The document discusses various skin conditions and problems. It begins by describing the structure of skin, which consists of three layers - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. It then summarizes several common skin issues like dry skin, acne, pigmentation, prickly heat, wrinkles and body odor. For each topic, it provides an overview of causes and treatments.

1. STRUCTURE OF SKIN AND SKIN RELATING
PROBLEMS
PRESENTED BY : NEHA
SHARMA
M.PHARM(PHARMACEUTICS)

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Structure of skin
 Dry skin
 Acne
 Pigmentation
 Prickly heat
 Wrinkles
 Body odor

3. INTRODUCTION
Skin is the largest organ of the body, accounting for about 15% of the
total adult body weight. It performs many vital functions, including
protection against external physical, chemical, as well as prevention of
excess water loss from the body and a role in thermoregulation.

4. STRUCTURE OF SKIN

5. LAYERS OF SKIN
Epidermis :
 Outer layer that is s barrier to infection “superficial”
 Made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells.
 Avascular.
Dermis:
 Middle layer that contains nerves,
 Hair roots
 Sweat and oil glands and blood vessels.
Hypodermis:
 Fat, blood vessels and connective
tissue that help to maintain
body temperature.

6. Epidermis
Epidermis divided in to different regions or strata:
 Stratum basale ( germinitivum)
 Stratum spinosum
 Stratum granulosum
 Stratum lucidum
 Stratum corneum

7. Dermis
Dermis lies between the epidermis and subcutaneous layer and
contains many type of sensory receptor for touch, pressure,
vibration, pain, temperature etc.
The type of cells located in the dermis are:
 Fibroblasts,
 Mast cells
 Histocytes.
 Hair follicles, nerves ,
 lymphatic vessels and
 sweat glands

8. Hypodermis
 Deep to skin and also known as subcutaneous tissue.
 Consist of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic
fibers.
Main type of cells in hypodermis are :
 Fibroblast
 Adipose tissue
 Macrophages
Functions as:
 Energy source
 Insulation

9. SKIN RELATING PROBLEMS

10. DRY SKIN
 Dry skin has a low level of sebum and can be prone to
sensitivity. which refers to roughened, flaky, or scaly skin that is
less flexible than normal and dry to feel. The dry skin is the
common problem in all age groups, but more in elderly
individuals.
 The water content of the stratum
corneum play important role for
maintaining the normal appearance
and texture of skin.
 It usually feels “tight”
 Uncomfortable after washing .
 Chapping and cracking are signs of dehydrated skin.
 It looks dull, mainly on the cheeks and around the eyes.

11. CAUSES
 Poor diet, nutritional deficiencies, and especially deficiencies of
vitamin A and the vitamin B can also contribute to dry skin.
 Dry skin is not a sign of skin diseases, but is simply caused by
harsh soaps, itchy clothing, exposure to sun, cold environment,
chemicals and long hot showers.
 The oil glands do not produce enough lubrication to the skin
which lead to dry skin.
 Medications you take and even medical conditions such as
diabetes, hypothyroidism, malnutrition can also cause severe
dry skin.

12. HOW TO CARE FOR DRY SKIN
 Skip long hot shower. Hot water strips oils from the skin faster
than warm water.
 Use a gentle cleanser or shower gel with moisturizer.
 Go for soap free or mild soap cleansers instead of harsh
cleanser.
 Moisturize while skin is moist moisturizer increases the water
content of the outer layers of skin and gives it a soft look.

13. DIET RECOMMENDATION FOR
DRY SKIN
 Fatty fish like trout contain high of omega-3 fatty acid which
help to retain moisture and strengthen your skin.
 vitamin E is one of the most important anti-oxidant for skin.
 Water rich low sugar fruits are
great way to hydrate and protect
skin from dryness.
 Eat plenty of water every
day to keep your skin hydrated.

14.  Green tea loaded with skin nourishing antioxidants, it has
anti- inflammatory properties that heal damaged skin.
 Eat items such as
 vegetables
 Eggs, fishes
 Nuts like almonds,
 Asparagus that are high in
sulfur, which help keep
your skin soft and shiny.

15. ACNE

16. DEFINITION OF ACNE
ACNE : is an inflammatory skin condition that occurs when oil
and dead skin cells blocks the pore opening causing sebum to
build up in side the pores.
 Acne is affected by two major factors: heredity and hormones

17. Stages of acne formation:
Clogged pores: cells lining pores shed and mix with excess
sebum production by sebaceous glands forming a plug which
leads to clogged pores.
Bacteria : accumulation sebum and dead cells attach with
bacteria naturally found in skin, which feeds on oil and
multiplication occur inside pore.
Inflammation : This bacterial overgrowth triggers the natural
inflammatory response which leads to redness and swelling.

18. CAUSES OF ACNE

19. TREATMENT OF ACNE
 Use cleansers for oily skin toners also help to remove excess
sebum.
 Avoid using fatty skin care and cosmetic products; use non
comedogenic products(designed and proven not to clog the
follicles).
 Do not use harsh products or over clean acne-prone skin as this
can lead to inflammation.

20.  Mild and moderate cases of acne can be treated by trained
salon and spa etc.
 Use anti-androgen, anti-biotic like tetracycline, co-
trimoxazole to stop growth of bacteria and reduce
inflammation.

