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english testing testing speaking how to teach speaking with task based perspective teaching task-based practical language testing glenn fulcher language bridging demonstrative halliday and hasan (1976) role of working memory substitution direct matching ellipsis analyzing the burden on memory reinstating old information comparative strategies used to establish situational model pronominal local and global discourse structure comprehension of discourse given / new strategy cohesión coherence masoud dolatshahi differential item functioning detecting gender dif with an english proficiency t guilan university of gilan article analysis - language testing sla key issues key terms english teaching nasals