This document discusses acids and bases, including their properties and uses. It defines acids as compounds that increase hydronium ions in water and bases as compounds that increase hydroxide ions in water. Examples of acids include H2SO4 and HCl, while examples of bases include NaOH and Ca(OH)2. Acids and bases have similar properties such as being corrosive or changing the color of litmus paper. They have many industrial and household uses like making paper, detergents, and antacids. The document also explains how strong acids and bases fully dissociate in water and the neutralization reaction between acids and bases.

1. Acids and Bases
Holt: Chapter 15, Sections 2 and 3
Fusion: Lesson 6 (starts on p 190)

2. Acids
• An acid is any compound that increases the number of hydronium
ions (H+) when dissolved in water
• Acids typically begin with hydrogen, H.
• Examples: H2SO4, HCl

3. Acids and their properties
• Sour taste ex: citric acid (we NEVER taste in a lab)
• Corrosive- they destroy body tissue, clothing, and many other things
• Can be poisonous
• Reacts with some metals to produce hydrogen gas
• Can conduct electric current ex: battery acid
• Acid turns blue litmus paper red
• What is litmus paper?
• An indicator. An indicator is a substance that changes
color in the presence of an acid or base. Litmus paper
is NOT the only indicator.

4. Uses of acids
• H2SO4 is sulfuric acid. Is the most widely made industrial chemical in
the world. Used to make paper, paint, detergent and fertilizers.
• Used in swimming pools to kill algae
• HCl used in your stomach to digest food
• Citric acid and ascorbic acid are in orange juice
• Carbonic acid and phosphoric acid are in soda

5. Bases
• A base is any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions,
(OH- ) when dissolved in water.
• Most bases end with OH-
• Examples: NaOH, Ca(OH)2

6. Bases and their properties
• Bitter taste
• Slippery feel
• Many bases are corrosive
• Bases turns red litmus paper blue
• Conduct electric current

7. Uses of bases
• NaOH (sodium hydroxide) is used to make soap and paper, oven
cleaners and products to unclog drains
• Ca(OH)2 (calcium hydroxide) is used to make cement and plaster
• Ammonia is found in household cleaners and to make fertilizer
• Magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide are used in antacids
to treat heartburn.

8. Strengths of acids and bases
Acids
• Strong acids have additional H+
• All of the acid’s molecules break
apart
• Examples of strong acids: H2SO4
(sulfuric acid), H2CO3 (carbonic
acid), H3PO4 (phosphoric acid)
Bases
• Strong bases have additional OH-
• All of the base’s molecules break
apart
• Examples of strong bases:
Ca(OH)2 (calcium hydroxide),
Ba(OH)2 (barium hydroxide)

9. Neutralization
• The reaction between acids and bases is a neutralization reaction.
• React to form water (which is neutral) and a salt.
• A salt is an ionic compound formed from the positive ion of a base
and the negative ion of an acid.
• Salts are a large group of compounds; not just table salt!

10. pH scale
• Indicators are used to identify whether a solution contains an acid or
a base.
• A pH scale is used to describe how acidic or how basic a solution is.
• pH is a measure of the hydronium ion concentration.
• pH of 7 is neutral; pure water
• pH of less than 7 is acidic
• pH of greater than 7 is basic

11. pH values of common materials