The document discusses various common skin related problems. It begins by describing the structure and layers of skin - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. It then examines several specific skin issues in detail, including dry skin, acne, pigmentation, wrinkles, prickly heat, and body odor. For each topic, it outlines the causes, symptoms, and approaches for prevention and treatment. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of a healthy diet and lifestyle, as well as using herbal cosmetics, to treat and prevent many skin problems.

1. SKIN RELATED PROBLEMS
Submitted to
Dr. Vivek Dave
Associate Professor
Head of Department
Department of Pharmacy
School of Health Science
Prepared by
Mr. Sree Prakash Pandey
(CUSB2006122010)
M.Pharm (Pharmaceutics)
1st year (II Sem)
Session 2020-2021
School of Health Science
Central University of South Bihar, Gaya

2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• SKIN
• STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
• TYPES OF PROBLEMS RELATING TO SKIN
• DRY SKIN
• ACNE
• PIGMENTATION
• WRINKLES
• PRICKLY HEAT
• BODY ODOR
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
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3. Introduction
Skin
• The external surface of the
body.
• About 16% of an adult’s total
body weight.
• The skin mainly intends to
protect human beings against
environmental aggressions. 3

4. • The skin is
composed of
three layers:
The
epidermis,
The dermis,
and
Subcutaneou
s tissue.
Image Source: Andrews’ Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed., p. 1), by W.D. James, T.G. Berger, and
D.M. Elston, 2006, Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. Copyright 2006 by Elsevier Saunders. Reprinted with permission.
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5. EPIDERMIS
• The epidermis is a stratified, squamous epithelium
layer.
• It is composed primarily of two types of cells:
i.e, keratinocytes and dendritic cells.
• It is outer layer of skin which act as a barrier to
infection from external environment as
superficially.
• Epidermis divided into 5 different regions:
• Stratum basal ( germinitivum)
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum lucidum
• Stratum corneum
5

6. DERMIS
• Dermis is fibrous, filamentous, and amorphous connective
tissue.
• The dermis comprises the bulk of the skin and provides its
pliability, elasticity, and tensile strength.
• The type of cells located in the dermis are:
 Fibroblasts,
 Mast cells, Histocytes,
 Hair follicles, nerves,
 lymphatic vessels and sweat glands.
• It protects the body from
 Mechanical injury,
 Regulate body temperature,
 Maintain water and electrolyte balance,
 Participate in vitamin D synthesis, and
 receptors of sensory stimuli.
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7. Subcutaneous layer
• Deepest layer of skin, also known as Hypodermis.
• This layer is attached skin to the muscles and tissue below it.
• Main type of cells in subcutaneous layer are :
Adipose tissue
Fibroblast
Macrophages
• Functions as:
Energy source
Insulation 7

8. SKIN RELATED PROBLEMS
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9. DRY SKIN
• It is an uncomfortable condition marked
by scaling, itching, and cracking.
• Dry skin has a low level of sebum and can
be prone to sensitivity.
• In medical term the dry skin is known as
Dermatitis.
• The moisture as a water content of the
stratum corneum play important role for
maintaining the normal appearance and
texture of skin.
9

10. Causes & symptoms of dry skin
• Signs and symptoms of dry skin depend on person’s age, health, where he live,
time spent outdoors and the cause of the problem.
• Dry skin is likely to cause one or more of the following:
• A feeling of skin tightness, especially after showering, bathing or swimming
• Skin that feels and looks rough
• Itching (pruritus)
• Slight to severe flaking, scaling or peeling
• Fine lines or cracks
• Gray, ashy skin
• Redness
• Deep cracks
• Causes are mostly weather, heat, harsh soap & detergents, other skin conditions.
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11. Care & Prevention of Dry Skin
• Moisturize. Moisturizer seals skin to keep water from
escaping.
• Limit water exposure. Keep bath and shower time to 10
minutes or less. Turn the dial to warm, not hot. Try to
bathe no more than once a day.
• Skip the drying soap. Try cleansing creams, gentle skin
cleansers and shower gels with added moisturizers.
• Cover as much skin as possible in cold or windy
weather. Winter can be especially drying to skin, so be
sure to wear a scarf, hat and gloves when you go out.
• Wear rubber gloves. If you have to immerse your hands
in water or are using harsh cleansers, wearing gloves can
help protect your skin. 11

12. Cont…
• Vitamin E & C is one of the most important
anti-oxidant for skin.
• Fatty fish such as Salmon contain high of
omega-3 fatty acid which help to retain
moisture and strengthen the skin.
• Walnuts are most essential for healthy skin
because nuts contains more omega-3-fatty
acid.
• Beta-Carotene like Sweat Potato or Carrot
contains provitamin A also important for dry
skin.
• Green tea as an anti-oxidant may help protect
your skin from damage and aging. 12

13. ACNE
• Acne is skin disorder that occurs due to hair
follicles become plugged with oil and
dead skin cells.
• It causes whiteheads, blackheads or pimples
projection skin, mostly in teenagers.
• Acne produce on skin mainly two factors:
Hormones, and
Heredity
• Common sites for acne are the face, chest,
shoulders, neck, and back -- the sites of oil
glands. 13

