This document discusses the concepts of linguistic competence and communicative competence in language learning. It defines linguistic competence as knowledge of a language's formal rules of grammar and phonology. Communicative competence goes beyond this to include social and cultural knowledge needed for effective communication. It identifies four components of communicative competence: possibility, feasibility, appropriateness, and attestedness. The notion of communicative competence has influenced applied linguistics, shifting approaches to teaching English and other languages from a focus solely on mechanics to developing broader communication abilities.
Origin of Pidgin and Creole , Theories of origin i.e. Baby Talk Theory, Nautical Jorgan Theory, Independent Parallel Development Theory, Monogenetic/Relaxification theory ,Universalist Theory.
Also the development stages are discussed here:
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Origin of Pidgin and Creole , Theories of origin i.e. Baby Talk Theory, Nautical Jorgan Theory, Independent Parallel Development Theory, Monogenetic/Relaxification theory ,Universalist Theory.
Also the development stages are discussed here:
For help you can whatsapp me 03015822364
This presentation covers major points about the Categorizing English world. It consists of other sub-points World Englishes, Braj Kachru, Several classifications schemes have been proposed, ENL, EFL, ESL, Developmental stages of English language, Exonormative
This presentation covers major points about the Categorizing English world. It consists of other sub-points World Englishes, Braj Kachru, Several classifications schemes have been proposed, ENL, EFL, ESL, Developmental stages of English language, Exonormative
Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja
Ciclo Académico Abril Agosto 2011
Carrera: Inglés
Docente: Mgs. Gina Camacho Minuche
Ciclo: Séptimo
Bimestre: Segundo
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
4. Does knowing a language imply
native-speaker insight and fluency?
An ability to produce sentences with
no grammatical errors? The capacity
to write elegantly and expressively?
Being able to get your meanings
across and do what you need to do?
or is it a combination of these?
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5. Cont.
● Traditional grammar-translation language teaching assumed that
knowing the rules of the language and being able to use them where
one and the same thing.
● But now, there are many cases where someone knows the rules of
language but is a still not a successful communicator.
For example, they don’t use the language fast enough.
Also, they may send the wrong kinds of signals with their body and tone.
● Knowing the grammar and vocabulary of language is one thing. Being
able to put them to use involved other types of knowledge and ability
as well.
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7. Linguistic competence
● Isolating the formal systems of language either for learning
or for analysis is a useful first step.
● However, the adoption of traditional language- teaching
methods don’t need to imply that this is all that learning a
language involves.
● An emphasis on formal correctness can be seen as a matter
of pedagogic procedure.
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8. Cont.
● Noam Chomsky’s idea is that the human capacity for language is not the
product of general intelligence or learning ability, but an innate, genetically
determined feature of the human species.
● We are born with considerable pre-programmed knowledge of how language
works and required only minimal exposure to active our connection to the
particular language around us.
● The newborn infant brain already contains a universal grammar (UG).
● Universal grammar forms the basis of competence in the particular language
the child goes on to speak.
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9. Language becomes something more
biological than social, and similarities
between languages outweigh
differences.
Furthermore, language is separated
from other factors involved in its use
such as body language or cultural
knowledge.
Chomsky’s
View
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11. Communicative competence
● The term is offered as a deliberate contrast to Chomsky’s
linguistic competence.
● Dell Hymes observes that a person who had only linguistic
competence would be quite unable to communicate.
● Hymes suggested that what is needed for successful
communication are four types of knowledge possibility,
feasibility, appropriateness, and attestedness.
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12. Possibility
● Firstly, a communicatively competent speaker knows what is formally
possible in a language.
E.g, whether an instance conforms to the rules of grammar and pronunciation.
● Knowledge of possibility is not sufficient in itself for communication.
● Also, a communicatively competent speaker may know the rules, be capable
of following them, but break them deliberately. This is the case when people
want to be creative or witty or to talk about something for which the language
has not exist in terms.
