The document discusses various skin conditions including dry skin, acne, pigmentation, and prickle heat. It defines each condition, describes causes and symptoms, prevention methods, and treatment options. It also provides details on marketed cosmetic formulations for conditions like dry skin. The document serves as a reference for common skin issues, their pathogenesis, and approaches to management.

1. PREPARED BY - MANSI GANGWAR
ENROLLMENT NUMBER- 202130820004
BRANCH- PHARMACEUTICS M.PHARM 2ndSEM
SUBJECT- COSMETICS AND COSMECEUTICALS
(MPH204T)
1

2. DRY SKIN
o Sign and symptom
o Causes
o Prevention
o Treatment
o Marketed formulation
ACNE
o Pathogenesis
o Causes
o Sign and symptom
o Prevention
o Treatment
 PIGMENTATION
o Types of pigmentation
o Causes
o Sign and symptom
o Treatment
 PRICKLE HEAT
o Types of prickle heat
o Causes
o Sign and symptom
o Treatment
o Marketed products
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3.  “Cosmeceuticals” means combination of “cosmetic” and “pharmaceuticals”.
 Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products with biologically active ingredients
purposing to have medical or drug-like benefits.
 The term cosmeceutical was coined in 1980 by the dermatologist “ALBERT
KLIGMAN”
3

4.  ACCORDING TO FD&C ACT “COSMETICS” is defined as "intended to be applied
to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or
altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions".
 This broad definition includes any material intended for use as a component of a
cosmetic product.
4

5.  Dry skin is also called “XEROSIS”.
 Dry skin is a very common skin condition characterized by a lack of the
appropriate amount of water in the most superficial layer of the skin, the
epidermis.
 It can be characterized as scaly, rough, and dull, which can lead to itchiness.
 In addition, it generally has red patches and can be characterized with less
elasticity and a rough complexion.
 Dry skin occurs most commonly on the scalp, lower legs, arms, hands, the sides of
the abdomen, and thighs.
5

6.  Environmental factors, such as humidity and temperature, have a profound effect
on the amount of water retained within skin.
 For example, frequently hand washing and sanitizing causes evaporation and
dryness.
 Dry skin may also be a side effect of some medications as well as a by product of
certain skin diseases.
6

7. The epidermis is
normally composed of
fat (lipid) and protein.
The lipid portion of the
epidermis along with
specific epidermal
protein (for example,
filaggrin) helps prevent
skin dehydration..
When there deficient
protein and /or lipids the
skin moisture
evaporates more easily.
As skin becomes dry, it
also may become
sensitive and prone to
rashes and skin
breakdown 7

8.  Untreated, dry skin may result in complications, including eczematous dermatitis,
secondary bacterial infections, cellutitis, and skin discoloration.
8
CELLUTITIS ECZEMATOUS
DERMATITIS
SKIN
DISCOLOURATION

9.  Rough, scaly, or flaking skin
 Itching
 Gray, ashy skin in people with dark skin
 Cracks in the skin, which may bleed if severe
 Chapped or cracked lips
 When dry skin cracks, germs can get in through the skin.
9

