UNIT - IV
Combinational Logic Circuits: Basic Theorems and Properties of Boolean Algebra, Canonical and Standard Forms, Digital Logic Gates, The Map Method, Product-of-Sums Simplification, Don’t-Care Conditions, NAND and NOR Implementation, Exclusive-OR Function, Binary Adder-Subtractor, Decimal Adder, Binary Multiplier, Magnitude Comparator, Decoders, Encoders, Multiplexers.
Power Amplifiers: Classification of amplifiers, Class A power Amplifiers and their analysis, Harmonic Distortions,
Class B Push-pull amplifiers and their analysis, Complementary symmetry push pull amplifier, Class AB power
amplifier, Class-C power amplifier, Thermal stability and Heat sinks, Distortion in amplifiers.
IC Design of Power Management Circuits (IV)Claudia Sin
by Wing-Hung Ki
Integrated Power Electronics Laboratory
ECE Dept., HKUST
Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
www.ee.ust.hk/~eeki
International Symposium on Integrated Circuits
Singapore, Dec. 14, 2009
UNIT - IV
Combinational Logic Circuits: Basic Theorems and Properties of Boolean Algebra, Canonical and Standard Forms, Digital Logic Gates, The Map Method, Product-of-Sums Simplification, Don’t-Care Conditions, NAND and NOR Implementation, Exclusive-OR Function, Binary Adder-Subtractor, Decimal Adder, Binary Multiplier, Magnitude Comparator, Decoders, Encoders, Multiplexers.
Power Amplifiers: Classification of amplifiers, Class A power Amplifiers and their analysis, Harmonic Distortions,
Class B Push-pull amplifiers and their analysis, Complementary symmetry push pull amplifier, Class AB power
amplifier, Class-C power amplifier, Thermal stability and Heat sinks, Distortion in amplifiers.
IC Design of Power Management Circuits (IV)Claudia Sin
by Wing-Hung Ki
Integrated Power Electronics Laboratory
ECE Dept., HKUST
Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
www.ee.ust.hk/~eeki
International Symposium on Integrated Circuits
Singapore, Dec. 14, 2009
PN junction diode –structure, operation and V-I characteristics, diffusion and transient capacitance - Rectifiers – Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier,– Display devices- LED, Laser diodes- Zener diodecharacteristics-Zener Reverse characteristics – Zener as regulator,TRANSISTORS, BJT, JFET, MOSFET- structure, operation, characteristics and Biasing UJT, Thyristor and IGBT Structure and characteristics,BJT small signal model – Analysis of CE, CB, CC amplifiers- Gain and frequency response –
MOSFET small signal model– Analysis of CS and Source follower – Gain and frequency response- High frequency analysis,BIMOS cascade amplifier, Differential amplifier – Common mode and Difference mode analysis – FET input stages – Single tuned amplifiers – Gain and frequency response – Neutralization methods, power amplifiers –Types (Qualitative analysis),Advantages of negative feedback – voltage / current, series , Shunt feedback –positive feedback – Condition for oscillations, phase shift – Wien bridge, Hartley, Colpitts and Crystal oscillators.
UNIT - II
BJTs: Transistor characteristics: The junction transistor, transistor as an amplifier, CB, CE, CC configurations, comparison of transistor configurations, the operating point, self-bias or Emitter bias, bias compensation, thermal runaway and stability, transistor at low frequencies, CE amplifier response, gain bandwidth product, Emitter follower, RC coupled amplifier, two cascaded CE and multi stage CE amplifiers.
ROOT-LOCUS METHOD, Determine the root loci on the real axis /the asymptotes o...Waqas Afzal
Angle and Magnitude Conditions
Example of Root Locus
Steps
constructing a root-locus plot is to locate the open-loop poles and zeros in s-plane.
Determine the root loci on the real axis
Determine the asymptotes of the root loci
Determine the breakaway point.
Closed loop stability via root locus
Two port network parameters, Z, Y, ABCD, h and g parameters, Characteristic impedance,
Image transfer constant, image and iterative impedance, network function, driving point and
transfer functions – using transformed (S) variables, Poles and Zeros.
The presentation explains working of pn junction diode, V-I characteristics, breakdown mechanism, ac and dc resistance, diode capacitance, effect of temperature and equivalent circuit. It also covers special diodes, LED, Varicap diodes, Tunnel diode, and working of LCD
PN junction diode –structure, operation and V-I characteristics, diffusion and transient capacitance - Rectifiers – Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier,– Display devices- LED, Laser diodes- Zener diodecharacteristics-Zener Reverse characteristics – Zener as regulator,TRANSISTORS, BJT, JFET, MOSFET- structure, operation, characteristics and Biasing UJT, Thyristor and IGBT Structure and characteristics,BJT small signal model – Analysis of CE, CB, CC amplifiers- Gain and frequency response –
MOSFET small signal model– Analysis of CS and Source follower – Gain and frequency response- High frequency analysis,BIMOS cascade amplifier, Differential amplifier – Common mode and Difference mode analysis – FET input stages – Single tuned amplifiers – Gain and frequency response – Neutralization methods, power amplifiers –Types (Qualitative analysis),Advantages of negative feedback – voltage / current, series , Shunt feedback –positive feedback – Condition for oscillations, phase shift – Wien bridge, Hartley, Colpitts and Crystal oscillators.
