This document discusses air pollution, including its composition, effects, and methods of analysis and control. It describes the major air pollutants like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and particulate matter. Methods for determining these pollutants include infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, and chemiluminescence. Air pollution has severe health impacts and is monitored using various instruments. Pollution can be controlled by modifying combustion sources, using low-sulfur fuels, and removing particles through precipitators. Several case studies of air pollution disasters are also presented.

1. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
MODULE : POLLUTION
TOPIC : AIR POLLUTION
Dr. M. T. Bachute and R. R. Patil
Dept. of Chemistry,
KBP Mahavidyalaya, Pandharpur

2. OUTLINE
Introduction:-
Composition of atmosphere:-
A survey of reaction and method for:-
 Determination of carbon monoxide:-
 Determination of sulfur oxides:-
 Determination of nitrogen oxides:-
 Determination of hydrocarbons:-
 Determination of particulates:-

3. *CONSEQUENCES (EFFECT) OF
AIR POLLUTION:-
*MONITORING INSTRUMENT:-
*CONTROL OF POLLUTION:-
Lets do this!.

4. SSSS
*Environmental
chemistry is
multi-disciplinary
science,
involving
chemistry,
physics, life
science,
agriculture,
medical science,
public health, etc.

5. Then the
question
arises why
there is
need of
environment
al education
& study?
1. Why did
3000 to 4000
people die in
London in
1952?

6. Why the
historic
marble
statue in
Greece &
Italy
getting
damaged
by rain
water?

7. CORRODED
BY ACID
DEPOSITIO
N AND
OTHER
FORMS OF
AIR
POLLUTION,
RI, U.S.

8. WHAT IS POLLUTION?
Pollution is the introduction of harmful
substances or products into the
environment.
Classification of pollution:-
1.according to the environment:-
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Soil Pollution

9. ACCORDING TO THE POLLUTANT:-
 The pollution caused by pollutants may be of a
number of types:-
 1.Radioactive Pollution
 2.Noise Pollution
 3.Thermal Pollution
 4.Pesticide or Biocide Pollution
 5.Oceanic Pollution
 6.Chemical & Biological Pollution
 7.Industrial Pollution
 8.Population Pollution

10. TERMINOLOGY:-
Pollutant:-A substance present in
nature , in greater abundance due
to human activity which ultimately
affect the environment , living
organisms and mankind.

12. 2.contaminants:-
A material which
does not occur
in nature, but it
is introduced by
human activity
in to the
environment.
e.g. chlorine gas
escaped from
tank near a
road.

13. 3.Receptor:- the medium which is affected by
a pollutant.
Example:- man is a receptor of photochemical
smog causing irritation of eyes and
respiratory tract.

14. COMPOSITION OF THE
ATMOSPHERE:-

15. A survey of reactions and
methods involved in determination
of :-
Carbon Monoxide
•colorless, odorless.
•produced when carbon does not
burn in fossil fuels.
•present in car exhaust.
•deprives body of O2 causing
headaches, fatigue, and impaired
vision.

16. DETERMINATION OF CO:-
IT IS DONE BY
 1.NDIR SPECTROSCOPY:-
 2.ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROSCOPY:-
 3.INDIRECT SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC
METHOD:-
 4.GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD:-

17. 1.NON-DISPERSIVE
INFRARED
SPECTROSCOPIC
METHOD:-
NDIR , an accurate
technique for the
analysis of co, it is
based on the simple
principle that co
strongly absorbs
infrared radiation at
certain wavelength.

18. Sulfur Dioxide
•produced when coal and fuel oil
are burned
•present in power plant exhaust
•narrows the airway, causing
wheezing and shortness of breath,
especially in those with asthma

19. DETERMINATION OF SULPHUR
DIOXIDE:-
IT IS DONE BY
 1.MODIFIED WEST-GAEKE
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD,
 2.DASGUPTA , DECESARE AND ULLREY
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD,
 3.CONDUCTIMETRY,
 4.AMPEROMETRY,
 5.PULSED FLUORESCENE TECHNIQUE,
 6.CHEMILUNESCENE METHOD (IN GAS
PHASE),
 7.GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY.

20. IN THE GIVEN FIGURE SAMPLING TRAIN
EMPLOYED TO DRAW SAMPLE FROM AIR
1.Modified West
- Gaeke
spectrophotomet
ric Method:-
It is the standard
method for
monitoring of
0.005 to 5 ppm
sulphur dioxide
in ambient air
and petrol.

21. Sulphur
dioxide
monitoring
using a
modified
west-
Geake
method
developed
by
technician:-

22. Nitrogen Dioxide
•reddish, brown gas
•produced when nitric
oxide combines with
oxygen in the atmosphere
•present in car exhaust
and power plants
•affects lungs and causes
wheezing; increases
chance of respiratory
infection

23. DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN
OXIDE:-
o 1.SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC
TECHNIQE,
o 2.CHEMILUMINESCENCE,
o 3.COLORIMETRY,
o 4.NDIR AND UV SPECTROSCOPY,

24. CHEMILUMINESCE
NCE METHOD:-
IT IS THE
STANDARD
METHOD FOR
MONITORING OF
NITROGEN OXIDE.
THE
PHENOMENON
RESULTS FROM
THE EMMISION OF
LIGHT FROM
ELECTRONICALLY
EXCITED
NITROGEN OXIDE
SPECIES.