10.  Dry skin often has an environmental cause.
 Certain diseases also can significantly affect skin.
 Weather: skin tends to be driest in winter, when temperature and humidity levels
plummet.
 Heat: wood burning stoves, fireplaces will reduce humidity and dry the skin
 Hot baths and showers.
 Harsh soaps and detergents.
 Other skin conditions: such as eczema and psoriasis.
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11.  MOISTURIZE: moisturizer seals skin to keep water
from escaping.
 LIMIT WATER EXPOSURE: keep bath and shower
time to 10 minutes or less.
 SKIP THE DRYING SOAP: try cleansing creams,
shower gels with added moisturizers.
 Cover as much skin as possible in cold weather.
 WEAR RUBBER GLOVES : for protection from harsh
chemicals.
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12. CLEANSING
•ACTIVITY
•Removing
environmental
pollutants and bacteria
that causes
unacceptable odors and
skin infection
•INGREDIENTS
•Synthetically produced
detergent cleansers,
oils.
EMOLLIENTS
•ACTIVITY
•Close fissures by filling
spaces around
desquamating and attached
skin flakes, sealing
moisture into the skin
through the production of
an occlusive barrier,
softening of the skin
•INGREDIENTS
•Mineral oils(for eg, liquid
parrafin, petrolatum),
waxes (for eg, lanolin,
beeswax), fatty acids
MOISTURIZERS
•ACTIVITY
•Protection and restoring;
hydrate the stratum
corneum through a
hygroscopic effect,
increasing its elasticity,
providing soothing,
nourishing relief for
dry/itchy skin.
•INGREDIENTS
•Combine a humectant
with an emollient, eg
alpha-hyroxy acids, such
as lactic acid, glycolic
acid, as well as
glycerine, and propylene
glycol.
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TREATMENT

13. HIMALAYA INTENSIVE FACE
MOISTURIZING LOTION.
 KEY INGREDIENT
Rubia cordifolia
country mallow
Aloe barbadensis
Indian madder
 which keeps your skin moisturized and hydrated all day
long.
13
MARKETED FORMULATION

14. 14
LOTUS HERBALS NOURISHMENT
CRÈME
KEY INGREDIENT
 Wheat germ Oil
 Tulsi Ashwagandha
 which acts as a protective shield for dry skin and helps in fighting the
environmental elements
 It also removes dead cells, reduces signs of aging, protects skin from
getting sun burnt and helps in retaining the moisture

15.  Acne is a inflammatory skin condition that occur “when oil & dead skin cells block
the pore opening” causing sebum to build up inside the pore .
 Acne also known as “ACNE VULGARIS”, is a long –term skin disease that occur
when hair follicles are clogged with dead skin cell & oil from the skin .
 It is characterized by blackhead or whitehead, pimple, oily skin & possible
scarring .
 It primarily affect areas of skin with a relatively high number of oil gland ,
including the face, upper part of chest & back.
 Acne is most common among teenagers, though it affects people of all ages.
 Depending on its severity, acne can cause emotional distress and scar the skin.
 The earlier you start treatment, the lower your risk of such problems.
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16. The blockages in acne occurs as a result of the following four abnormal process:
A higher than normal amount of sebum production (influenced by androgens),
Excessive deposition of the protein keratin leading to comedone formation
Coloniztaion of the follicle by “propionibacterium acnes” bacteria,
And the local release of pro-inflammatory chemicals in the skin.
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17.  The earliest pathologic change is the formation of plug (a microcomedone), which
is driven primarily by excessive proliferation of keratinocytes in the hair follicle.
 In the normal skin, the skin cells that have died come up to the surface and exit
the pore of the hair follicle.
 However, increased production of oily sebum in those with acne causes the dead
skin cells to stick together.
 The accumulation of dead skin cell debris and oily sebum blocks the pores of the
hair follicle, thus forming the microcomedone.
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18.  This is further exacerbated by the biofilm created by propionibacterium.acnes
within the hair follicle.
 If the microcomedone is superficial within the hair follicle, the skin pigment
melanin is exposed to air, resulting in its oxidation and dark appearance (known
as black head or open comedone)
 In contrast, if the microcomedone occurs deep within the hair follicle, this cause
the formation of a whitehead (known as a closed comedone)
 Other troublesome lesions can develop, including the following:
PAPULES: inflamed lesion that usually appear as small, pink bumps on the skin
and can tender to the touch
PASTULES (pimples): papules topped by white or yellow pus-filled lesions that
may be red at the base.
NODULES: large, painfull, solid lesions that are lodged deep within skin.
CYSTS: deep, painful, pus-filled lesions that can cause scarring.
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19. 19

