Aggression and Hurting (Social Psychology)
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This document discusses various perspectives on the nature and causes of human aggression. It explores both innate and learned factors, including biological influences like genetics and hormones, psychological theories like frustration-aggression theory and social learning theory, and environmental triggers such as heat, attacks, crowding, and painful accidents. The document examines views from philosophers like Hobbes and Rousseau as well as scientists studying neural, genetic, chemical, and behavioral influences on aggression.
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This ppt will explain the factors that influence people to behave aggressively.
Aggression
This document discusses different perspectives on aggression. It defines aggression as presenting an aversive stimulus to an unwilling victim. There are two main types of aggression: hostile aggression which involves striking out due to anger, and instrumental aggression which uses hostile means to obtain desired results. Factors that can increase aggressive behavior include certain neurological activations and environmental stressors like crowding and heat. Perspectives on the causes of aggression include biological theories about hypothalamic stimulation, psychodynamic theories involving frustration of desires, cognitive theories regarding how information is processed, and social learning theories where aggression is reinforced. Cultures can also influence aggression levels by fostering competitiveness or deference. Experts definitions of aggression vary and include behaviors intended to harm others
Social process[1]
This document discusses the topic of aggression from multiple perspectives. It defines aggression as behavior intended to harm others and distinguishes between physical and social/relational aggression. It explores the roots and types of aggression, including instrumental versus hostile aggression. The document also examines biological, psychological, and social factors that influence aggression, such as genetics, hormones, brain regions, personality traits, and learning from social models/media.
Aggression management
This document defines and differentiates between anger, aggression, and violence. It discusses several theories of aggression including biological, psychodynamic, humanistic, and social learning theories. It outlines types of anger and aggression such as instrumental, hostile, and relational aggression. Predisposing factors that can lead to maladaptive expression of anger and aggression are also discussed, including modeling behavior from caregivers and exposure to media violence. Nursing responses and management strategies for dealing with patient anger and aggression are mentioned as topics that will be covered.
Introduction to Aggression
Three incidents of violence are described:
1) A man was burned in a subway token booth after attackers squirted flammable liquid through the coin slot and lit it on fire.
2) A woman was stabbed over 20 times while leaving her apartment building in Chicago.
3) A man opened fire on a crowded commuter train, killing 4 people and wounding 19 others.
The chapter aims to explain what motivates aggression and how characteristics of the target and situation influence aggressive behavior.
Aggression AQA A2 Psychology Paper 3
The document discusses several potential mechanisms by which media violence could lead to real-life aggression. It describes research supporting the ideas that repeated exposure to violent media can cause desensitization, weaken social constraints through disinhibition, and prime aggressive cognitive scripts. Studies show people feel less arousal after violent media, act more aggressively when justified, and are more likely to perceive situations as aggressive. However, the effects of media are complex with many variables.
Unit III SP Aggression.docx
1. The document discusses the definition, origins, types and sources of human aggression. It defines aggression as any behavior intended to harm others physically or verbally. Aggression can originate from social, biological or genetic factors. There are two main types - hostile aggression which intends harm, and instrumental aggression which is goal-oriented rather than intended to harm. Sources of aggression include social factors like frustration or media exposure, as well as personal factors like genetics or personality traits.
2. Aggression can be learned through social learning processes like imitation, reinforcement and modeling aggressive behaviors. Experiments show children imitate aggressive acts they observe in others. Reinforcement of aggression increases the likelihood of repeating it. Parents and other models influence children's aggressive
Aggression.pptx
The document discusses various factors that influence human aggression, including biological, social, cultural, and situational factors. It covers theories of aggression such as drive theories proposing that frustration and provocation arouse a motive to harm others. Modern theories include the social learning perspective and general aggression model. Cultural factors discussed include cultures of honor and sexual jealousy. The effects of media violence and how it can desensitize people are also summarized.
The study of the human being can be narrowed down into what is ref.docx
The study of the human being can be narrowed down into what is referred to as psychology. The chapter presented various theories which touch directly on the human living. These theories have then been explained, and good examples of the same have been given.
