General introduction about oilseed crops and their pest. Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies.

1. Zakia khatoon
Sabika Zahra
S.Mudassira
Diya Fatima
Perveen Alam

2. INTRODUCTION
 Oilseed crops are grown for the oil contained in seeds
 Contain moderate amount of proteins and fibers.
 Oil content of oilseeds range from 1-2% in wheat 20%
in soybeans to over 40%in sunflower and rapeseed.
 Major world sources of edible oils are soybeans,
sunflowers, rapeseed, cotton and groundnuts.
 Oilseed crop production is enhanced 82% over last 30
years with increasing world population.

3. Importance of oilseeds
 Essential part of agriculture and economy.
 Energy source for dairy cattle.
 Source of fats and edible oils.
 Edible vegetable oils are used as salad or cooking oil
 Solidified form of oils replaced animal products as
butter, lard to meet worlds population needs.

4.  Contribute to renewable energy production
 Crambe oil contains erucic acid, giving it economic
importance for use in the electricity sector.
 Crambe oil can be used in insulating fluids and in the
manufacture of chemical products.

5. Cont…
 Industrial uses:
 Flaxseed oil (unsaturated fatty acid) used in paints,
varnishes
 Vegetable oils used in printing inks, erasers, core oils or
coating, greases, plastics , cooking etc.
 Residue remaining are major source of nutrients for
farm animals.
 Oilseed meals from protein rich soybeans, peanuts,
rapeseed provide nutritionally balanced feeds to cereals.

6. Oilseed crops in Pakistan
 Cottonseed
 Rapeseed
 Mustard
 Canola
 Sunflower
 Safflower
 Groundnut
 Sesame

7. Pests of oilseeds
 Pest damage many oilseeds and loss in farms and
storages
 Pests can be classified according to different factors as
 taxonomic grouping,
 feeding habitat,
 distribution.
 Some pests are specific to particular crop and others
are general.

8. Types according Feeding habitat
 Pests with chewing mouthparts:
 eat parts of crops as flowers, foliage, stem, roots or buds.
 Eat portion of leaves; leave holes in leaves by fleas and
beetles
 cause bud abscission, reduce pods yield, delayed
flowering (weevils) and bores.

9. Cont…
 Pests with sucking mouthparts: pests include
aphids, bugs, thrips, whiteflies, mites and jassids.
 Cause plant to discolor, twist and curl.
 Spider and mites cause yellow speckles
 Plant bugs cause darkened spots, reduce photosynthetic
capacity of plant
 Aphids, whiteflies cause coatings of black sooty mold

10. Control of pests/ IPM
 Integrated pest management (IPM)
 Pest management is mandatory which is done by
following methods
 Biological control
 Cultural control/Physical control
 Chemical control
 Crop rotation

11. Biological control
 Using other organisms as
predators, parasites or
herbivore
 Active human management
is important
 E.g: mosquitoes controlled
by bacillus thuringensis ssp

12. Cultural control
 Also known as mechanical pest control/ tillage.
 Use hands on technique, simple equipments
(dibbles, hoes, shovels, rotary tillers, subsoilers)
 Provide a protective barrier b/w insects and plants.
 The tillage kills the weeds via 2 mechanisms:
uprooting them, burying their leaves (cutting off
their photosynthesis)

14. Chemical control
 Using pesticides
 Chemicals that kill pests or inhibit their development
 Types depend on pests form
 Weedicides
 Fungicides
 Herbicides
 Rodenticides
 Avicides
 Bactericides
 insecticides

15. Pesticides

16. Crop rotation
 The growing of different crops in series on a piece of land
to avoid exhausting the soil and to control weeds, pests,
and diseases.
 The changing of crops in a sequence decreases the
population level of pests by
 interrupting pest life cycles
 interrupting pest habitat.
 By Damaging host plants

18. • Groundnut is most important cash crop .
It is rich source of protein and oil.

19. MAIN PRODUCTION AREAS
 The main production areas are located in the western
and northwestern Free State, North-West, Northern
Cape, Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces.
 China grows more peanut than anywhere else in the
world

20. Insect pests of groundnut
 There are many insects that cause the economy of
groundnut crops

21. Balclutha hortensis
 Identification: B. hortensis adults are small and have a
well developed appendix on the tegmen.
 hey suck sap from central surface of leaves; inject
toxins resulting in whitening of veins and chlorotic
patches especially at the tips of leaflets.

23. control
 Applying safe insecticides such as Dimethoate 30 EC,
or Monochrotophos 36SL can be effective against
jassid.

24. Caliothrips indicus
 In the case of C. indicus both adults and nymphs are
dark colored with fringed.
 symptoms of damage is different as tender leaves show
yellowish green patches on the upper surface; brown
necrotic areas and silvery sheen on the lower surface.
Severe infestations cause stunted plants.

25. control
 Spraying Monochrotophos 36 WSC, Dimethoate 30
EC, Methyldemeton 25 EC, or Monocrotophos 320 ml
mixed with neem oil, 1 lit and 1 kg soap powder mixed
in 200 lit of water twice at 10 days interval can be
effective against thrips infestations.

26. Aphis craccivora
 A. craccivora is known as groundnut aphid or cowpea
aphid
 They feed on the growing tips, tender foliage, flowers
and growing pegs causing stunting and distortion of
the foliage and stems.

28. control
 Biological control agents such as flower bugs
(Anthocorids), and etc. would be effective in
controlling aphid.

