I Mr. Omkar B. Tipugade, Assistant Professor, Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, Radhanagari. This chapter notes as written as per MSBTE syllabus. Read all notes carefully and all the best for exam and future.

1. CONCEPT OF HEALTH
Health Education and Community Pharmacy (0810)
Mr. Omkar B. Tipugade
M-Pharm (Pharmaceutics)
Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, Radhanagari.
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2. AGENDA:
 Health:
 Health education:
 Dimensions of health/ Aspects of health:
 Determinants of health:
 Indicators of health:
 Concept of disease:
 Concept of prevention of diseases:
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3. HEALTH:
 Is a state of complete physical, mental and social will being and not merely
absence of disease or infirmity.
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5. HEALTH EDUCATION:
 Health education means educating the mass with regard to different health
problem, about the knowledge regarding the cause and prevention of disease
common in India, especially in the rural areas so that they can take an interest
in helping to develop health consciousness.
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6. DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH/ ASPECTS OF HEALTH:
Physical Health:
 A state of well-being when all internal and external body part, organ tissue and
cell function properly as they are supposed to function.
 It is the perfect functioning of the body i.e. a state in which ovary cell and
every organ is functioning at optimum capacity and in perfect harmony with
the rest of body.
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7.  Physical health is indicated by various sign like good complexion, clean skin,
bright eye, good appetite (Hunger), sound sleep, regular activity of bowel and
bladder, smooth and easy body movement etc.
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8. Mental Health:
 A state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own
potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and
fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to her to his community.
 A state of balance between the individual and surrounding with self-
confidence, self-control and has respect for other.
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9. Social Health:
 It is the health of person that pertains to the way he or she socializes, interacts,
has relationship and gets along with other people.
 Ability of and individual to adjust with the society.
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10. Spiritual Health:
 Spiritually is unique to each individual. “Spirit” usually refers to the deepest
part of person, the part that lets one to make meaning of his world. Spirit
provides person with the reveling sense of who you are, why you are here and
what your purpose for living is?
 It includes integrity, principle, ethics and purpose in life.
 It is those health's which evoke the good spirit and right things to keep away
from bad activities.
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11. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH:
A)Individual :
1. Genetic
2. Life style
B) Environmental:
1. Socioecomic development
2. Political will
3. Availability of health service
4. Other factor
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12. Individual :
1. Genetic:
 Hereditary factor is one of the causes of certain disease. The genetic characters
inherited from parents are responsible for giving rise to some kind of ill-health.
 E.g. Diabetes.
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13. 2. Life style:
 The way of life, attitude towards life and awareness regarding healthy living all
affect the health of individual. The life style affect health in both the way i.e. it
may promote and maintain health or it may adversely affect the health.
 Health require healthy lifestyle many disease are associated with
lifestyle .e.g. obesity, heart disease.
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14. B) Environmental:
1. Socioeconomic development:
 Development of society play important role in getting rid from health
hazardous customs and traditions. Socioeconomic development and growth of
society is multifactorial in nature.
 Integrated effort of different sector result in the development of society. Thus
improvement in economic, educational, cultural sector can collectively cause
development of society.
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15. 2.Political Will:
 Poverty is the cause of ill-health. The poor people living in slums, lacking good
hygienic condition are the target of disease agent.
 People in rural area who do not have access to health service and who can’t
afford to pay for medical treatment are too the victims of ill health.
 A political system oriented towards social development promotes good health.
Social, economic and political actions are required to eliminate health hazards.
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16. 3. Availability of health care service:
 The government of each country provides the health care service to its subject
at an affordable cost.
 Essential components of primary health care are:
i. Adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation.
ii. Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition.
iii. Immunization against major infectious disease.
iv. Maternal and child health care and family planning service.
v. Education of people about health problem and method of preventing
and controlling them.
vi. Provisions of essential drugs.
vii. Prevention and control of locally endemic disease.
viii. Appropriate treatment of common disease and injuries.
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17. 4. Other factors:
 health is the issue that involve social, economic, political, cultural, educational,
moral, nutritional, development, psychological , biological occupational,
spiritual and many more aspects.
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18. INDICATORS OF HEALTH:
Health indicator are defined as
-criteria by which inference of assessment of health can be evolved.
- criteria from which health is measured .
- indicator which measure the health of community and compare it with other
community.
- indicator which helps in measuring the objective and target achievement of
health programmes.
Types of Indicator:
i. Mortality indicator ii. Morbidity indicator
iii. Disability rate iv. Sanitation indicator
v. Health care service indicator vi. Socioeconomic indicator
vii. Quality of life indicator
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19. 1.Mortality indicator:
 Mortality rates are the indirect measure of health.
 Determining mortality rate in different age group in a community e.g. Infant
mortality rate , child mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, disease specific
mortality rate and crude death rate indicates the health status of that
community.
 Determination of life expectancy is widely used as a major indicator of health
status.
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20. 2.Morbidity Indicator:
 The evolution of health by mortality rate is objective and results are of Yes/No
type. It measures the severity of condition endangering life.
 Morbidity indicators are used to describe the ill health of those who are
actually suffering from disease illnesses.
 It includes epidemiologic studies that determine incidence and prevalence of
disease and statistical data showing notification of disease, number of
admission in the hospital etc.