Having read some blog postings, my friend at home became very stressed, and deviated from the normal manner in which he carried out some various tasks. He became withdrawn and over time, stopped being talkative. Depression began to creep in, and I could tell that he was going through some issues. Upon inquiring what the issues were, he told me that in most of the blog postings that he read, the main topic addressed was on how the female population preferred the quiet kinds of people to the more talkative kind and therefore, this friend of mine decided to be quiet.
However, having read the chapter, I understand that human beings are social beings and that everyone has a different level of sociality, which is guided by our emotions (Fredrickson, 2001). For this reason, I would use this concept to motivate this friend of mine to continue socializing like he was previously, with more insistence on his friends who like him for his ability to speak openly. In addition, I would motivate him to understand the difference between his emotions, arousal, and personality, as understood from the theories by individuals such as James-Lange, Cannon-Brad, Schachter-Singer and others. Understanding himself along these lines would enable him to better understand his personality, and in a manner that would ensure he does not go through such an episode again. From what I have learned from the chapter, people are different and understanding everyone as a unique person is the first step towards enjoying the kind of life that a person leads (Carducci, 2009).
In conclusion, the above is an outline of how I would motivate the person.
References
Carducci, B. J. (2009). The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications. John Wiley & Sons.
· Instinct theory (now replaced by the evolutionary perspective) focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors.
· Drive-reduction theory focuses on how we respond to our inner pushes.
· Arousal theory focuses on finding the right level of stimulation.
· Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs focuses on the priority of some needs over others.
· How does social networking influence us?
1. As social creatures, we live for connection. Asked what he had learned from studying 238 Harvard University men from the 1930s to the end of their lives, researcher George Vaillant (2009) replied, "The only thing that really matters in life are your relationships to other people." A South African Zulu saying captures the idea: Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu—"a person is a person through other persons."
· The Social Effects of Social Networking
By connecting like-minded people, the Internet serves as a social amplifier. It also functions as an online dating matchmaker. As electronic comm ...
Social cognition and crime
This document discusses various social cognition and attribution theories related to crime and offending behavior, including: attribution theory, locus of control, impulsivity, learned helplessness, cognitive scripts, and communication models. It provides details on attribution biases like the fundamental attribution error and actor-observer difference. It also examines how initial attributions can persist and potentially create self-fulfilling prophecies. Finally, it analyzes how criminals may develop moral justifications and attribute blame to rationalize their criminal behavior.
chapter 16 - social psychology
This document discusses several key concepts in social psychology including attribution theory, the fundamental attribution error, cognitive dissonance, conformity, obedience, and prejudice. It provides examples of studies such as Milgram's obedience experiment and Asch's conformity studies. It explains how attribution theory suggests we explain others' behaviors based on their disposition or the situation. The fundamental attribution error is over-attributing behaviors to dispositions rather than situations. Cognitive dissonance theory posits that inconsistent attitudes and behaviors create tension, leading attitudes to change to align with behaviors. Conformity and obedience experiments show people conform to group norms and obey authority figures. Prejudice involves unjustified negative attitudes towards social groups.
Anger/Aggression Management slideshare
Anger is a normal human emotion that is crucial for individual’s growth. When handled appropriately and expressed assertively, anger is a positive creative force that leads to problem solving and productive change.
When channeled inappropriately and expressed as verbal aggression or physical aggression, anger is destructive and potentially life threatening force.
it is critical that psychiatric nurses be able to assess patients at risk for violence and intervene effectively with patients before, during and after an aggressive episode.
Pinel, J. P. (2010). Biopsychology, 8th Edition [VitalSource Book.docx
Pinel, J. P. (2010). Biopsychology, 8th Edition [VitalSource Bookshelf version]. Retrieved from http://online.vitalsource.com/books/9781269533744
Please use this book in the paper many times
7 Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion
17.1Biopsychology of Emotion: Introduction
17.2Fear, Defense, and Aggression
17.3Neural Mechanisms of Fear Conditioning
17.4Stress and Health
17.5Brain Mechanisms of Human Emotion
This chapter about the biopsychology of emotion, stress, and health begins with a historical introduction to the biopsychology of emotion and then focuses in the next two sections on the dark end of the emotional spectrum: fear. Biopsychological research on emotions has concentrated on fear not because biopsy-chologists are a scary bunch, but because fear has three important qualities: It is the easiest emotion to infer from behavior in various species; it plays an important adaptive function in motivating the avoidance of threatening situations; and chronic fear induces stress. In the final two sections of the chapter, you will learn how stress increases susceptibility to illness and how some brain structures have been implicated in human emotion.