25. Particulate Matter
•particles of different sizes and
structures that are released into the
atmosphere
•present in many sources including
fossil fuels, dust, smoke, fog, etc.
•can build up in respiratory system
•aggravates heart and lung disease;
increases risk of respiratory infection

26. THE TECHNIQUE IS USEFUL FOR
THE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSHERIC
PARTICULATE.
DETERMINATION OF
PARTICULATE
MATTER:-
IT IS DONE BY
X-RAY
FLUORESCENCE
IT IS BASED ON
THE PRINCIPAL
THAT WHEN A
SAMPLE IS
BOMBARDED WITH
ENERGETIC X-RAY
OR GAMMA
RADIATION .
IT GIVES RISE TO
SECONDARY
RADIATION , AS
ELECTRON DROP IN
TO VACANT
POSITION.

27. HYDROCARBON:-
CH4 is the major
naturally occurring
hydrocarbon emitted
in to the atmosphere.
Hydrocarbons are
removed from the
atmosphere by several
chemical and
photochemical reaction.

28. DETERMINATION OF
HYDROCARBON:-
IT IS DONE BY
 1.GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD,
 2.AROMATIC HYDROCARBON IN EXHAUST ,
PETROL:
 !.PROCEDURE FOR EXHAUST GAS:-
 !!.PROCEDURE FOR PETROL:-
 3.DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN PETROL BY
A.A.S.

29. DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN PETROL
BY A.A.S.:-
 It is applicable only
when the nature of
antiknocking
additives or their ratio
in petrol is know.
 It is applicable if the
nature of lead
additive is not know.
DIRECT METHOD INDIRECT METHOD

30. CONSEQUENCES (EFFECT) OF AIR
POLLUTION:-
1.EFFECT OF CARBON MONOXIDE:-

31. 2.EFFECT OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE:-
 1.DECEMBER 1930- RIVER VALLEY , BELGIUM-
THERMAL INVERSION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE-
38 ppm LEVEL- SEVERAL CATTLE KILLED
 2.OCTOBER 1948- DONORA , PENNSYLVANIA,
USA- 40% POPULLATION AFFECTED -20-
DEATH- 2 ppm SULPHUR DIOXIDE.
 3.December 1956,-london temperature inversion-
smog-1.3 ppm SULPHUR DIOXIDE- 350-400
DEATH.

32. EFFECT OF NITROGEN OXIDE:-
 The effect of nitrogen oxide depend on the
concentration , period of exposure and the
solubility.
 Inhalation of NO2 containing gases from burning
celluloid and nitro cellulose film lead to dead.
 Two people died and five were injured when there
was accidental release of liquid NO2 while leading
in to a titan-ii intercontinental missile at rock , kanas
on august 24, 1978.

33. 4.EFFECT OF HYDROCARBON:-
 Natural sources, particularly trees emit large
number of hydrocarbon.
 Methane , the major naturally occurring
hydrocarbon is produced by bacteria in the
anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in water
,soil and sediment.
 2CH2O CO2+CH4
 Methane has mean residence time 3 to 7 year in
atmosphere.

34. 5.EFFECT OF PARTICULATE:-
 Particulate mainly including soot, dust, fumes
and mist are potentially harmful for a variety of
material.
 The extent and type of damage depends upon
the chemical composition and physical state of
the pollutant.
 Extensive chemical damage occurs when the
particulates themselves are corrosive or when they
carry toxic substance along with them.

36. •Combination of gases with water vapor and
dust
•Combination of words smoke and fog
•Forms when heat and sunlight react
gases (photochemical smog)
•Occurs often with heavy traffic, high
temperatures, and calm winds

38. •1st smog related deaths were in
London in 1873; death toll 500
people; can you imagine how much
worse the atmosphere is now?!
•Limits visibility
•Decreases UV radiation
•Yellow/black color over cities
•Causes respiratory problems and
bronchial related deaths

44. I.TCDD
ACCIDENT at
Seveso , ITALY
(JULY 1976)
AN
EXPLOSION
TOOK IN A
CHEMICAL
PLANT
MANUFACTURI
NG HERBICIDE
(2,4,5
TRICHLOROPH
ENOXY
ACETATE)

45. II.THE BHOPAL
DISASTAR:-
DATE:DEC. 3, 1984.
VENUE:BHOPAL,
MADHYA PRADESH ,
INDIA.
SOURCE:UNION
CARBIDE
FACTORY,
MANUFACTURER
OF CARBARYL
(CARBAMATE
PESTICIDE) USING
METHYL
ISOCYNAYE (MIC)
Home P2.jpg

46. III.CHERNOBYL
DISASTER:
THE WORST
NUCLEAR
ACCIDENT IN
HISTORY
OCCURRED AT
CHERNOBYL,
UKRAINE,
FORMLY USSR
(NOW CIS) ON
28TH APRIL, 1986
AT 9 pm.