21. PIGMENTATION

22. . Pigmentation: Pigmentation means coloring. Skin
pigmentation disorders affect the color of skin. Skin gets its color
from pigment called melanin. It occur due to the deposition of the
melanin, which is produce by specialized cells called melanocytes
with in melanosomes and transferred to keratinocytes

23. TYPES OF PIGMENTATION

24. ACTIVATION OF MELANIN

25. TREATMENT
 Topical prescription medication such as 4% hydroquinone are
often use to treat hyperpigmentation.
 Aloe Vera contain aloin, a natural depigmenting compound.
 Gentle cryotherapy use to treat variety of lesions.(in very low
temp.)
 Over the counter brightening product that contain licorice root,
pine tree, vitamin E, vitamin C.
 Drugs used to treat pigmentation
 corticosteroids, azelaic acid
 Trichloro acetic acid Retinoic acid

26. PRICKLY HEAT

27. PRICKLY HEAT
 Heat rash is the generic group name for a number of skin
problems that arise or worsen because of heat exposure.
Common names for heat rash include prickly heat, sweat
retention syndrome, and "sun” allergy.
 This disorder occurs all year round
in the tropics, and elsewhere in the
summer months when the weather
is hot and humid.
 In the tropics it is most commonly
seen from March to September especially in visitors from cooler
climates.

28. CAUSES 0F PRICKLY HEAT

29. TREATMENT ADVICE
 Remain in a cool environment e.g.
air conditioning, or close to a fan,
and allow for adequate ventilation
of the skin.
 Take cool showers or baths,
several times a day, and always
after exercise or heat exposure.
Always pat dry the skin with a
towel, do not rub vigorously.
 Use cool packs on affected areas
(but not for longer than 20 minutes
per hour).

30. WRINKLES
Wrinkles are lines and furrow that form in your skin. These are
especially noticeable around your mouth, neck, hands, and eyes.

31. CAUSES
 Smoking: Smoking can accelerate the normal aging process
of your skin, contributing to wrinkles. This may be due to
changes in the blood supply to your skin.
 Repeated facial expressions: Facial movements and
expressions, such as squinting or smiling, lead to fine lines and
wrinkles. Each time you use a facial muscle, a groove forms
beneath the surface of the skin. And as skin ages, it loses its
flexibility and is no longer able to spring back in place. These
grooves then become permanent features on your face.

32.  Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light: Ultraviolet radiation, which
speeds the natural aging process, is the primary cause of early
wrinkling. Exposure to UV light breaks down your skin's
connective tissue — collagen and elastin fibers, which lie in the
deeper layer of skin (dermis).
 Age. As you get older, your skin naturally becomes less elastic
and more fragile. Decreased production of natural oils dries
your skin and makes it appear more wrinkled.

33. TREATMENT
 Topical retinoids: Derived from vitamin A, retinoids — such as
tretinoin (Renova, Retin-A) and tazarotene (Avage, Tazorac) —
that you apply to your skin may reduce fine wrinkles, splotches
and skin roughness.
 Because retinoids can make your skin burn more easily, you'll
need to use a broad-spectrum sunscreen and wear protective
clothing daily. Retinoids may cause redness, dryness, itching,
and a burning sensation.
 Nonprescription wrinkle creams: The effectiveness of anti-
wrinkle creams depends in part on the active ingredients.
Retinol, antioxidants and some peptides may result in slight to
modest improvements in wrinkles.

34. Rhytidectomy: is a type of cosmetic surgery procedure used to
give a more youthful facial appearance.

35. BODY ODOR

36. Body odor: body odor is the perceived unpleasant smell
our bodies can give off when bacteria that live on the skin break
down sweat in to acid. Body odor caused by the combination of
sweat and bacteria normally found in skin.

37. CAUSES

38. PREVENTION
 A large concentration of apocrine glands is present in the
armpits, making that area susceptible to the rapid development
of body odor.
 The following steps may help control armpit odor:
 Keep the armpits clean: Wash them regularly using anti-
bacterial soap, and the number of bacteria will be kept low,
resulting in less body odor.
 Hair: When armpits have hair, it slows down the evaporation of
sweat, giving the bacteria more time to break it down into
smelly substances. Shaving the armpits regularly has been
found to help body odor control in that area.

39.  Deodorant or antiperspirant: Deodorants make the skin
more acidic, making it more difficult for bacteria to thrive. An
antiperspirant blocks the sweating action of the glands,
resulting in less sweating.

40. TREATMENT
 Wash daily with warm water: Have a shower or bath at
least once a day. Remember that warm water helps kill off
bacteria that are present on your skin. If the weather is
exceptionally hot, consider bathing more often than once a
day.
 Clothing: Natural fibers allow your skin to breathe, resulting
in better evaporation of sweat. Natural-made fibers include
wool, silk or cotton.

41. Aluminum chloride: This substance is usually the main active
ingredient in antiperspirants. If your body does not respond to the
home remedies mentioned above, talk to a pharmacist or your
doctor about a suitable product containing aluminum chloride.
Follow the instructions.
Avoid spicy foods: Curry, garlic, and other spicy foods have the
potential to make some people's sweat more pungent. Some
experts believe a diet high in red meat may also raise the risk of
developing more rapid body odor.