14. Symptoms & Causes
• Acne signs vary depending on the severity of your condition:
• Whiteheads (closed plugged pores)
• Blackheads (open plugged pores)
• Small red, tender bumps (papules)
• Pimples (pustules), which are papules with pus at their tips
• Large, solid, painful lumps under the skin (nodules)
• Painful, pus-filled lumps under the skin (cystic lesions)
• Four main factors cause acne:
• Excess oil (sebum) production,
• Hair follicles clogged by oil and dead skin cells,
• Bacteria, and
• Inflammation.
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15. Prevention & Treatments of Acne
• Avoid using fatty skin care and cosmetic products; use non comedogenic
products.
• Topical medications: Clindamycin with benzoyl peroxide (Benzaclin, Duac,
others) and erythromycin with benzoyl peroxide (Benzamycin).
• Antibiotics: A tetracycline and macrolides.
• Anti-androgen: Spironolactones, it works by blocking the effect of androgen
hormones on the oil-producing glands.
• Salicylic acid: Salicylic acid may help prevent plugged hair follicles and is
available as both wash-off and leave-on products.
• Therapies: Light therapy, Chemical therapy & Steroid injection.
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16. PRICKY HEAT
• Pricky heat is also called heat rash.
• Skin feels sting due to overheating.
• Red skin as tiny bumps,
uncomfortable and itchy.
• It usually happens on clothed parts of
the body, such as back, abdomen,
neck, upper chest, groin, or armpits.
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17. • Symptoms
Red bumps and itching occur in an area where sweat has been trapped
underneath layers of skin.
• Prevention & treatment for prickly heat include:
• calamine lotion
• topical steroids
• anhydrous lanolin
• wearing loose-fitting clothing
• avoiding skin products that contain petroleum or mineral oil.
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18. PIGMENTATION
•Coloring is the kind of pigmentation
which may affect the color of skin.
•The skin color depends upon the
concentration of melanin, which is
produced by melanocytes.
•There are mainly two types of
pigmentation occurs:
• Hyperpigmentation,
• Hypopigmentation.
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19. Activation of melanin from sunlight
• A major extrinsic regulator of melanogenesis
is ultraviolet radiation (UVR), including UVA
and UVB light.
• This is the main stimulus for melanin
production, leading to induced pigmentation
of the skin, or ‘tanning’.
• UVR increases proliferation and recruitment
of melanocytes to the epidermis, as well as
the production of melanosomes.
• This occurs due to an increased level of
reactive oxygen species, which causes DNA
damage and activation of enzymes involved
in melanogenesis, such as tyrosinase.
19
Image Source: Kumari Sulekha & et al.; Melanogenesis
Inhibitors; Accepted Jul 3, 2018; Epub ahead of print Jul
4, 2018; Acta Derm Venereol 2018.

20. WRINKLES
• Wrinkles, a natural part of aging, are
most prominent on sun-exposed
skin, such as the face, neck, hands
and forearms.
• Wrinkles are the lines and creases
that form in the skin.
• Wrinkles affect people of different
skin tones differently due to
structural and functional differences
in the skin.
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21. Causes & Symptoms
• Wrinkles are caused by a combination of factors:
• Age
• Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light
• Smoking
• Dehydration
• Repeated facial expressions
• Topical retinoids: Vitamin A, tretinoin (Renova, Retin-A) and tazarotene
(Avage, Tazorac).
• Nonprescription wrinkle creams: Retinol, antioxidants and some peptides.
• A facelift, is a type of cosmetic surgery that aims to make people look more
youthful. It usually involves removing some facial skin and fat, with or
without tightening the underlying tissues.
Treatment
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22. BODY ODOR
• Body odor is usually unpleasant body
smell.
• The unpleasant smell occurs due
bacterial function on the skin surface to
cell (protein).
• This is due to puberty, excessive sweat,
or poor hygiene.
• It is most likely to occur in the places
e.g, Armpit, feet, groin, anus, etc.
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23. Prevention
• Wash daily with warm water
• Clothing: Natural fibers allow your skin to breathe, resulting in better
evaporation of sweat. Natural-made fibers include wool, silk or cotton.
• Aluminum chloride: This substance is usually the main active
ingredient in antiperspirants.
• Avoid spicy foods: Curry, garlic, and other spicy foods have the
potential to make some people's sweat more pungent.
• Keep the armpits clean: Wash them regularly using antibacterial
soap, and the number of bacteria will be kept low, resulting in less
body odor.
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24. Cont…
• Deodorant: Deodorants make the skin more acidic, making it more difficult
for bacteria to thrive.
• Antiperspirant: An antiperspirant blocks the sweating action of the glands,
resulting in less sweating.
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25. CONCLUSION
• There are numerous types of skin related problems which affect our
body skin in different way.
• The skin related problem such as dry skin, acne, wrinkles, prickly
heat, body odor, etc to be treated by pharmaceutical agents as well as
some skin care & prevention.
• Where as, some cosmetic products which affect natural skin structure
& their function. So, avoid their excessive use, apply specific
categories of cosmetic products.
• However, the skin related problem may be treated or not appears due
to maintaining proper diet, avoid allergy causing factors, as well as use
of herbal cosmetic.
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26. REFERENCES
• Barel André O.; Paye Marc; Maibach Howard I.; “Handbook of Cosmetic Science
and Technology”; third edition; Informa Healthcare USA.
• Paul A.J. Kolarsick, BS; Maria Ann Kolarsick, and Carolyn Goodwin; “Anatomy
and Physiology of the Skin” ; Page No. 1 – 11.
• Kumari Sulekha; Thng Steven Tien Guan, Verma Navin Kumar and Gautam
Hemant K. ; “Melanogenesis Inhibitors”; Accepted Jul 3, 2018; Epub ahead of
print Jul 4, 2018; Acta Derm Venereol 2018.
• www.heathline.com
• www.webmed.com
• www.medicalnewstoday.in
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