47. IV. THE GULF
WAR AND
ENVIRONMENT
THE GULF WAR
(I) LASTED FOR 42
DAYS FROM 16TH
JANUARY 1991 TO
26TH FEBRUARY
1991.
THE PARTIES
WERE U.S.A. LED
MULTI-NATIONAL
FORCES UNDDER
THE BANNER OF
THE U.S.A. AND
IRAQ.

48. BIO-WARFARE AGENTS :-
THE 9/11 TERRORIST ATTACK ON WTO
TOWER IN NEW YORK SENT PANIC
WAVES ACROSS U.S.A. AND ALL OVER
THE WORLD.
A FEW MONTHS LATER ‘ ‘ ANTHRAX
PANIC ’’ ALSO GRIPPED U.S.A. AS A BIO-
WARFARE AGENT AND A FEW POISONIG
CASES WERE REPORTED.

49. Gaseous air pollutant Instrumental techniques
1.NOX , H2S IR SPECTROPHOTOMETRY ,
CHEMILUMINESCENE , VISIBLE AND
UV SPECTROMETRY.
2.SO2 AMPEROMETRY , CONDYCTIVITY,
GLC.
3. CO , CO2 NDIR , GC, AAS , FID.
4.HYDROCARBON GC-MS , IR
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY,IONISATION
ANALYSIS.S
5.PARTICULATES
# SILICATES , PAH3 CHROMATOGRAPHY.
# FLUORIDES , SULPHATES ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ,
POTENTIOMETRY.
Instrumental Techniques for monitoring
Air Pollutant:-

50. CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION:-
 I. CONTOL OF CO POLLUTION:-
 1.MOIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINES TO REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF
POLLUTANTS FORMED DURING FUEL
COMBUSTION.
 2.DEVELOPMENT OF EXHAUST SYSTEM
REACTORS WHICH WILL COMPLETE THE
COMBUSTION PROCESS.
 3.DEVELOPMENT OF SUBSTITUTE FUELS FOR
GASOLINE.
 4.DEVELOPMENT OF POLLUTION FREE POWER
SOURCES TO REPLACE THE INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE.

51. II. CONTROL OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE
POLLUTION:-
1.removal of SOx from fuel
gases.
2.removal of sulphur from fuel
burning.
3.use of low sulphur fuel.
Substitution of other energy
sources for fuel combustion.

52. III. CONTROL OF NITROGEN OXIDE POLLUTION
:-
 Power plants emit about 50 to 100 ppm of (NOx)
, such emission can be reduced by 90% by two
stage combustion process.
 1.the fuel (coal/oil/gas) is fired at a relatively
high temperature with substoichiometric
amount of air , say 90-95% of the stiochiometric
requirement .
 2.fuel burnout is completed at a relatively low
temperature in excess air.

53. IV. CONTROL OF HYDROCARBON AND
PHOTOCHEMICAL POLLUTANT :-
O3 and PAN are secondary
pollutant , so their control
ultimately depends upon on the
control of their primary
precursors , hydrocarbon and
nitrogen oxide.

54. V. CONTROL OF PARTICULATE EMISSION:-
 The removal of particulate matter from gas
streams is an essential step for air pollution
control.
 There are four types of equipments used for this
purpose:
 1. Gravity settling chamber,
 2.Cyclone collector,
 3.Wet scrubber,
 4.Electrostatic precipitators.

55. I . CYCLONE
COLLECTOR:-
A GAS FLOWING IN
TIGHT CIRCULAR
SPIRAL PRODUCES A
CENTRIFUGAL
FORCE ON
SUSPENDED
PARTICLES ,
FORCING THEM TO
MOVE OUTWARD
THROUGH THE GAS
STREAM TO A WALL
WHERE THEY ARE
COLLECTED.

56. F=EQ WHERE
F=FORCE IN DYNES , TO WHICH THE PARTICLE ARE
SUBJECTED.
E=VOLTAGE GRADIENT .
Q=ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE ON THE PARTICLE.
II. ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORS :-
THESE ARE
BASED ON
THE
PRINCIPAL
THAT
AEROSOL
PARTICLE
ACQUIRE
CHARGE S
WHEN
SUBJECTED
TO AN
ELECTRICAL
FIELD.

58. •Ride your bicycle.
•Tell your friends and family about
pollution.
•Make sure your parents get pollution
checks on their cars.

60. FOR MORE INFORMATION
Further information on air pollution is available at:
http://www.healtheffects.org/
http://www.epa.gov/oar/particlepollution/
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/pm/s_pm_index.html
http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/greenbk/pindex.html

61. REFERENCE USED:
 1.Environmental Chemistry-A.K.DE-NEW AGE
INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS.(5TH AND 7TH
EDITION),
 2.ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY-H.KAUR,
 3.OUR PLANET-UNEP MAGZINE , VOL.4,NO.2,
1992,NAIROBI,
 4.FUNDAMENTAL OF AIR POLLUTION –
S.J.WILLIAMSON.

62. THANK YOU!....
BE
PROUD
AS
K.B.P.ian