20. 20

21. 21

22.  The excessive use of soap or detergent scrubs
 Stress
 Genetics
 Application of heavy moisturizers and makeup
 Several medication like lithium, hydantoin, isoniazid,
and glucocorticoids
 Hormonal activity, such as occur during menstrual
cycle and puberty.
 Higher androgen production levels causes
overproduction of sebum.
 Environmental factors.
 Eating chocolates and greasy food.
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CAUSES OF ACNE

23.  Black heads (pulged with dark sebum)
 Crusting of skin bumps.
 Cysts.
 Papules (small red bumps)
 Pustules (small red bumps containing white or yellow pus)
 Redness around the skin eruptions.
 Scarring of the skin.
 Whiteheads.
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24.  MASKS: These are the products that contain substances like clay, kaolin, or talc,
which can absorb sebum and make the skin temporarily dry.
 HAIR OILS: Liberal use of hair oils or oil massages is to be discouraged as this
could contribute to acne. Frequent shampooing is advised to keep scalp free of
seborrhea.
 ADJUVANTS COSMETICS: Cosmetics with fragrances and photosensitizers
should be avoided. Water-based foundation is safe to use.
 MOISTURIZERS: Appropriate use of oil-free moisturizers should be permitted or
even encouraged. The objective is to correct dryness to be comfortable in feeling
and appearance without causing oiliness.
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25.  CLEANSERS : The purpose of cleansing is to remove dirt, sebum, and sweat that
could stick on to an oily skin.
 Soaps are not recommended as they dry up the skin which is already dry and
irritated with topical medications such as retinoids.
 Soap-free cleansers with pH of 5–7 are the best.
 Salicylic-acid-containing cleansers as gels and foams are helpful in the early
stages of treatment.
 EXFOLIATORS : These are the products which contain cornedolytics like salicylic
acid, glycolic acid, and resorcinol.
 They are available as cleansers, washes, leave-on-gels, and scrubs.
 Exfoliators speed the natural renewal of skin cells and help in the treatment of
acne by alleviating comedones.
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26.  Treatment for blackheads, white heads, and mild inflammatory acne : doctors
usually recommend an otc or prescription topical medicine for people with mild
acne
 Treatment for moderate-to severe inflammatory acne : treated with prescription
topical or oral medicines, alone or in combination.
 Treatment for severe nodular or cystic acne : for patients with severe
inflammatory acne that does not improve with medicines, a doctor may prescribe
isotretinoin, a retinoid (vitamin A derivative).
 Treatment for hormonally influenced acne in women : in some women acne is
caused by excess od androgen hormone. The doctor may prescribe birth control
pills, low dose corticosteroid drugs, such as prednisone or dexamethasone,
antiandrogen drugs such as spironolactone.
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27. 27

28.  RETINOIDS AND RETINOID-LIKE DRUGS. Drugs that contain retinoic acids or
tretinoin are often useful for moderate acne.
 These come as creams, gels and lotions.
 Examples include tretinoin (Avita, Retin-A, others), adapalene (Differin) and
tazarotene (Tazorac, Avage, others).
 You apply this medication in the evening, beginning with three times a week, then
daily as your skin becomes used to it.
 It prevents plugging of hair follicles.
 Topical retinoids increase your skin's sun sensitivity. They can also cause dry skin
and redness.
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29. 29

