The document discusses accommodative anomalies and their assessment and management. It begins with an overview of accommodation and the anatomy involved. It then covers topics like the ranges and amplitudes of accommodation and how they vary with age. It discusses various types of accommodative insufficiencies including presbyopia and its correction. It also covers accommodative excess and anomalies like unequal accommodation and accommodative esotropia. Assessment techniques like dynamic retinoscopy and accommodative therapy are described. The document concludes with references for further reading.

1. ACCOMMODATIVE ANOMALIES
L - 1 & 2
Mohammad Arman Bin Aziz
Instructor Optometrist cum Faculty
Institute of Community Ophthalmology

2. ACCOMMODATION
 The process by
which the dioptric
power of eye
changes so that an
infocus retinal
image of an object
of regard is obtained
and maintained at
high resolution at
fovea.

3. Accommodation ????
 Brief anatomy of lens
 Transparent,biconvex
 Anterior surface is is
less convex(abt10mm)
 Posterior surface more
curved(6mm)
 Refractive index=1.39

4. CILIARY MUSCLE AND ZONULES

5. Changes in accommodation

6. Ranges and amplitude of accommodation
 Punctum proximum-
 Punctum remotum-
 Ranges of accommodation-
 Amplitude of accommodation-
 Variation with refractive error???

7. Variation of amplitude of accommodation with age
DONDER’S TABLE
AGE (yrs) AMP (Ds) AGE (yrs) AMP (Ds)
10 14 40 5.50
20 10 50 3.5
30 7 60 1

8. Hoffsteter’s formula for amplitude of
accommodation
 Minimum = 15-0.25 * age
 Average = 18.5-0.3 * age
 Maximum = 25-0.4 * age
 E.g. for 40 yrs minimum = 5Ds,
intermediate=6.5Ds and maximum = 9Ds.
 ????????

9. Anomalies of accommodation
 Insufficiency of accommodation
 Excess or spasm of accommodation

10. Insuffeciency of accommodation
 Physiological anomaly
 Pharmacological anomaly
 Pathological anomaly

11. Physiological anomaly
 Presbyopia –not a disease
 Age of onset depends on
sex, race and occupation.
 Why ?????
 Helmhotz –Hess
Gullstrand theory
 Donder Duane fincham
theory

12. Types of presbyopia
 Incipient presbyopia
 Functional presbyopia
 Absolute presbyopia
 Premature presbyopia
 Nocturnal presbyopia

13.  Symptoms –
 Small print become indistinct in dim
illumination.
 Hand short for reading

14. Optical correction
 Glass..near glass, bifocal glass, progressive addition
lens, monovision glasses
 Contact lens option
 Distance single vision CL and near glasses
 Monovision CL
 Bifocal /multifocal CL
 Non refractive bifocal
 Weakest glass which are compatible with good
vision????

15. Methods determining addition
• A general rule an individual require 1D at 40 and in
every 5 yrs ,increases by 1D until 55 then stabilizes.
• Considering amplitude of accommodation
 RAF ruler
 Donder's table
 hoffsteter’s formula
 Dynamic retinoscopy
• Binocular cross cylinder test-

16.  Negative relative accommodation
(NRA)and positive relative
accommodation (PRA)-
 Addition-NRA+1/2 relative amplitude of
accommodation
 E.g. if PRA is – 0.50 Ds and NRA is +2.00
 Amplitude of accommodation= +2.50
 Addition==2.00-1/2 * 2.50= +0.75Ds

17. Treatment ???
 Surgical procedure
 Made artificially anisometropic
 New advancement in surgical process

18. Pharmacological anomaly
 Ciliary body is supplied by both sympathetic
and parasympathetic supply.
 Sympathetic receptor include alpha and beta
 Parasympathetic include muscarinic receptor
M1, M2, M3

19. Group of drugs affecting accommodation
 Parasympatho mimetic
 Parasympatholytics
 Sympathomimetics
 sympatholytics

20. Some other causing accommodation
insuffeciency
 Alcohol
 Phenothiazine
 Antihistamine
 Marijuana
 Digitalis

21. Pathological anomaly
 Insuffeciency of accommodation-
 Accommodative power is consistently poor than
what may be considered as normal at that age.
Etiology
 General debility
 Malnutrition
 Anaemia
 Glaucoma (?)

22. Treatment
 Cause is treated
 If not treatable,symptom relieving majors…
 Optical treatment-1st choice
 Accommodation therapy…

23. Lag of accommodation
 Accommodative response
is smaller than
accommodative demand.
 Causes asthenopic
symptoms.
 Can be found by dynamic
retinoscopy, jackson cross
cyl method.
 Corrected by giving
addition for near.

24. Research report
 Normal accommodative lag in Nepalese
population-Dhungana Purushottam
 151 patient were examined out of which
88(58%) were female,63(42%)male.
 He found normal accommodative lag increase
with age and ranges from 1.004-1.33(16-
35yrs)in monocular fixation and 0.915-
1.116(16-35yrs)in binocular condition.