UNIT - II
BJTs: Transistor characteristics: The junction transistor, transistor as an amplifier, CB, CE, CC configurations, comparison of transistor configurations, the operating point, self-bias or Emitter bias, bias compensation, thermal runaway and stability, transistor at low frequencies, CE amplifier response, gain bandwidth product, Emitter follower, RC coupled amplifier, two cascaded CE and multi stage CE amplifiers.
ROOT-LOCUS METHOD, Determine the root loci on the real axis /the asymptotes o...Waqas Afzal
Angle and Magnitude Conditions
Example of Root Locus
Steps
constructing a root-locus plot is to locate the open-loop poles and zeros in s-plane.
Determine the root loci on the real axis
Determine the asymptotes of the root loci
Determine the breakaway point.
Closed loop stability via root locus
Two port network parameters, Z, Y, ABCD, h and g parameters, Characteristic impedance,
Image transfer constant, image and iterative impedance, network function, driving point and
transfer functions – using transformed (S) variables, Poles and Zeros.
The presentation explains working of pn junction diode, V-I characteristics, breakdown mechanism, ac and dc resistance, diode capacitance, effect of temperature and equivalent circuit. It also covers special diodes, LED, Varicap diodes, Tunnel diode, and working of LCD
Number systems - Efficiency of number system, Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimalconversion
from one to another- Binary addition, subtraction, multiplication and division,
representation of signed numbers, addition and subtraction using 2’s complement and I’s
complement.
Binary codes - BCD code, Excess 3 code, Gray code, Alphanumeric code, Error detection
codes, Error correcting code.Deepak john,SJCET-Pala
Number System, Conversion, Decimal to Binary, Decimal to Octal, Decimal to Binary, Decimal to HexaDecimal, Binary to Decimal, Octal to Decimal, Hexadecimal to Decimal, Binary to Octal, Binary to Hexadecimal, Octal to Hexadecimal, BCD, Binary Addition
Contents:
1.What is number system?
2.Conversions of number from one radix to another
3.Complements (1's, 2's, 9's, 10's)
4.Binary Arithmetic ( Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
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1. JNTUH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MANTHANI
DIGITALELECTRONICS
(Fundamentals)
By
Kumar Saliganti
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICALAND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
2. DIGITALELECTRONICS
It’s a field of electronics involving the study of digital
signals and the engineering of the devices that use or
produce them.
What is signal?
A signal is a function that represents the variation of a
physical quantity with respect to any parameter.
(Independent quantity like Time, Distance).
3. • The system which process or works on the digital signals.
• Extensively used in computation of data processing,
control systems, communications & measurements .
DIGITAL SYSTEMS
LOGIC
DESIGN
CIRCUIT
DESIGN
SYSTEM
DESIGN
4. It has replaced many tasks of Analog systems.
Also digital systems are easy to design
Information storage is easy.
Accuracy & precision are greater.
It’s more versatile.
They are less affected by noise.
More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC
chips.
Reliability is more.
ADVANTAGES OVER ANALOG SYSTEM
5. Many physical quantities are Analog in nature.
& outputs,
Which are often the inputs
continually monitored, operated and
controlled by a system.
When they are processed & expressed
digitally, we are really making a digital
approximation to an inherently analog
quantity.
LIMITATIONS OF DIGITALTECHNIQUES
The real world
isAnalog.
7. Introduction to Number Systems
Counting in Decimal and Binary
Decimal to Binary Conversion
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Decimal to Binary Conversion
Hexadecimal Numbers
Octal Numbers
NUMBER SYSTEMS
8. Information Representation
Elementary storage units inside computer are electronic switches.
Each switch holds one of two states: on (1) or off (0).
We use a bit (binary digit), 0 or 1, to represent the state.
ON OFF
In general, N bits can represent 2N different values.
bits are needed.
1 bit - represents up to 2 values (0 or 1)
2 bits - rep. up to 4 values (00, 01, 10 or 11)
3 bits - rep. up to 8 values (000, 001, 010. …, 110, 111)
4 bits - rep. up to 16 values (0000, 0001, 0010, …, 1111)
For M values, log2M
9. Positional Notations
Decimal number system, symbols = { 0, 1, 2, 3, …, 9 }
Position is important
Example:(7594)10 = (7x103) + (5x102) + (9x101) +(4x100)
In general, (anan-1… a0)10 = (an x 10n) + (an-1 x 10n-1) + … + (a0 x
100)
(2.75)10 = (2 x 100) + (7 x 10-1) + (5 x10-2)
In general, (anan-1… a0 . f1f2 … fm)10 = (an x 10n) + (an-1x10n-1) + …
+ (a0 x 100) + (f1 x 10-1) + (f2 x 10-2) + … + (fm x10-m)
10. Other Number Systems
Binary (base 2): weights in powers-of-2. Binary digits (bits): 0,1.