30.  These work by killing excess skin bacteria
and reducing redness and inflammation.
 The antibiotics are often combined with
benzoyl peroxide to reduce the likelihood
of developing antibiotic resistance.
 Examples include clindamycin with
benzoyl peroxide (Benzaclin, Duac, others)
and erythromycin with benzoyl peroxide
(Benzamycin).
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31.  Azelaic acid is a naturally occurring acid produced by a yeast. It has antibacterial
properties. Salicylic acid may help prevent plugged hair follicles and is available as
both wash-off and leave-on products.
 A 20% azelaic acid cream or gel seems to be as effective as many conventional acne
treatments when used twice a day.
 Prescription azelaic acid (Azelex, Finacea) is an option during pregnancy and while
breast-feeding.
 It can also be used to manage discoloration that occurs with some types of acne.
Side effects include skin redness and minor skin irritation.
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32.  Antibiotics. For moderate to severe acne, you may need oral antibiotics to reduce
bacteria.
 Usually the first choice for treating acne is a tetracycline (minocycline,
doxycycline) or a macrolide (erythromycin, azithromycin).
 Oral antibiotics should be combined with other drugs, such as benzoyl peroxide, to
reduce the risk of developing antibiotic resistance.
 Severe side effects from the use of antibiotics to treat acne are uncommon. These
drugs do increase your skin's sun sensitivity.
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33.  They are products that combine progestin and estrogen (Ortho Tri-Cyclen 21, Yaz,
others).
 You may not see the benefit of this treatment for a few months, so using other
acne medications with it for the first few weeks may help.
 Common side effects of combined oral contraceptives are weight gain, breast
tenderness and nausea.
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34.  The drug spironolactone (Aldactone) may be
considered for women and adolescent girls if
oral antibiotics aren't helping.
 It works by blocking the effect of androgen
hormones on the oil-producing glands.
 Possible side effects include breast tenderness
and painful periods.
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35.  Isotretinoin (Amnesteem, Claravis, others) is
a derivative of vitamin A.
 It may be prescribed for people whose
moderate or severe acne hasn't responded to
other treatments.
 Potential side effects of oral isotretinoin
include inflammatory bowel disease,
depression and severe birth defects.
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36.  Skin pigmentation is the color of your skin due to a certain amount of melanin, a
natural pigment that gives your skin, hair, and eyes their unique color.
 Your skin could become darker or lighter due to changes in your body’s production
of melanin.
 Pigmentation disorders are disturbances of human skin colour , either loss or
reduction, which may be related to loss of melanocytes or the inability of
melanocytes to produce melanin or transport melanosomes.
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37. 37

38.  Melanin is synthesized in the dendritic cells ( melanocytes) which are present in
the basal epidermal layer
38
Melanocytes
Melanosome produced in melanocytes contain
granules of melanin
Melanosome transferred to
keratinocytes
Production of melanin pigment is stimulated by uv radiation as well as melanocytes
stimulating hormone secereted by anterior pituitary gland

39. 39

40.  Hyperpigmentation
 Hypopigmentation
 Pigment changes from skin damage
40

41.  Hyperpigmentation is a common, usually harmless condition in which patches of
skin become darker in color than the normal surrounding skin.
 This darkening occurs when an excess of melanin, the brown pigment that
produces normal skin color, forms deposits in the skin.
Types of hyperpigmentation
Melasma
Sunspots
Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation
41

42.  Melasma is believed to be caused by hormonal changes and may develop during
pregnancy. Areas of hyperpigmentation can appear on any area of the body, but
they appear most commonly on the stomach and face.
 Sunspots Also called liver spots or solar lentigines. They’re related to excess sun
exposure over time. Generally, they appear as spots on areas exposed to the sun,
like the hands and face.
 Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation This is a result of injury or inflammation to
the skin. A common cause of this type is acne
42
MELASMA SUNSPOTS
POST INFLAMMATORY
HYPERPIGMENTATIO

43.  Hypopigmentation refers to patches of skin that are lighter than your overall skin
tone.
 If your skin cells don't produce enough melanin, the skin can lighten.
 These effects can occur in spots or may cover your entire body.
Types of hypopigmentation
Albinism
Vitiligo
pityriasis alba
43

44.  Vitiligois a chronic skin pigmentation disorder. Roughly 1 to 2% of the world’s
population has vitiligo
 The main symptom of vitiligo is a complete loss of pigment in the skin, which
results in patches of white.
 The most likely places for vitiligo to appear are in areas where sun exposure is
frequent, including the hands, feet, face, and arms.
44