17.1 Biopsychology of Emotion: Introduction
To introduce the biopsychology of emotion, this section reviews several classic early discoveries and then discusses the role of the autonomic nervous system in emotional experience and the facial expression of emotion.
Early Landmarks in the Biopsychological Investigation of Emotion
This subsection describes, in chronological sequence, six early landmarks in the biopsychological investigation of emotion. It begins with the 1848 case of Phineas Gage.
The Mind-Blowing Case of Phineas Gage
In 1848, Phineas Gage, a 25-year-old construction foreman for the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, was the victim of a tragic accident. In order to lay new tracks, the terrain had to be leveled, and Gage was in charge of the blasting. His task involved drilling holes in the rock, pouring some gun powder into each hole, covering it with sand, and tamping the material down with a large tamping iron before detonating it with a fuse. On the fateful day, the gunpowder exploded while Gage was tamping it, launching the 3-cm-thick, 90-cm-long tamping iron through his face, skull, and brain and out the other side.
Clinical Implications
Amazingly, Gage survived his accident, but he survived it a changed man. Before the accident, Gage had been a responsible, intelligent, socially well-adapted person, who was well liked by his friends and fellow workers. Once recovered, he appeared to be as able-bodied and intellectually capable as before, but his personality and emotional life had totally changed. Formerly a religious, respectful, reliable man, Gage became irreverent and impulsive. In particular, his abundant profanity offended many. He became so unreliable and undependable that he soon lost his job, and was never again able to hold a r.
DEBASHREE_SINHAAGGRESSION2021-01-07AGGRESSION-ppt.pptx
The document discusses the concept of aggression in psychology and some factors that influence aggression. It defines aggression as behavior intended to harm another person physically or mentally. It then discusses three main influences on aggression:
1. Biology - Structures in the brain like the amygdala and prefrontal cortex regulate perceptions of and reactions to aggression. Hormones like testosterone can increase aggression while serotonin inhibits it.
2. Substances - Consuming alcohol disrupts executive functioning and increases self-focus, reducing inhibitions against aggression.
3. Emotions - Negative emotions like frustration that increase arousal can cause aggression, especially when people make upward social comparisons.
Pavlovian ApplicationsChapter 4FearTh.docx
Pavlovian Applications
Chapter 4
*
Fear
The first person to study human emotions systematically was John B. Watson:
Fear as faulty reasoning or instinctual reaction
Fear and other emotions elicited by few stimuli
Conditioned emotional responses and Pavlovian conditioning
*
Because classical conditioning involves simple reflexive behavior, people dismiss it as unimportant or as historical interest. However, Pavlovian research has contributed immensely to the understanding of many human problems. This chapter will introduce the class to the application of classical conditioning in “reality.”
Fear – The first person to study human emotions systematically was John B. Watson. Before Watson, if was assumed that fear was caused by faulty reasoning or an instinctual reaction, such as being innately afraid of fire. Watson found that few stimuli aroused fear or other strong emotional reactions.
However, when objects were paired with emotionally arousing situations, emotional responses were easily invoked. This suggests that emotional responses are learned through Pavlovian conditioning. Watson called these emotional responses conditioned emotional responses. We now know that emotional reactions are learned using Pavlovian conditioning. Watson discovered this and his work has vastly improved our understanding and treatment of emotional disorders, particularly phobias.
Phobias
A phobia is a persistent, irrational, and disruptive fears of a specific object, activity, or situation. It is neither justified nor based in reality.
One of the most common behavior problem is phobia.
Out of 1000 people surveyed, 198 were afraid of the dentist and 390 were afraid of snakes.
People who experience phobia are aware that the fear is irrational and want to overcome the problem.
Rats, fear, and conditioned suppression.
*
Conditioned Suppression – Reduction of the rate of an ongoing behavior due to exposure to an aversive CS. This is a convenient way to measure fear: the greater the reduction in a CR, the more there is evidence of fear. This is a way to define and measure fear objectively and systematically. For example, if a rat presses a lever at a steady rate for food and then a light is conditioned to signal oncoming shock, the mere presence of the light reduces lever pressing. The faster the reduction, likely the higher the fear in the rat.
