Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds and their production and perception. It has three main areas of study: articulatory phonetics examines speech sound production using the vocal tract; acoustic phonetics studies the physical transmission of sounds; and auditory phonetics focuses on sound reception. The vocal tract consists of the supra-laryngeal tract, larynx, and sub-glottal sections which work together for speech. Sounds are distinguished by their place of articulation in the vocal tract and manner of articulation using parts like the lips, tongue, teeth and throat. Vowels and consonants differ in their production and characteristics like tongue position, airflow and vibration of the vocal cords. Phonetics

4. Phonetics is a science of the characteristics of speech sound ,it’s science of HOW
we can produce the speech sounds ,it’s start with the air when pushes up from the
lungs to tongue and the other parts of the mouth , HOW these sounds are made ,
from the phonetics we discover the differences between the spoken languages in
the way of pronunciation, phonetics is a science includes a lot of facts of the
speech sounds production , the phonetics is very important when anyone want to
acquire the language , Must know what is the correct pronunciation , we start
produce with sounds just then we combine these sounds to produce words then
we produce the sentences . In phonetics also we know WHO the human language
is totally different from the other creatures language In this presentation we will
explain some of the basics to know the process of speech sounds production

5. What is the Phonetics?
*The symbols used to represent the speech sounds of a language.
*The study and systematic classification of the sounds made in spoken utterance.
* The system of speech sounds of a language or group of languages
*The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds.
phonetics has three basic areas of study:
Articulatory phonetics: the study of the organs of speech and their use in
producing speech sounds by the speaker.
Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical transmission of speech sounds
from the speaker to the listener.
Auditory phonetics: the study of the reception and perception of speech sounds
by the listener.

7. The vocal tract is an area consisting of three
different sections but all these complements
each other’s to create a different sounds
These sections are:
1-Supra-laryngeal
2- Larynx
3-Sub-glottal
The vocal tract ‘s functions in :
1-Places of articulation
2-Manner of articulation

8. Supra-laryngeal tract:
The most important parts in supra-
laryngeal the contribute to speech sound
production :
1-pharynx:is lies between the mouth and
articulation in pharyngeal sounds .
2-Nasal cavity :is separated from the oral
cavity by the roof of the mouth the palate,
additional resonator.
3-oral cavity: valve controlling flow of air,
the importance for speech it give the final
shaping to make the sounds are different.

9. Larynx
Consisting of the *vocal folds* and
*glottis*
Vocal folds : are like a pair of lips placed
horizontally from front to back ,joined
in the front but can be separated at the
back
Glottis: it’s a space between the vocal
cords considered to be in open state
when the folds are apart, and when the
folds are pressed together the glottis is
considered to be in close state.
The main importance for the sound
production is converts air into
acoustics energy in form of the
laryngeal tone.

10. Sub -glottal system it’s consisting of
*Lungs* and *Trachea*
*Lungs* act as a pump ,provide the
energy source for the airflow.The lungs
are the spongy respiratory organs
situated inside the rib cage .
*Trachea* commonly called the windpipe,
is the main airway to the lungs. It divides
into the right and left bronchi at the level
of the fifth thoracic vertebra, channeling
air to the right or left lung.
Main important for speech: supplies
theair, which is the fuel of speech

11. We all know that English language consists of twenty-six litters
and forty-four voices ,And all the sounds are either voiced –
voiceless.We have two vocal cords sometimes they move with
some litters and do not move with others.The two vocal
cords have a distance between them , all the litters that go out
through the vocal cords be voiceless sounds. In the voiceless
sounds no movement and vibration and the voice is off .
The voiceless sounds we can call it unvoiced sounds.
Examples:
[f] fat
[k] come
[p] pit
[s] sip

Voiced And Voiceless

12. The voiced sounds
Be when the two vocal cords close together , and they
move .The voice in the voiced sounds is on , and we have
movement and vibration.
Examples:
[v] vat
[g] gum
[b] bit
[d] done
Voiced And Voiceless

13. :Place of Articulation
Where the constriction of airflow
takes place.