45.  Albinism is a genetic disorder caused by
defects in genes that provide instructions
for melanin production.
 Several genetic defects makes the body
unable to produce or distribute melanin.
 The main symptom of albinism is a lack
of color in the hair, skin, or eyes.
 These symptoms can affect the entire
body or just small patches of skin.
 In some cases, a person with albinism
will have some color in their hair, skin,
and eyes, but it will be lighter than
normal.
45

46.  Pityriasis alba most commonly occurs in
children, slightly raised patches on the
face.
 There’s no definitive cause for pityriasis
alba, though it’s thought to be related
to eczema.
46

47.  When skin is damaged, it can
become discolored.
 For example, wounds and burns can cause
skin discoloration that is long-lasting or
permanent, depending on the severity.
47

48. 48
 Patchy loss of skin colour
 Premature whitening or graying of the hair
 Loss of color in the tissues that line the inside of your mouth and nose ( mucous
membrane)
 Change in color of the inner layer of the eyeball

49.  Sun Damage
 Skin injuries related to acne vulgaris
 Excess production of melanin
 Hormonal changes due to pregnancy
 Presence of endocrine diseases like Addison’ s diseases
 Inflammation
 Excess exposure to sunlight
49

50.  LIGHTENING CREAMS: They’re usually applied once or twice a day to help
lighten the skin over time. Topical treatments for lightening also come in gel form.
 Common ingredients found in OTC lightening products include:
hydroquinone
licorice extract
N-acetylglucosamine
vitamin B-3 (niacinamide)
 Lightening creams or gels work best for flat spots, such as melasma or age spots.
They’re effective for patches of discoloration on most skin types.
50

51.  ProActiv Complexion Perfecting Hydrator. Best for oily skin, this lightening cream
reduces redness and hyperpigmentation.
51

52.  Face acids, or skin acids, work by exfoliating, or shedding, the top layer of your
skin.
 Whenever you exfoliate your skin, new skin cells emerge to take the place of the
old ones. The process helps even out your skin tone and makes it smoother overall.
 Many face acids are available OTC at beauty stores and drugstores.
Ingredient:
alpha hydroxy acids, such as glycolic, lactic, citric, malic, or tartaric acid
azelaic acid
kojic acid
salicylic acid
vitamin C (in the form of l-ascorbic acid)
52

53.  FAB Skin Lab Resurfacing Liquid: This daily serum uses malic acid to help
improve overall skin tone while also reducing the appearance of your pores.
 ProActiv Mark Correcting Pads: Powered by a combination of glycolic and salicylic
acids, these pads exfoliate your skin while reducing the appearance of acne scars.
53

54.  A chemical peel uses acids at stronger concentrations to treat the desired area of
skin.
 They reduce the appearance of hyperpigmentation by removing the epidermis.
 Possible risks with chemical peels include redness, irritation, and blistering.
When used improperly, blisters or scars may also develop.
 Chemical peels may work if you have:
age spots
sun damage
Melasma
54

55.  Prickly heat is an itchy, red skin rash that occurs when the sweat glands become
blocked.
 Sweat that cannot flow onto the skin surface instead leaches into the skin,
resulting in tiny areas of inflammation and swelling.
 These areas appear on the skin's surface as red spots and blisters that produce a
prickly feeling
 Prickly heat is sometimes called “sweat rash”.
 Children tend to get it more than adults because their sweat glands are still
developing
55

56. MILIARIA
CRYSTALLINE
MILIARIA
RUBRA
MILIARIA
PROFUNDA
56

57. MILIARIA CRYSTALLINE
 MILIARIA CRYSTALLINE: is caused by
blockage of the sweat glands close to the outer
surface of the skin (epidermis).
 The rash is made up of tiny blisters that look
like beads of sweat.
 In many cases, this type of prickly heat is only
mildly itchy or not itchy at all.
 The blisters tend to burst quickly and easily on
their own.
57

