Vowel sounds contain multiple pitches that give each vowel its distinctive quality. The lowest three formants distinguish vowels from one another. Formants arise from echoes in the vocal tract as sound waves reflect between the vocal folds and lips. Changes in vocal tract shape alter the formant frequencies, while pitch is determined by vocal fold vibration rate. Computer programs like Praat and WaveSurfer are used to analyze sounds and visualize formants on spectrograms.
This is simply an introduction to some of the main concepts we are going to be using quite frequently throughout the course. Become acquainted with them and try to get the gist of each concept in its own context.
Phonetics and phonology are both linguistic fields that are interested in the role of sound in language. The importance of learning phonetics and phonology for someone whose first language is not English is paramount.
Learning phonetics will help a foreign speaker sound more like a native speaker by making them aware of the different sounds that English makes use of.
A presentation prepared in this regards is being shared herewith for the records and general sharing. :)
Intro. to Linguistics_6 Phonetics (Organ of Speech, Segment, Articulation)Edi Brata
The sixth meeting material. It is the first of two phonetics courses. The topic is about organ of speech, segments features of sounds, and articulation (voicing, place and manner).
This is simply an introduction to some of the main concepts we are going to be using quite frequently throughout the course. Become acquainted with them and try to get the gist of each concept in its own context.
Phonetics and phonology are both linguistic fields that are interested in the role of sound in language. The importance of learning phonetics and phonology for someone whose first language is not English is paramount.
Learning phonetics will help a foreign speaker sound more like a native speaker by making them aware of the different sounds that English makes use of.
A presentation prepared in this regards is being shared herewith for the records and general sharing. :)
Intro. to Linguistics_6 Phonetics (Organ of Speech, Segment, Articulation)Edi Brata
The sixth meeting material. It is the first of two phonetics courses. The topic is about organ of speech, segments features of sounds, and articulation (voicing, place and manner).
This file is created for English literature students in universities especially for BA students. It is adapted from The study of language by George Yule. I hope this will help you
This book provides basic understanding of linguistic knowledge that introduces linguistics as a science discussing the essence of language. This book provides the students with basic and general concept, terms, theories, and fields of linguistics. To help the students understand the basic linguistic knowledge, this book includes theoretical explanation and exercises.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. A vowel sound contains a number of different
pitches simultaneously.
There is the pitch at which it is actually spoken, and
there are the various overtone pitches that give it its
distinctive quality.
We distinguish one vowel from another by the differences in
these overtones, the overtones are called formants.
Source/Filter
Theory
3. The lowest three formants distinguish vowels from one
another.
First formant = the lowest formant and can be symbolized
as F1.
The second formant = can be symbolized as F2, goes down
in pitch in the series of vowels [ i, l, ɛ, ɶ, ɑ, ɔ, ʊ, u ] as can
be heard more easily when these vowels are whispered.
The third formant = can be symbolized as F3, adds to
quality distinctions.
Source/Filter
Theory
4. How do these
formants arise?
They are echoes in the vocal tract. Sound travels from a noise-making source (in voiced
sounds, this is the vocal fold vibration) to the lips. Then, at the lips, most of the sound energy
radiates away from the lips for a listener to hear, while some of the sound energy reflects
back into the vocal tract—it echoes.
5. The vocal folds are a source of sound energy.
The vocal tract, due to the interaction of the reflected sound
waves in it, is a frequency filter altering the timbre of the
vocal fold sound.
In phonetics, the timbre of a vowel is called the vowel
quality
Source/Filter
Theory
7. The length of the resonating portion of the vocal tract also differs
substantially for different speech sounds.
In vowels, the whole vocal tract, from glottis to lips, serves as the
acoustic filter for the noise generated by the vibrating
vocal folds.
In fricatives, the resonating portion of the vocal tract is shorter.
in [s], the portion of the vocal tract that serves as the acoustic filter is
from the alveolar ridge to the lips. Thus, the lowest formant in [s] will
have a much higher frequency than the F1 found in vowels.
The only fricative that does not have higher resonant frequencies than
those found in vowels is the glottal fricative [h]. In [h], the whole vocal
tract, from glottis to lips, is involved.
Source/Filter
Theory
8. In most voiced sounds, three formants are produced every time the
vocal folds vibrate.
The vocal folds may vibrate faster or slower, giving the sound a higher
or lower pitch, but the formant frequencies will remain the same as long
as there are no changes in the shape of the vocal tract.
The general theory of formants was stated by the great German
scientist Hermann Helmholtz about one hundred fifty years ago.
A vowel is the rapid repetition of its peculiar two or three notes
(corresponding to its formants).
All voiced sounds are distinguishable from one another by their formant
frequencies.
Tube Models
9. A bird in the hand is worth two
in the bush
1. We can hear just the variations in the first formant, which sounds like a muffled version of the
sentence.
2. The variations of these overtone pitches convey much of the vowel quality.
3. This formant adds to the overall quality of the sound, but in this sentence, it does not play a very
significant role.
4. The three formants are added together. With this, the sentence becomes highly intelligible.
5. A slight improvement in quality occurs by adding some additional, fixed, formants.
6. Enables us to hear the sounds of the bursts of noise and the turbulence of the fricatives by themselves.
7. We can hear the entire sentence in a monotone.
8. The fundamental pitch can be heard.
11. For each formant, there are locations in the vocal tract where
constriction will cause the formant frequency to rise, and locations
where constriction will cause the frequency to fall.
The perturbation theory says that if there is a constriction at a velocity
maximum (V) in a resonant wave, then the frequency of that resonance
will decrease, and if there is a constriction at a point of maximum
pressure (P), then the frequency of the resonance will increase.
Constriction near the glottis is closer to a pressure maximum (P) than to
a velocity maximum (V) and constriction near the lips is closer to a
velocity maximum.
Perturbation
Theory
13. Acoustic
Analysis
A spectrogram of the words heed, hid, head, had, hod, hawed, hood, who’d as
spoken by a male speaker of American English. The locations of the first three
formants are shown by arrows.
14. Computer programs that are used to make
spectrograms:
1. One of the best is WaveSurfer from the Centre for Speech Technology (CTT) at KTH in Stockholm,
Sweden.
2. Also very widely used is Praat, which is a product of the University of Amsterdam.
16. We can see some
of the
relationships
between
traditional
articulatory
descriptions and
formants A formant chart showing the frequency of the first formant on the ordinate (the
vertical axis) plotted against the second formant on the abscissa (the horizontal
axis) for eight American English vowels. The scales are marked in Hz, arranged at
Bark scale intervals.
17. Acoustics of Consonants
The acoustic structure of consonants is usually more complicated than that of vowels.
20. Acoustic
Analysis
A spectrogram of fie, thigh, sigh, shy. The frequency scale goes up
to 8000 Hz in this figure. The arrows mark the onsets of the second
formant transitions. Only the first word is shown in full. The second part
of the diphthong has been deleted for the other words.