25. Conclusions of the study
 Accommodation lag in entire Nepalese
population found to be increase with age
 Myope showed lag towards higher side,
hyperope towards lower side.
 Normal lag 1.174(+/-0.17) monocular
fixation, 0.998(+/-0.003)binocular condition.

26. Ill sustained accommodation/fatigue of
accommodation
 Accommodation is normal initially but can not be
maintained over length of time.
 Initial stage of true insufficiency
 Convalescent period from debilitating illness
 Tiredness
 refractive status
 relationship with convergence

27. Treatment
 Correct significant ametropia
 High astigmatism ? - check near cyl
axes
 Advise on lighting and length of time
accommodation

28. Inertia of accommodation
accommodation facility
 Difficulty is experienced in altering the range
of accommodation .
 Measurement of quality of the eye ability to
smoothly and efficiently change the amount
of accommodation
 Cycles per minute by flipper

29. Facility testing

30. Normal value
 Monocular distribution of monocular
accommodative measurement using +/-2 Ds for
100 eyes,12-14 cycles constitute about 50
percent eyes. (asymptomatic)
 Binocular accommodative facility measurement
using +/-2Ds, 8-14 constitute about 50 percent
total screened(asymptomatic)

31. Paralysis of accommodation
 Disease affecting cranium and oculomotor
nerve.
 Paralytical mydriasis.
 If accommodation paralysis is isolated cause, it
is cortical in origin.
 Other cause include encephalitis, anterior
poliomyelitis, TB, syphilis etc

32.  May be partial or total, unilateral or
bilateral
 Signs and symptoms
 Blurred vision
 Micropsia

33. Aetiology
 Congenital defects e.g., no ciliary
muscle
 Cycloplegic drugs
 topical eye drops intentional or
unintentional
 Systemic drugs

34.  Degenerative conditions e.g. Parkinson’s
 Exogenous poisons e.g., snake bites, bee
stings
 III N lesion (tumour, aneurysm, haemorrhage)
 Ocular disease (anterior uveitis, glaucoma)
 Trauma to head or eye (temporary or
permanent paralysis)

35. Management
 If recent onset and not previously
investigated then refer and, if of
sudden onset, urgently
 Subsequent intervention will include
spectacles and management of any
diplopia

36. Excessive accommodation
 Tone of ciliary muscle is increased,inducing
pseudomyopia.
Symptoms
 Blurred vision depending on patient’s
refractive status
 Macropsia
 Asthenopia during close work
 Pain (brows/headache)
 Poor concentration
 Miosis
 Convergence anomalies (excess or
insufficiency)

37. Investigation
 Cycloplegic refraction used to
determine true refraction

38. aetiologies
 Functional cause
 Organic cause

39. Functional cause
• Functional spasm
 A response to over fatigue and "eye strain".
Precipitated by 3 factors:
 Bad visual hygiene e.g., poor lighting, glare
unaccustomed work
 Optical or ocular motor difficulties e.g.,
anisometropia, early presbyopia, convergence
anomalies
 psychological factors

40. Organic cause
• Irritation of parasympathetic system
Aetiology
• Ciliary spasm
• - drug induced e.g., physostigmine,
pilocarpine, morphine, digitalis
• - lesions of brain stem
• Inflammation e.g., anterior uveitis
• Trigeminal neuralgia

41. Treatment
 Reversible or irreversible….
 Reversible then + lens
 Irreversible than – lenses

42. Unequal accommodation
 Can be due to ciliary muscle weakness or
decrease in elasticity of lens capsule..
 Other causes include amblyopia,unilateral
sclerosis..

43. Accommodative esotropia
 Accommodative esotropia……
 Refractive accommodative esotropia..(AC/A
normal)
 Non refractive accommodative esotropia
(high AC/A ratio)
 Mixed
 AC/A= ipd + N. phoria - D.phoria/D

44. Accommodative therapy
 To improve accommodative amplitude,
facility
 Principle is to alter the stimulus for
accommodation by glasses or changing
distance
 Initially therapy is performed monocularly so
that vergence system does not influence.

45.  Hart chat push up(push up paddle)
 Hart chat distance near facility
 Lens flippers
 Loose minus lens rock
 Split pupil rock

47. conclusion
 Accommodative anomaly is one of the most
common cause of asthenopic symptom
presenting to optometrist.
 So all patient should undergo tests for
refractive error, muscle imbalance and
convergence and accommodation anomaly
should not be forgotten.

48. Flow chart to approach Asthenopia
HEADACHE
Patch eye and do near work
Headache persists
Headache subsides
Binocular problem
Accommodative
problem
Refractive error

49. REFERENCES
• Borish’s clinical refraction
• Duke-Elder’s practice of refraction
• Principal of optics and refraction by Lalit P.
Agrawal
• Binocular vision and ocular motility-Gunter K
Von noorden
• Clinical management of strabismus-Elizabeth