Conditioned Fear and Albert
Watson and Rayner (1920) began studying fear by testing infant reactions to specific stimuli thought to be innately fear provoking:
Potentially innately fearful stimuli did not elicit fear.
Loud noises were an effective US for fear responses.
Watson and Rayner (1920) decided to use Pavlovian conditioning to establish fear in 11 month-old Albert.
*
Stimuli included cats, dogs, fire, etc.
This suggests that, to survive, fear reactions must be learned, and likely are not genetically encoded. A good, unable to be answered, question is if fear is not genetic and is learned, are p.
Specific Phobia Essay
This document discusses an experiment examining the role of new protein synthesis in the prefrontal cortex (Prl) in forming contextual fear memories in mice. Mice were given contextual fear conditioning (CFC) training to associate an environment with a mild foot shock. Immediately after training, mice were infused with either anisomycin, which inhibits new protein synthesis, or a saline vehicle into the Prl. Mice given anisomycin showed impaired contextual fear memory compared to controls when tested 24 hours later, indicating new protein synthesis in the Prl is required for long-term contextual fear memory formation. Within the initial 2 minutes of testing, freezing levels did not differ between groups.
Chapter18
This document provides an overview of key topics in social psychology, including social thinking, attribution of behavior, attitudes and their relationship to actions, social influence through conformity and obedience, group influence, social relations like prejudice and aggression, and how psychology studies these concepts scientifically. It discusses pioneers in the field like Fritz Heider, Philip Zimbardo, and Stanley Milgram and their influential studies on attribution, roles and attitudes, and obedience. The summary focuses on how social psychology examines how people think about, influence, and relate to one another both at the individual and group levels.
Stress and conflicts
THE EFFECT OF FRUSTRATION,
CONFLICT AND STRESS.
For a common person, distinction between motivation and emotional states (or feelings) is not important.
However, for a student of behavioral sciences or a researcher on human motivation, it is important to understand this distinction
Q3L07 - Explanations of prejudice
This document summarizes several theories that attempt to explain prejudice and discrimination:
1) Frustration-aggression hypothesis argues that frustration leads to aggression, which is often displaced onto weaker groups or scapegoats.
2) Adorno's authoritarian personality theory proposed that punitive child-rearing causes clusters of prejudices that persist into adulthood. However, it cannot fully explain rapid social changes or societal-level prejudice.
3) Social dominance theory attributes prejudice to acceptance of ideologies that legitimize domination of some groups over others. People with a high desire for their group's dominance are more inclined toward prejudice.
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Aggression about aggression definition types control .ppt
Aggression about aggression definition types control .ppt
The study of the human being can be narrowed down into what is ref.docx
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Pinel, J. P. (2010). Biopsychology, 8th Edition [VitalSource Book.docx
Pinel, J. P. (2010). Biopsychology, 8th Edition [VitalSource Book.docx
DEBASHREE_SINHAAGGRESSION2021-01-07AGGRESSION-ppt.pptx
DEBASHREE_SINHAAGGRESSION2021-01-07AGGRESSION-ppt.pptx
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This is sometimes referred to as the Person–Environment Correspondence
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Elementary school guidance counselors work with students individually, in small groups, and in classrooms to help them develop self-awareness, interpersonal skills, decision-making skills, study habits and transition successfully to intermediate school. Counselors provide educational, academic and social-emotional counseling, assess student abilities and interests, and confer with teachers and parents. They maintain confidentiality except in situations of safety risk or legal requirements and obtain parental permission for individual or group counseling sessions.
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
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His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Aggression and Hurting (Social Psychology)
- 1. Aggression and Hurting The nature and nurture of aggression
- 2. French Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) blames society, not human nature, for social evils. Jean-Jacques Rousseau Is Aggression an Instinct?
- 3. English Philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) sees society’s laws as necessary to restrain and control the human brute. Thomas Hobbes Is Aggression an Instinct?
- 4. In the last century, “brutish” view—that aggressive drive is inborn and thus inevitable—was argued by Sigmund Freud and Konrad Lorenz. Inborn Is Aggression an Instinct? Instinctual Both agreed that that aggressive energy is instinctual (unlearned and universal) If not discharged, it builds up until it explodes
- 5. Freud speculated that human aggression springs from a self-destructive impulse It redirects toward others the energy of a primitive death urge (death instinct) Sigmund Freud Is Aggression an Instinct?