3.Disability rate:
 This tells about health status between disease and death, where it can be event
type or person type indicator.
 Nowadays even restricted daily activity (e.g. bed rest) is considered as
disability as far as health evolution is concerned.
 Disability rate are determined from limitation of mobility and limitation of
activity.
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21. 4.Health care service indicator:
 They include doctor: population ratio, population: bed ratio and population:
health center ratio.
5. Sanitation indicator:
 Adequate nutritional requirement if not fulfilled will result into ill-health that
can be measured in terms of height, weight measurement of school children.
 The percentage of population with safe water and sanitation facilities and
measurement of air, water, noise pollution are the indicator used to measure
health status.
6.Socioeconomic indicators:
 They include population growth rate, precipitate income, level of
unemployment literacy, family size, number of person per room etc. 21

22. 7.Quality of life indicator:
 Health status can be measured by describing the quality of life the individuals
and whole community leads.
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23. CONCEPT OF DISEASE:
 A condition in which body health is impaired, a departure from a state of
health, an alteration of the human body interrupting the performance of vital
functions.
 A condition of the body or some part or organ of the body in which its function
are disturbed or deranged.
 Any deviation from normal functioning or state of complete physical or mental
well-being.
Natural history of disease:
 Natural history of diseases signifies the way in which the disease evolves over
time from the earliest stage to its termination as recovery, disability or death.
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24.  Its phases are:
1.Prepathogenesis:
 This refers to the period before the onset of disease.
 Causative agents of many diseases are present in the surrounding
environment.
 Causative factor become predominant or the person is made susceptible to the
attack of these causative factors through weak, physical health that the
diseased state is induced in the man.
2.Pathogenesis:
 It begins with the entry of the disease causing agent in the susceptible human
host. This initiates cycle of events like: incubation of the causative microbe for
a specific period of time in the host, its multiplication and subsequent tissue
and physiological changes.
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25. Disease Agent:
 The disease agent is defined as a substance living or non-living, or a force
tangible or nontangible, the excessive presence or lack of which may initiate or
perpetuate a disease process.
Classification with examples:
1. Biological Agents: The living agents like viruses, fungi, bacteria, protozoa,
rickettsia are the biological agents responsible for causation of disease.
2. Nutrient Agents: These can be proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins,
minerals and water. Excess or deficient intake of these leads to nutritional
disorders like anemia, obesity, night blindness, beriberi, scurvy, dehydration, and
edema. Etc.
3. Physical Agents: Exposure to excessive heat, cold, humidity,
pressure, radiation, electricity, sound results in illness.
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26. 4. Chemical Agents: Certain chemical substances produced in excess by the body
because of derangement of metabolic functions lead to diseases. These are the
Endogenous agents causing the disease.
Eg. Excess of bilirubin leads to Jaundice.
 a. Excess of uric acid leads to Gout.
 b. Excess of calcium carbonate forms kidney stones.
5. Exogenous agents are acquired by the body from the environment by
inhalation, ingestion or inoculation; cause various acute or chronic diseases.
Various exogenous chemical agents are allergens, metals, fumes, dusts,
insecticides etc.
6. Mechanical Agents: Exposure to frequent or chronic friction and other
mechanical forces result in tearing, sprains, dislocation etc.
7. Social Agents: Poverty, smoking, drug abuse, unhealthy life styles, social
isolation and maternal deprivation can act as causative factors for the
development of disease.
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27. CONCEPT OF PREVENTION OF DISEASES:
 Prevention of disease is defined as ways/methods to promote and preserve
health, restore it when it is impaired and to minimize the sufferings.
 Prevention can be done at 3 levels:
I) Primary prevention: It can be defined as “action taken prior to the onset of
disease, which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur”.
- It is affected at every stages to minimize risk factor associated with the disease.
- The health promotion programme improve the general health of the person by
cultivating person hygiene and healthy habits.
- By improving food distribution and nutrition and by improving enviromental
sanitation, one can drastically minimize the rate of the casuative agents on the
person.
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28.  Exposing the masses to health education , sex education anf family planning,
one can improve the life style as well as human behavior of an individual. This
leads to increase the physical fitness of the people.
II) Secondary prevention:
 It can be defined as the “action which halts the progress of a disease at its
incipient stages and prevent complications.” This involves early detection and
treatment of the disease.
 Even after taking all precaution and care , the causative factor succeed in
inducing the diseased rate in the person. The early identification of the nature
of the causative factor (i.e. diagnosis) will help the physician to trigger the
proper treatment and control further progress of the disease.
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29. III) Tertiary prevention:
 It is taking the steps when disease has already progressed i.e. late pathogenesis
phase. It includes measures to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities,
minimizes sufferings caused by diseases and to promote the patient’s
adjustment to untreatable conditions. Rehabilitation is the main mode of
intervention.
 The person is diseased if primary prevention fails. In such cases, an early but
correct diagnosis of the disease helps to constitute right treatment of the
diseased person.
 However, sometimes because of the typical nature of the disease(e.g. cancer) ,
it cannot be diagnosed at its early stages.
 If the patient is neglected and if he has not been offered proper medical care
then it leads to futher clinical complication , or the development of permanent
disability or death of the patient .
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30.  The aim of the tertiary prevention is to inhibit the development of further
clinical complication or permanent disability in the patient.
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31. Thanking You !
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