Decimal(base 10): weights in powers-of-10, Decimal digits: 0, 1,
2, 3, …, 9
Octal (base 8): weights in powers-of-8. Octal digits:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Hexadecimal (base 16): weights in powers-of-16. Hexadecimal
digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
18. • Groupinto3's startingat least significant symbol
• Write one octal digit for each group
Example: Convert
2
(10011111)2to( )8
010 011 111
3 7
Answer = (237)8
BINARY to OCTAL
if the numberof
bits is not evenly
divisible by 3, then
add0's at the most
significant end
20. BINARY to HEXADECIMAL
• Group into 4's starting at leastsignificantsymbol write1 hexa digit
for each group.
E.g Convert (1010111010)2 to( )16
10 1011 1010
A
2 B
Answer= (2BA)16
If the number of
bits is not evenly
divisible by 4,
then add 0's at
the most
significant end.
21. HEXADECIMAL to BINARY
0011
0101 1011
0001
Answer = (0011010110110001)2
• For each of the Hexa digit write its binary equivalent.
E.g: Convert (35B1)16 to( )2
3 5B1
use 4bits
to
represent
22. Steps
Convert octal number to its binaryequivalent.
Convert binary numberto its hexadecimal equivalent.
E.g.: Convert (736.35)8 to ( )16
7 3 6 . 3 5
000 111 011 110 . 011 101 00
1 D E . 7 4
OCTAL to HEXADECIMAL
ANSWER: (1DE.74 )16
23. Steps
1.Convert hexadecimalnumber to its binaryequivalent.
2.Convert binary number toits octal equivalent.
E.g. Convert (A4C.6 )16 = ( )8
HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL
A 4 C . 6
1010 0100 1100 . 0110
00
5 1 1 4 . 3 0
ANSWER: (5114.30 )8
25. DECIMAL to ANYBASE
Decimal To any
Base
IntegerPart
Successive
Division Method
Fractional Part Successive
Multiplication
Method
26. Steps in Successive Division Method
1. Divide the integer part ofdecimal number by desired base number, store
Quotient (Q)and remainder (R).
2. Considerquotient asa new decimalnumber and repeat Step1until
quotient becomes 0.
3. List the remainders in the reverseorder.
Steps in Successive Multiplication Method
1. Multiply the fractional part of decimalnumber by desired base number.
2. Record the integer part of product as carry and fractionalpart as new fractional
part.
3. RepeatSteps1and 2 until fractional part of product becomes 0 or until you
have many digits as necessaryforyourapplication.
4. Read carriesdownwardsto get desired base number.
27. Decimal to Binary Conversion
Convert (108)10 into binary number
(108)10 = (1101100)2
Decimal to Octal Conversion
Convert (2477.64)10 into octal number
DECIMAL TO ANY BASE
(2477.64)10 = (4655.5075)8
28. Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
Convert (2479)10 into Hexadecimal number
(2479)10 = (9AF)16
29. 1’sCOMPLEMENT
The 1’s complement of a binary number is the number that
results when we change all 1’s to zeros and the zeros toones.
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
NOT OPEARATION
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
30. 2’s COMPLEMENT
The 2’s complement thebinary number that results when
add 1 to the 1’s complement. It is givenas,
2’s complement = 1’s complement + 1
Example: Express 35 in8-bit 2’s complement form.
35in8-bit form is 00100011
+
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
1
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
1’s complement
2’s complement
31. 9’s COMPLEMENT
The 9’s complement of a decimal digit isthe number that must be
addedto it to produce9. The complement of 3 is 6, the complement
of 7 is 2.
Example: Obtain9’s complementof 7493
Solution:
9 9 99
- 7 4 9 3
2 506 9’s complement
32. 10’s COMPLEMENT
The10’s complementof the given number is obtainedby adding1 to
the 9’s complement. It is given as,
10’s complement = 9’s complement + 1
Example: Obtain10’s complement of 6492
9999 3507
- 6 49 2 + 1
3 5 07 3 508 10’s complement
Solution:
34. BINARY SUBTRACTION
• The Subtraction Consists of Four Possible Elementary
Operations.
• In Case of Second Operation the Minu end bit is Smaller
than the Subtrahend bit, hence 1 is borrowed. 0-0=0
0-1=1(borrow 1)
1-0=1
1-1=0
0
- 0
1
0
1
1
0
1 1 1 1
1
1
1
Borro
w
EXAMPLE:
Operatio
ns