- 6. An animal behavior expert, he saw aggression as adaptive rather than self-destructive KonradLorenz Is Aggression an Instinct?
- 8. Neural Influences Researchers have found neural systems in both animals and humans that facilitate aggression When scientists activate these areas in the brain, hostility increases; when they deactivated them, hostility decreases. The prefrontal cortex acts like an emergency brake on deeper brain areas involved in aggressive behavior.
- 9. Neural Influences In one experiment, researchers placed an electrode in an aggression-inhibiting area of a domineering monkey’s brain. One small monkey, given the button that activated the electrode, learned to push it everytime the tyrant monkey became intimidating. In human, after a woman receives electrical stimulation in her amygdala (a part of the brain core), the woman became enraged and smashed her guitar against the wall.
- 10. Genetic Influences Heredity influence the neural system’s sensitivity to aggressive cues. Animals can be bred for aggressive purposes, as in cock fighting; sometimes for research purposes Finish Psychologist KirstiLagerpetz (1979) took normal albino mice and bred the most aggressive ones together and the least aggressive ones. After repeating the procedure for 26 generations. Aggression varies among humans and primates (Asher, 1987; Olweus, 1979). Our temperaments are partly brought with us in the world, influenced by our sympathetic nervous system.
- 11. Levels of various substances in the blood can provide clues to a patient's condition and aggression When people are provoked, alcohol unleashes aggression (Bushman, 1993; Bushman & Copper, 1990; Taylor & Chermack, 1993) Violent people are more likely to drink and to become aggressive when intoxicated (White & others, 1993) Aggressiveness also correlates with the males sex hormone, testosterone Testosterone levels are high among prisoners convicted of unprovoked violent crimes than of non-violent crimes (Dabbs, 1992; Dabbs & others, 1995, 1998) Blood Chemistry
- 15. Social Learning Theory/Observational Learning(Albert Bandura) Aggression is initially learned from social behavior and it is maintained by other conditions Aggressive responses can also be acquired through social modeling or social reference. Everyday life exposes us to aggressive models in the family. Social environment outside the home provides models. Bandura (1979) contended that aggressive acts are motivated by a variety of aversive experiences—frustration, pain, insults. Psychological Influences
- 17. Painful Accidents Pain heightens aggressiveness in individuals. Leonard Berkowitz (1983, 1989, 1999) and his associates demonstrated aggressiveness by having students hold one hand in lukewarm water or painfully cold water. Those whose hands were submerged in the cold water reported feeling more irritable and more annoyed, and they were more willing to blast another person with unpleasant noise Berkowitz concluded that aversive stimulation rather than frustration is the basic trigger of hostile aggression.
- 18. But any aversive event, whether dashed expectation, a personal insult, or physical pain, can incite an emotional outburst Even the torment of a depressed state increases the likelihood of hostile aggressive behavior Painful Accidents
- 19. An uncomfortable environment heightens aggressive tendencies. Offensive odors, cigarette smoke, and air pollution have all been linked with aggressive behavior (Rotton & Frey, 1985) But heat is the most-studied environmental irritant. William Griffit (1970) found that compared to students who answered questionnaires in a room with a normal temperature, those who did so in an uncomfortable hot room reported feeling more tired and aggressive, and experienced more hostility. Follow-up experiments revealed that heat also triggers retaliative actions (Bell, 1980; Rule & others, 1987). Heat
- 20. Being attacked or insulted by another is especially conducive to aggression. Experiments confirm that intentional attacks breed retaliatory attacks. Attacks
- 21. The subjective feeling of not having enough space—is stressful Crammed in the back of the bus, trapped in a slow moving freeway traffic, or living three to a small room in a college dorm diminishes one’s sense of control (Baron & others, 1976; McNeel, 1980) The stress experienced by animals allowed to overpopulate a confirmed environment that heighten aggressiveness (Calhoun, 1962; Christina & others, 1960) Crowding
- 22. How to reduce aggression
- 23. Prepared by: Jeel Christine C. de Egurrola The end.