58.  Miliaria rubra occurs deeper in the skin than
miliaria crystalline, but still within the outer
epidermis layer.
 The rash appears as clusters of tiny red blisters
that often cause itchiness and a prickly feeling.
 These blisters usually develop in areas where
clothes rub against the skin, sometimes in
several areas at once.
 The rash may occur within days of exposure to
a hot and humid environment. However, it quite
often doesn't appear for weeks or even months.
 In most cases, the rash will clear up on its own
within a few days after the sweating stops.
58

59.  Miliaria profunda develops when the blocked
sweat glands are located deeper again, in the
middle layer (dermis).
 This rare type of prickly heat usually tends to
occur in people who live in hot environments
and have previously had miliaria rubra.
 The blisters are bigger, deeper and more
uncomfortable than those seen in the other
types of prickly heat.
 Symptoms of miliaria profunda last for several
weeks, as this is how long it takes for natural
growth of the sweat glands to clear the
blockage.
59

60.  Hot weather, particularly alongside humidity, is the most common trigger for
prickly heat rash.
 When bodies sweat more than usual, glands become overwhelmed .the sweat
ducts may become blocked, trapping sweat deep underneath your skin
 It is not exactly clear how the sweat glands become blocked, but the process is
thought to involve a type of bacteria called “Staphylococcus epidermidis.”
 This bacteria normally lives on the skin without causing any harm. However,
these bacteria can increase in numbers and produce a sticky substance.
 One theory is that this substance combines with dead skin cells and excess sweat
to cause blockages in sweat glands.
 In young babies, the sweat glands aren't fully developed, which makes them more
prone to becoming blocked in hot environments.
60

61.  A red and slightly swollen rash;
 Tiny red spots and blisters;
 Itchiness;
 A prickly feeling where the rash is;
 Reduced tolerance to heat, and;
 Decreased sweating from the rash area.
61

62.  Most heat rash resolves without treatment, often within a day of changing to a
cooler environment.
 Even though the sweat glands may take a week or two to be repaired, if there is
not an excessive demand placed on the body for cooling, then the rash will clear
quickly.
 Remain in a cool environment e.g. air conditioning, or close to a fan, and allow for
adequate ventilation of the skin.
 Take cool showers or baths, several times a day, and always after exercise or heat
exposure.
 Always pat dry the skin with a towel, do not rub vigorously.
62

63.  Use cool packs on affected areas (but not for longer than 20 minutes per hour).
 Wear loose, light fitting, soft clothes. Avoid clothing that traps heat or moisture.
 Avoid skin to skin contact elsewhere by placing a soft , clean washcloth or other
material between skin folds .
 Always wear a sunscreen, as sunburn will aggravate heat rash, but use an alcohol
based or evaporative based sunscreen.
 Do not apply after-sun moisturisers to the affected area.
63

64.  Pinetarsol shower gel :may give some relief, and is
useful for cleansing skin which may be irritated by
normal soaps/washes.
 It is also very helpful at maintaining the Ph of the
skin at 5.7, minimising secondary infection of the
rash area/damaged sweat glands.
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MARKETED
PRODUCTS

65.  Prickly heat solutions: These may be helpful if the patient
is going to continue to be exposed to heat. Once heat rash
is present, the sweat glands in that area are ineffective,
so artificial cooling of the area (other than swimming ,
showers etc) is useful.
 Cooling lotions such as Calamine lotion may be helpful,
but not necessarily any more than evaporative cooling of
water from the skin.
 Menthol in lotions has a swift cooling effect. It is
temporary, but good for calming children.
 Some prickly heat lotions are alcohol based. The alcohol
evaporates, giving a cooling effect immediately, and
leaves less residue on the skin than water based lotions.
They should not sting, but use should be discontinued if
they do.
 Cortisone creams: are very useful in relieving heat rash
symptoms such as itch and redness.
65
CALAMIN
E LOTION
ALCOHOL
BASED
LOTION
MENTHO
L BASED
LOTION

66. THANK YOU
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