Adeno tonsillar diseases
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This document provides an overview of adenotonsillar diseases, including the anatomy and functions of the tonsils and adenoids. It discusses acute infections like tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscesses, and infectious mononucleosis. Chronic diseases covered include chronic tonsillitis, tonsillar hypertrophy, and adenoid hypertrophy. The document also reviews surgical indications and techniques for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.
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Adeno tonsillar diseases
- 7. PALATINE TONSILS (CONTD…) The styloid process when enlarged may be palpated intraorally in the lower part of tonsillar fossa. The glossopharyngeal nerve and styloid process can be approached through the tonsil bed after tonsillectomy.
- 10. ADENOIDS
- 12. FUNCTIONS OF TONSILS AND ADENOIDS
- 13. ACUTE INFECTIONS
- 30. PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS (QUINSY) ■ A peritonsillar abscess is a collection of pus lateral to the tonsil. ■ The clinical symptoms include severe usually unilateral sore throat, odynophagia, trismus and lymphadenopathy. ■ TREATMENT: – It includes antibiotics, needle aspiration of pus or incision and drainage. – The antibiotics usually given are intravenous high-dose penicillin or a cephalosporin. – THE INITIAL MANAGEMENT OF CHOICE IS ASPIRATION OF THE ABSCESS USING A WIDE-BORE NEEDLE ALONG WITH INTRAVENOUS ANTIBIOTICS, USUALLY HIGH- DOSE PENICILLIN OR CEPHALOSPORIN. – INDICATION FOR INTERVAL TONSILLECTOMY should take into account any background history of tonsillitis or more than one episode of quinsy on the same side. – Tonsillectomy during the acute attack is not a very popular treatment option, as the release of pus into the oral cavity either spontaneously or therapeutically carries with it the risk of aspiration in severely ill patients.
- 31. RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS ■ This is a rare but serious complication of acute tonsillitis, seen mainly in infants and children less than 5 years of age. ■ It presents as the infection tracks into the lymphoid tissue between the posterior pharyngeal wall and the prevertebral fascia. The child is usually systemically unwell and there may be evidence of airway compromise or an associated neck abscess. ■ THE DIAGNOSIS can be confirmed by CT scanning. ■ TREATMENT: – It is initially high-dose intravenous antibiotics. – If pus collection is suspected, urgent incision and drainage is done under general anesthesia. – The drainage is usually done perorally but occasionally external drainage via neck may be appropriate. – Very rarely, tracheostomy is necessary. – Retropharyngeal abscess due to tuberculosis requires specific antibiotic treatment.
- 32. PARAPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS ■ Occasionally, peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscess may be complicated by spread of infection to the parapharyngeal space. ■ Pus collection in this space presents with severe trismus and possibly airway compromise in a systemically unwell patient. ■ The diagnosis is confirmed by ultrasound or CT scanning, which also helps in treatment planning. ■ Treatment includes high-dose broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics and drainage of the abscess. ■ Deep neck space sepsis may be complicated by progression to life-threatening infections including mediastinitis or retroperitoneal sepsis. ■ Patients with parapharyngeal space infections must be treated quickly as the abscess can spread down “Lincoln Tunnel” into the mediastinum----- Clinically, this may be confused with a peritonsillar abscess, and, if indicated, a CT scan with contrast should be obtained.
- 36. PFAPA SYNDROME
- 39. OROPHARYNGEAL CANDIDIASIS OR ORAL THRUSH ■ It is caused by overgrowth of Candida albicans and often presents in patients with a history of immunosuppression, radiation, or altered microflora following long-term broad-spectrum antibiotic use. ■ On exam, there are white cottage cheese like plaques over the pharyngeal mucosa, which bleed if removed with a tongue depressor. ■ Clinical diagnosis may be confirmed with potassium hydroxide staining revealing fungal hyphae. ■ Treatment: – Initial therapy usually consists of oral hygiene and topical treatment. – Some of the available agents include oral nystatin preparations, amphotericin lozenges, and clotrimazole troches.
- 40. CHRONIC DISEASES
- 43. CLINICAL FEATURES: The size of the adenoid mass (relative to the available space in the nasopharynx) and infection are important in causing the nasal, aural or general symptoms.
- 44. SIGNS
- 45. INVESTIGATIONS
- 47. --- CURRENT DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT OTOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD & NECK SURGERY, 4TH EDITION
- 55. SURGERY