14. 1:bilabial
Both lips come together .
•E.g. ( P/m/b)

15. 2:labiodental
Upper teeth and lower lip come together .
E.g.
(f / v)

16. 3: dental
tongue in between upper& lower teeth.
•(ðθ /E.g.(

17. 4: alveolar
Tongue at or near the ridge
behind the upper front teeth.
E.g. (t / d /s)

18. 5:palatal
front hard palate or roof
of the mouth.
e.g. (j )

19. 6:velar
At velum or soft palate .
E.g.( k / g )

20. 7:glottal
At glottis or the space
between the vocal folds.
•E.g. ( h )

21. There are several methods of modifying air when producing a consonant,
and these methods are called manners of articulation .
1-Plosives(stop)
stop consonants occur when the vocal tract is closed completely But for
stops the airflow is not redirected through the nose Instead, the air
quickly builds up pressure behind the articulators and then releases in
a burst.
English language have (6) plosive consonants
pb ,td ,kg
Example:
1-/p/ purse and rap
2-/t/ tab and rat
3-/k/ kite and back

22. 2-fricatives
*Sound produced by a near complete stoppage of air.*
blocking the air stream with leaving a small opening so that the
air pushes through him
English language have (9) fricatives consonants:/f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/,
/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/.
Example:
1-/f/ fan and calf
2-/z/ zit and jazz
3-h/ happy and hope

23. COMPARISON BETWEEN PLOSIVES AND
FRICATIVES :
Fricatives:Plosives:
Close approximation Sound during
hold phase.
Train of irregular pulses a periodic
Complete closure Sound made at
release phase .Single pulse of
acoustic energy transient.

24. 3-Affricatives
If you combine a brief stopping of the air stream with an obstructed release which
causes some friction, you will be able to produce the sounds.
•/ʧ/ and /ʤ/
Example:
1-check
2-gin
4-Nasals
Produced when the velum is lowered and the release of the air through the nasal.
•/m/,/n/,/ŋ/
Example:
1-/m/ and/ŋ/ and /n/morning
5-Glides
Produced with the tongue in motion, from and to a vowel position .*take the shape of the
vowel*
•/j/and/w/
Example: yet and water

25. 6-Liquids:
•Partial occlusion, air stream flows around the sides of the tongue as tongue
tip makes contact with the alveolar ridge.
Example:/l/ light, low
•Partial occlusion, tongue tip raised and curled back near the alveolar ridge.
.example: /r/ rock, ride
7-Glottal stop [ʔ]:
occurs when the space between the vocal cords (the glottis) is closed completely then
released. Example :oh ,Batman.
8-flap:
represented by [D] or [ɾ]This flap is produced by the tongue tip being thrown against the
alveolar ridge for an instant.
.Example: butter or Manhattan

26. Vowels
English has fifteen vowel sounds represented by the letters a, e, i,
o, and u. The letters y, w and gh are also commonly used in vowel
sound spellings.
Vowel sounds are produced with a relatively open vocal tract.

Vowel sounds are divided into the following three categories:
Long vowels (vowels that sound like the letter name)
Short vowels (the most common sound for a single vowel
spelling)
Other vowels (the remaining vowel sounds)
The long vowel sounds are not pronounced for longer time
than short vowel sounds!
*the terms "long" and "short" are not describing the length of
time a vowel sound is said ,They are used here to give a name
to a vowel sound so when the sound is discussed, the name and
not the sound .

27. VOWEL
Vowels are commonly described according to the
following characteristics:
The portion of the tongue that is involved in the
articulation: front, central or back.
The tongue's position relative to the palate: high,
mid or low.

28. The shape of the lips(rounded ,spread or neutral)

29. Phonteic :The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds.
Articulatory
Acoustic
Auditory
Vocal tract’s
sections
Supra
laryngeal
larynx
Sub-glottal
Vocal tract’s
functions
Places of
articulation
Manner of
articulation
When you make a
voiced sound,your
throat vibrates
“v,g,b,z,d,dʒ,ʒ,ð”
voiced When you make a voiced
sound,your throat doesn’t
vibrate
“f,k,p,s,t,θ,ʃ,tʃ”
voiceless

30. Place of
articulation
Glottal
Bilabials
Labio-
dentals
Dental
Alveol
ar
Palatal
Velars
Manner of
articulation
Stops
Fricatives
Affricates
NasalsLiquods
Glides
Glottal stops
&
flaps

32. http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test2
materials/articulatory_phonetics.htm
http://www.aston.ac.uk/lss/research/lss-
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english-speech-and-society/sounds-of-english/sound-
production/
http://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2010/12/organs-of-
speech.html
http:///~llsroach/phon2/artic-
bwww.personal.rdg.ac.ukasics.htm