● E.g., the beatle Ringo Starr, after working long hours on a film set, remarked
“that was a hard day’s night”, and the phrase was taken up as the title of a song
and a film. Though it breaks semantic rules it expresses an idea very
effectively.
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13. Feasibility
● Secondly, communicative competent person knows what is feasible.
● This is a psychological concept concerned with limitations to what can be
processed by the mind.
For example,
The cheese was green.
The cheese the rat ate was green.
The cheese the rat the cat chased ate was green.
The cheese the rat the cat the dog saw chased ate was green.
The cheese the rat the cat the dog the man beat saw chased ate was green.
● The notion of the feasibility may seem a rather academic one, and of little
relevance to the practical applications of knowledge about language.
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14. Appropriateness
● The third components of communicative competence is knowledge of
appropriateness. This concerns the relationship of language on behaviour to
context.
● Its importance is clear if we consider its opposite, inappropriateness.
For example, something might be an appropriate to a particular relationship, or
to a particular kind of text, or to a particular situation, or generally an
appropriate to a particular culture.
● Appropriateness concerns conformity to social convention.
For example, the issue of appropriate dress for women moving between western
and Islamic cultures.
● There are important factors to which some values are perceived to be
absolute rather than culture specific.
for example, religious freedom, female modesty , and women’s rights, etc.
14
15. Cont.
● Should learners of a language necessarily adopt the way in which it is used?
For example, can Japanese speakers maintain the differential politeness of their
own culture, even when speaking English?
● Such clashes can occur even between the speakers of the same language.
For example, many speakers of American English find the language used in
Britain service encounters curt and unfriendly.
● For Applied linguists, there is no avoiding such issues. Language creates our
identities and allows us to communicate with others.
Many activities ,for example, schooling, workplace communication, language
therapy, language testing, and language planning, are essential concerns within
negotiating the parameters of differences and conformity.
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16. Attestedness
● Hymes’ fourth component of communicative competence is knowledge of
attestedness, for example , whether ....something is done.
● To explain the idea
For example, take the phrase “chips and fish”. From one point of view this is
possible (it doesn’t break any grammar rule), feasible (it is easily processed and
readily understandable), and appropriate ( it doesn’t contravene any sensitive
social convention) however, it doesn’t occur as frequently as fish and chips.
● Corpus linguistics which uses computerized techniques for searching large
databanks, has made available much more information about probability.
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18. The influence of Communicative competence
● Directly or indirectly the notion of communicative competence has been
very widely drawing upon in all areas of applied linguistics.
For example, in first language education, it was invoked to justify a shift away
from developing only mechanical language skills towards a more rounded
capacity to communicate.
In information design, it’s supported the view that stating facts is not enough,
they also need to be easily accessible.
In speech therapy, it justified an increased emphasis on social knowledge and
skills in addition to deficiencies in grammar and pronunciation.
In translation, it strengthens the case for seeking an equivalent effect rather than
only formal and literal equivalence.
18
19. Cont.
● The biggest single influence has been upon the teaching of English as a
foreign language.
● Inspired by Hymes, the communicative approach aimed to develop learners’
capacity to use the language effectively.
● This approach should have been beneficial, allowing teachers and learners to
achieve a more balanced view of what successful communication involves.
● Despite the careful advice of those applied linguists to introduce Hymes’
ideas to the language teaching profession, that idea quickly became distorted
and misinterpreted.
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20. Cont.
● One of the strengths of the concept of communicative competence is that it
doesn’t assume that knowledge necessarily leads to conformity. Knowing
what is appropriate to a particular situation, relationship, genre or culture
doesn’t mean that you necessarily do it. There are many instances where
people depart from the norm. They may wish to dissent from their
conventional values of a society, to assert those of another, or to be
humorous, creative, rude, or aggressive.
● There are in short good reason why people don’t conform, but in order to
communicate the meanings they create by these departures, they need first to
know what the norms are.
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