Skin and skin condition Structure and function of skin Various diseases DERMATITIS Acne oily and Dry skin study

1. SKIN AND SKIN
CONDITIONS
Mr. Pavan S. Jagtap
MASTER IN PHARMACEUTICS
Prin.K.M.Kundnani College of of Pharmacy
Mumbai

2. TITLE
• Introduction Of Skin
• Oily Skin
• Dry Skin
• Comedogenic/ Acne Vulgaris
• Dermatitis

3. SKIN
• Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate
Animals
• The skin is the body’s largest organ, made of water, protein, fats and minerals.
• Outer most layer of skin is Stratum corneum which is also called as Horney Layer.
Layer of skin
• EPIDERMIS
• DERMIS
• HYPODERMIS / Subcutaneous

4. Epidermis
The epidermis is the thin outer layer of the skin. It consists of 3 types of cells:
Squamous cells. The outermost layer is continuously shed is called the stratum
corneum.
Basal cells. Basal cells are found just under the squamous cells, at the base of the
epidermis.
Melanocytes. Melanocytes are also found at the base of the epidermis and make
melanin. This gives the skin its color.
Dermis
The dermis is the middle layer of the skin. The dermis contains the following:
Blood vessels Lymph vessels Hair follicles Sweat glands Collagen bundles
Fibroblasts Nerves
body's heat and protects the body from injury by acting as a shock absorber.

5. The middle layer, the dermis, is fundamentally made up of the fibrillar
structural protein known as collagen. The dermis lies on the subcutaneous
issue, or panniculus, which contains small lobes of fat cells known as
ipocytes.
The thickness of these layers varies considerably, depending on the
geographic location on the anatomy of the body. The eyelid, for example,
has the thinnest layer of the epidermis, measuring less than 0.1 mm,
whereas the palms and soles of the feet have the thickest epidermal layer,
measuring
approximately 1.5 mm. The dermis is thickest on the back, where it is 30–40
imes as thick as the overlying epidermis

6. Sebaceous glands
The dermis is held together by a protein called collagen. This layer gives skin
flexibility and strength. The dermis also contains pain and touch receptors.
Subcutaneous fat layer
The subcutaneous fat layer is the deepest layer of skin. It consists of a
network of collagen and fat cells. It helps conserve the b

7. SKIN
Skin has several functions_
• provides a barrier to water loss and pathogens
• protects against diverse forms of trauma, including thermal, chemical and
ultraviolet radiation.
• Skin keeps us in touch with outer environment through a host of nerve endings (
Sensory Organ )
• Immunological function
• regulates body temperature
• synthesizing vitamin D

9. OILY AND DRY SKIN
• Oily Skin – Oily skin occurs when sebaceous glands in your skin produce too
much of a waxy, oily substance known as sebum. Sebum keeps your skin
lubricated and protects it against excess moisture, but can leave you with a greasy
complexion and increase your risk of pimples and acne breakouts if there’s too
much of it.
• Stress, humidity, genetics, and fluctuations in hormones are just a few of the
reasons why your face may be oily.

10. DRY SKIN
:
Dry skin has low level of sebum & can be prone to sensitivity it usually feels
“tight’ & uncomfortable after washing unless some type of moisturizer or skin
cream is applied .
Chapping and cracking are sign of extremely dry dehydrated skin .
It looks dull , especially on the check & around the eye. Theremany be tiny
expression
line on these spot & at the comes of mouth
Causes of dry skin :
Weather (season)
Central heating & air conditioning , fireplace
Tight clothing or compression
Harsh soaps & detergent
Sun expOsure

11. • Using harsh deodorants or cleaning products
• taking long, hot showers or baths
• living in cold, dry conditions
• using heat sources, such as central heating or wood-burning stoves, that dry out the air
• Dehydration
• Ekzema : Eczema describes a group of skin conditions that cause itchy, inflamed, dry skin.
These conditions include atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis

12. • Kidney Disease : When the kidneys do not work properly, the body may not be able to
maintain the right balance of minerals, nutrients, and water in the blood. People with
kidney disease tend to urinate more than usual.
All this reduces the amount of fluids inside the body and can lead to dry skin
• Anorexia : People living with the eating disorder anorexia restrict their food intake. This
can lead to malnutrition, which in turn may cause dry skin
• Medications
Some medicines can affect the balance of fluids in the body and lead to dry skin. They
include: Diuretic laxatives antacids

13. Skin moisturizers Alleviate the discomfort associated with dry skin symptoms
restore pliability and moisture to the stratum corneum
Three major groups/eategories
- Emollients (hydrophobie molecules, makes rough skin smooth)
- Humectants (hygroscopic, helps to maintain a large water
pool in the stratum corneum and improves skin’s visco elasticity)
- Occlusives (slows down the trans epidermal water loss.
- Miscellaneous

14. Health C.A.R.E. Series by Kristen Wright, FNP-C, APRN, MSN
• Adds moisture to skin by attracting water to
skin
moisturizer
• Softens skin
• Occlusive (but temporary)
• Contain emulsifier to prevent separation
emollients
• Helps bind water to skin & absorbs moisture
• Examples: glycerin, urea, sugars (glucose,
fructose, honey, sorbitol), proteins, amino
acids (pyroglutamic acid) elastin and
collagen, alpha hydroxyl acids (lactic acids or
salts)
Humectants

15. Moisturizing agents are chemicals that are used for
reconditioning of the skin and reduction of loss of moisture
Moisturizers increase the water content in the stratum
corneum by acting as hydrating agents
They are bland oleaginous substances that are used to replace
natural skin oils, to cover tiny fissures in the skin, and to
provide a soothing protective film They help in reducing the
evaporation of skin moisture
and maintain hydration and improve the appearance and
tactile properties of the dry and ageing skin

16. Mechanisms of natural moisturizing factors for skin hydration
Stratum corneum (SC) consists of flattened cornified cells (corneocytes) surrounded by
extracellular lipid matrix. Whereas skin lipids repel water, the hydration of corneocytes is critical
for maintaining biologic functions of skin. The hydration of corneocytes is provided by the
natural moisturizing factor (NMF), a mixture of amino acids and other derivatives originating
from filaggrin. It is generally accepted that NMF acts as a humectant mixture. We the molecular
mechanisms of hydration provide a basis for identifying improved skin moisturizer
technologies

17. FORMULATION
Ingredients
Quantity for 100 g
(%)
Stearic acid 4.0%
Liquid paraffain 8.0%
Lanolin 1.0%
Glyceryl
monostearate
3.0%
Glycerin 4.0%
Propylene glycol 4.0%
Isopropyl myristate 2.0%
Triethanolamine 0.2%
Water to make 100.0%

18. COMEDOGENIC / ACNE VULGARIS
• Tending to cause blackheads by blocking the pores of the skin.
• Especially of a cosmetic or skin care product) tending to clog pores and encourage
the formation of blackheads.
• Acne vulgaris is a common follicular disorder affecting susceptible hair follicles, most
commonly found on the face, neck, and upper trun
• Acne is the most commonly encountered skin condition in adolescents and young
adults between ages 12 and 35.
• Both genders are affected equally, although onset is slightly earlier for girls.
• Acne becomes more marked at puberty aring adolescence

19. Etiology :
Genetic
Hormonal
Bacterial factors
Family history of acne
Pathophysiology :
During puberty, androgens stimulate the sebaceous glands. Causing them to enlarge and
secrete a natural oil, sebum, which rises to the top of the hair follicle and flows out onto the
skin surface.
In adolescents who develop acne, androgenic stimulation produces a heightened response
in the sebaceous glands so that acne occurs when accumulated sebum plugs the
pilosebaceous ducts.

20. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
The primary lesions of acne are comedones.
• Closed comedones (i.e. whiteheads) are obstructive lesions formed
from impacted lipids or oils and keratin that plug the dilated follicle.
They are small, whitish papules with minute follicular openings that
generally cannot be seen.
• These closed comedones may evolve into open comedones, in
which the contents of the ducts are in open communication with the
external environment.
The color of open comedones (ie, blackheads) results not from dirt,
but from an accumulation of lipid, bacterial, and epithelial debris.
Some closed comedones may rupture, resulting in an inflammatory

21. TOPICAL PHARMACOLOGIC
Benzoyl Peroxide _
Benzoyl peroxide preparations are widely used because
they produce a rapid and sustained reduction of inflammatory lesions.
They depress sebum production and promote breakdown of comedo plugs.
They also produce an antibacterial effect by suppressing P. acnes.
Benzoyl peroxide, benzoyl erythromycin, and benzoyl sulfur combinations are available over the
counter and by prescription.
Vitamin A acid (Tretinoin) applied topically is used to clear the keratin plugs from the
pilosebaceous ducts.

22. SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY
Antibiotics.
Oral antibiotics, such as tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline, administered in small doses
over a long period are very effective in treating moderate and severe acne, especially when the
acne is inflammatory and results in pustules, abscesses, and scarring.
Oral Retinoids.
Synthetic vitamin A compounds (ie, Retinoids) are used in patients who are unresponsive to
conventional therapy.
Isotretinoin is used for active inflammatory papular
pustular acne that has a tendency to scar.
Isotretinoin reduces sebaceous gland size and inhibits sebum production.

23. DERMATITIS
The inflammation of the skin characterized by erythema and pain or pruritis is called as dermatitis.
TYPES
It is mainly divided into 4 types
- Contact dermatitis
- Atopic dermatitis
- Seborrheic dermatitis
- Exfoliative dermatitis

24. CONTACT DERMATITIS
It is the inflammatory reaction of the skin because of exposure to physical,
chemical or biological agents.
• The main causes of contact dermatitis includes acids, alkalies, soap, detergents,
cosmetics, iodine, petroleum products, nail polish, lubricating oils etc
Frequent contact with water and extreme of heat and cold can also predisposed
to contact dermatitis.
CLINICAL FEATURES
• ACUTE PHASE
• SUB ACUTE PHASE
• CHRONIC PHASE

25. ACUTE PHASE
Erythema Itching Burning sensation over the affected area
Edema Formation of vesicles Oozing from the wound
SUB ACUTE PHASE
Crusting Drying
Fissuring (formation of fissures)
Skin peeling
CHRONIC PHASE
Hyper/hypo pigmentation
Skin become thick Secondary infection will occur

26. ATOPIC DERMATITIS
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic relapsing pruritic type of inflammatory sin disorder.
More common among children
ETIOLOGY - The exact cause is unknown
RISK FACTORS
Elevated level of Ig E- Increase sensitivity towards histamine- Family history of dry skin,
eczema, asthma and allergic rhinitis

27. CLINICAL FEATURES
Atopic dermatitis starting from infancy with the
symptoms of red, oozing, crusting rashus.
As child grows chronic form of dermatitis will develop which include thickened dry
skin, brownish gray colour scales and localized rash will develop.
As child grow older rashus will mainly over elbow, back of knee, neck, eye lids and
back of hands and feet.

28. SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS
It is a chronic inflammatory disease skin which involves scalp, eye bro ear canals, axilla and trunk.
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
• The exact cause is unknown
• Patients who are taking methyldopa in case of parkinson’s disease
Hypertension Aids
CLINICAL FEATURES
• Formation of yellow or white plaques with scales and crust
• Mild pruritis
• Dandruff and erythema of scalp

29. EXPLORATIVE DERMATITIS
It is the skin disorder which is characterized by excessive peeling and
shadding of the skin
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
• The exact cause is unknown
- Pediculosis
- Psoriasis
- Use of sulfonamides
- lymphoma
CLINICAL FEATURES
- Weakness – Fever – Malaise – Chills - Weight loss

30. THANK YOU✨