29. Odontotermes obesus
 Termites are social insects, live in territorial, in distinct
castes, workers, kings and queen.
 termites are one of the major soil pests of
groundnutTermites.
 They penetrate, hollow out the tap root and feed on
the roots of the groundnut. The attack continues with
boring holes into pods and damages the seed

30. CONTROL
 Termites can be controlled mechanically by avoiding
physical loss of the crop during harvesting,
destruction of debris, nests and queen. Applying
insecticides like Chlorpyriphos 20 EC, Lindane 1.3% or
Chlorpyriphos dust in soil before sowing may reduce
termite damage

31. Caryedon serratus
 It is the only species that can penetrate intact pods to
infest the kernels.
 Infestation of the harvested groundnuts can occur
while the crop is being dried in the field, stored near
infested stocks or crop residues.

34. Diya fatima

35. Sunflower Moth
 Banded sunflower moths are a threat in all sunflower
growing regions.
 larvae are a pink-red color (and sometimes green).
 Most of their eggs are deposited on the outer whorl of
seeds in the sunflower head and more may be laid on
its underside.

37. Cont….
 Feeding larvae can prevent proper plant development
and significantly reduce seed count, reducing yield
and quality.
symptoms
 Inadequate pollination due to larvae feeding on florets
and pollen
 Silk-like webbing on sunflower heads are a sign of
feeding larvae
 Empty seeds from feeding larvae

38. Monitoring and Management
 Late-planted crops are usually less susceptible to
banded sunflower moth damage
 Sample for banded sunflower moth in the early
morning or late evening, when they are most active
 Apply insecticides like Besiege®, Karate with Zeon
Technology® or Warrior II with Zeon Technology®

39. Cutworms
 There are many different cutworm species that feed on
sunflower. For most species, eggs laid the previous
summer hatch each May or June. Cutworms can
damage young plants above or below the soil surface
by cutting through the stem and feeding on foliage.

41. Cont….
 Symptoms
 Small, transparent spots on leaves from young larvae
feeding
 Wilted, severed or dying seedlings resulting from older
larvae feeding
 Notches in leaves or cotyledons can appear when
planting on already-infested fields

42. Monitoring and Management
 Look for cut plants at least twice each week during
early emergence.
 Dig near damaged plants during the daytime to scout
for cutworms.
 Tillage can reduce infestations
 Apply Besiegeor Warrior II with Zeon
Technology insecticide at emergence or just before to
control cutworm feeding above ground

43. Pests of soyabean crop
 Description:
 Soybean, Glycine max, is an herbaceous annual plant
in the family Fabaceae grown for its edible seeds.
 The soybean plant is usually an erect bush with woody
stems and alternately arranged leaves. The leaves
possess three individual leaflets which are oval or
lance-like in shape

45. The soybean plant produces small white or purple
flowers and curved seed pods

46. Common Pests and Diseases Category : Bacterial
 Bacterial blight Pseudomonas syringaea
 Soybean infected with bacterial blight
 Symptoms
 Water-soaked spots on leaves which enlarge and
become necrotic;
 spots may be surrounded by a zone of yellow
discoloration;
 leaves that die remain attached to plant; circular,
sunken, red-brown lesion may be present on pods;

48.  Management
 Plant only certified seed;
 plant resistant varieties;
 treat seeds with an appropriate antibiotic prior to
planting to kill off bacteria;

49.  Bacterial pustule Xanthomonas campestris
 Bacterial pustule (pimples)symptoms on soybean
Symptoms
 Tiny pale green spots with raised centers on both
upper and lower leaf surfaces which develop raised
pustules in lesion center;
 pustules usually form in lesions on lower leaf surface;
 small red-brown spots may develop on pods of some
varieties

51. Managment:
 Plant varieties of soybean that are resistant to bacterial
pustule;
 spray plants with an appropriate fungicide before
appearance of symptoms

52. Category : Fungal
 Rhizoctonia stem rot Rhizoctonia solani
 Symptoms
 Damping-off (pre- or post-emergence death) of
seedlings caused by red-brown lesions which girdle the
stem;
 lesions or cankers may be present on the stem of older
plants and cause the death of the plant mid-season

53.  Management
 Treat seeds with an appropriate fungicide prior to
planting;
 plant less susceptible varieties of soybean; plant only
in well-draining soils

54.  Rust Phakopsora pachyrhizi
 Symptoms
 Gray or red-brown water-soaked spots on leaves ,
lesions may also be present on stems, petioles and
pods;
 plants drop leaves and mature prematurely

56.  Management:
 Plant soybean varieties that are resistant to rust;
 applications of appropriate foliar fungicides can help
to control the disease

57. Insects Pests
 Armyworms (Beet armyworm, Western striped
armyworm) Spodoptera exigua
Spodoptera praefica
 Beet armyworm larvae feeding on soybean leaves
 Symptoms
 Singular, or closely grouped circular to irregularly shaped holes
in foliage;
 heavy feeding by young larvae leads to skeletonized leaves;
 shallow, dry wounds on fruit;

59.  Management
 Organic methods of controlling armyworms include
biological control by natural enemies which parasitize
the larvae.

60. varivestis
 Symptoms
 Irregular patches of feeding damage on underside of
leaves which causes the top surface of the leaf to dry
out, giving the leaves a lacy appearance;
 insect will also damage flowers and small pods; pods
may be damaged so badly that they drop from the
plants.