive materials
are collected.
56