Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in languages. It involves identifying the phonemes, or smallest units of sound, that make up words, and describing how combinations of phonemes are used to create meaning. Phonology also examines phonological processes like allophones, which are variations in pronunciation of the same phoneme, and rules that govern how phonemes are combined into syllables and words with correct stress patterns. The international phonetic alphabet is used to represent sounds in a standardized way across languages.

1. PHONOLOGY

2. • What is the difference
between phonetics and
phonology?

3. • Phonetics relates to the sounds of
language, while phonology studies how
those sounds are put together to create
meaning.

4. PHONOLOGY
• phōnḗ - voice, sound
• Lógos - word, speech, subject of discussion
branch of linguistics concerned with the
systematic organization of sounds in
languages.

5. Goals of Phonology
1. To provide the complete phonemic inventory of a language.
2.To discover and formulate all the phonological processes and rules
of the language.
3. To ensure that the results of (1-2) are compatible with the results
of (1) for the same language as well as explaining, determining, and
having limited predictive powers about the phonetic description of
the language obtained in line with (1).

6. PHONEMES
• A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a
word.
• Knowing about phonemes is important for spelling.
• A phonemes may be made up of one or more
letters which make one sound.
Notice how the three
phonemes sound the
same.
Two new shoes

9. Examples
Here are examples of the phonemes /r/ and /l/
• rip
• lip
The phonemes /r/ and /l/ serve to
distinguish the word rip from the word lip.

10. OTHER EXAMPLES:
• hat -- 3 (/h/a/t/)
• knock -- 3 (/n/o/k/)
• bring -- 4 (/b/r/i/ng/)
• through -- 3 (/th/r/U/)
• strict -- 6 (/s/t/r/i/k/t/)

11. Examples:
Rich
--------3 phonemes
Pitch
--------3 phonemes
Shaking
--------3 phonemes

12. • "He stuck in his thumb, and pulled out a
plum"?
How many phonemes are there?
28 phonemes
(/h/e/)(/s/t/u/k/)(/i/n/)(/h/i/s)(/th/u/m/b/)
(/a/n/d)(/p/oo/ld/)(/ow/t/)(/a/)(/p/l/u/m/)
FIND OUT:

13. Two kinds of spellings get
teachers messed up:
• Digraphs- is a multiletter spelling
(usually 2 letters) for a single
phoneme. Digraphs can be
consonants (ck, ll, tch, ng) or vowels
(ee, ew, igh, ow). Either way, the
combination stands for one mouth
move.

14. • Cluster consonants- (dr, pl, st, spl, nk) are
combination of single consonants
pronounced in a rapid sequence. Each
consonant retains its distinctive mouth
move, but sometimes the individual
phonemes are blurred a bit to make a
smooth sequence.

15. ALLOPHONES
• is one of a set of multiple possible
spoken sounds used to pronounce a
single phoneme.

16. • Examples (English) [p] and [pH] are
allophones of the phoneme /p/.
• [t] and [tH] are allophones of the phone

17. RULES OF
PRONUNCIATION

19. INTERNATIONAL
PHONETIC
ALPHABET

20. Phonetic Alphabet
The English Consonants
/p/pit
/b/bit
/t/tin
/d/din
/k/cut
/ /ɡ gut
/t /ʃ cheap
/d /ʒ jeep
/f/fat
/v/vat
/θ/thin-unvoiced
/ð/then-voiced
/s/sap
/z/zap
/ /ʃ she
/ /meaʒ sure
/x/loch
/w/we
/m/map
/l/left
/n/nap
/r/run
/ŋ/bang
/j/yes
/h/ham

21. The English Vowels
/æ/ cat
/a/ father
/ə/ afraid
/e/face
/ / lotɒ
/ / thoughtɔ
/i /fleece
/I/kit
/ / eggɛ
/ / fullʊ
/U/ fool
/ / countryʌ
/o/goat

22. / / eggɛ
/ / fullʊ
/U/ fool
/ / countryʌ
/o/goat

23. Transcription:
Ex.
Attend – [ə t n d ]ɛ

24. Word Stress
• is the relative emphasis that may be given
to certain syllables in a word, or to certain
words in a phrase or sentence.

25. Education is the most powerful weapon
which you can use to change the world.
-Nelson Mandela

26. Quiz
• Test I.
1. It is a branch of linguistics concerned with the
systematic organization of sounds in languages.
2. It is the smallest unit of sound in a word.
3. It is one of a set of multiple possible spoken
sounds used to pronounce a single phoneme.
4. It is the relative emphasis that may be given to
certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in
a phrase or sentence.

27. • Test II
• Count the Phonemes
1.Food
2. Chair
3. Table
4. Computer

28. • Test III
Transcribe the following.
1.Hammer
2.Father
3.Sick
4.Toss

29. • Test IV
• Indentify the word stress of the following.
1.Debris
2.Object (verb)
3.Present (noun)