The document discusses various aspects of accommodation including its definition, physiology, components, anomalies, and age-related changes. It defines accommodation as the process by which the crystalline lens changes its power to focus on near versus distant objects. The amount of accommodation depends on factors like age and training. Accommodation is mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system. Anomalies of accommodation include insufficiency, infacility, fatigue, latent hyperopia, spasm, and presbyopia which is the age-related decline in accommodation leading to the need for reading glasses.

1. Accommodation:
measurement & its
anomalies

2. 2
 the process by which the crystalline
lens changes its power
Definition

3. 3
Accommodation
Near Object -- Accommodation
Object at Infinity --No Accommodation

4. 4
 Training (somewhat dependent)
 Age (highly dependent)
The amount of accommodation
available depends upon

5. 5
 Accommodation is mediated by
parasympathetic stimulation of
the ciliary body under the innervation
of the IIIrd cranial or oculomotor
nerve, arising in the midbrain.
Physiology of
Accommodation

7. 7
Lens Shape Change with
Accommodation

8. Effective Stimuli for
Accommodation
Retinal Blur
• Accommodation occurs to improve the contrast
and clarity of the retinal image
:optical reflex accommodation

9. Components of
Accommodation
1. Tonic Accommodation
2. Convergence Accommodation
3. Proximal Accommodation
4. Reflex Accommodation
5. Voluntary Accommodation

10. 10
 The resting state of accommodation
 The amount of accommodation present in the
absence of a stimulus due to ciliary muscle
tone as a result of low degree of neural
activity
 In youth this is about 1 to 2 D

reduces with age
Tonic accommodation

11. 11
 amount of accommodation
stimulated by convergence
Convergence
Accommodation

12. 12
 The reaction time for
convergence is about 0.2 s,
almost twice as fast as that for
accommodation
 accommodation lags behind and
takes its cue from convergence.
Lag Time

13. Measurement of AC/A
 Calculation method (Heterophoria
method)
 AC/A = PD + n+ d / D
 Where, D = testing distance
 Gradient method
 AC/A = n+ d / D
 Where, D = Power of the lens
 Graphical method
 Normal Value: 4/1 to 6/1

14. 15
 The amount of accommodation induced by
the subject's awareness of the proximity of
an object.
 In instruments such as autorefractors, it
interferes with the objective measurement of
refractive error
 Autorefractors tend to give readings

overcorrections for myopia

undercorrections for hyperopia.
Proximal accommodation

15. 16
 The normal involuntary response
to blur which maintains a clear
image
Reflex accommodation

16. 18
 When there is no visual input to stimulate
accommodation, accommodation does not
go to a zero level as one might expect, but
rather to an intermediate level
 in dense fog or a clear blue sky
experienced by pilots at high altitudes
 Between 1 D and 2 D of myopia develops
within ten seconds of viewing an empty
field – empty field or space myopia
Other types:
Empty Field Accommodation

17. 19
 occurs in darkness
 The dark focus of accommodation is
responsible for night myopia, in which
the eye tends to accommodate too
much for a given object distance when
lighting levels are low
 One study found a mean dark focus of
1.52 D (SD = 0.77)
Other types:
Dark Focus of Accommodation

18. 20
 A full clinical examination
 includes assessment of accommodative
function in four parameters

amplitude of accommodation

lag of accommodation

accommodative facility

relative accommodation
Clinical Measurement of
Accommodation

19. 21
 The maximum amount by which the eye
can change its power
 The dioptric difference between the
punctum proximum and the punctum
remotum
 e.g:

if the far point is 50 cm in front of the spectacle
plane and the punctum proximum is 8 cm in front of
it, the amplitude is:
 Ans:
 AA = (1/kpr
)-(1/kpp
) = (1/-0.5m)-(1/-0.08m)
= +10.5D
Amplitude of
Accommodation

20. 23
 The amplitude of accommodation
declines throughout life until at about
50 or 60 years of age when it becomes
zero
Amplitude of
Accommodation

21. 24
Accommodation vs. Age

22. 25
Amplitude of Accommodation
vs. Age

23. 26
Amplitude of
Accommodation vs. Age
 Hofstetter formulas for expected
amplitude as a function of age
(using the data of Donders, Duane, and Kaufman):
 Maximum amplitude = 25 - 0.4(age)
 Probable amplitude = 18.5 - 0.3(age)
 Minimum amplitude = 15 - 0.25(age)
 Rule of 4’s
amplitude=4x4-(Age/4)

24. 27
 Lag of accommodation can be assessed
clinically
 Dynamic retinoscopy
 near bichrome test
 the near cross cylinder test
 Normal Lag: +0.50 or +0.75 diopters
 High Lag: +1.00 diopters or higher
 Decreased Lag: +0.25 diopters or less
Lag of Accommodation

25. Anomalies of
Accommodation
 Accommodation Insufficiency
 Accommodation Infacility
 Accommodative Fatigue
 Latent Hyperopia
 Accommodative Spasm
(Pseudomyopia)
 Presbyopia (? Physiological
conditions)

26. Accommodation
Insufficiency
 Accommodative response is
significantly less than accommodative
stimulus
 Symptoms:
 Blur & asthenopia
 Feature
 Inability to clear minus lens

27. Accommodation
Insufficiency
 Causes:
 Drug: alcohol, Cycloplegics, CNS
stimulants, marijuana, antihistamines
 Ocular diseases: Glaucoma, Iris sphincter
tear, trauma, Adie’s syndrome, Horner
syndrome, Herpes Zoster
 Diabetes, sinusitis, multiple sclerosis,
dental caries, tonsillitis, Wilson disease
 Arsenic/ lead poisoning

28. Accommodation
Insufficiency
 Management:
 Correct refractive error : small hyperopia/
astigmatism
 Near add: NRA + PRA/ 2 or
accommodative lag value
 Vision training

Lens rock with +/- flippers

Brock string (Jump vergence)

29. Accommodation Infacility
 Slow or difficult accommodative response
to dioptric change in stimulus
 Symptoms
 Inability to change focus from near to distance & vice
versa
 Asthenopia
 Feature:
 Fail miserably when trying to clear plus &
minus lenses (flippers) < 8 cycles per minute

30. Accommodation Infacility
Management
 Spectacle correction
 Near add:
 Due to Low NRA & PRA won’t benefit
 Vision therapy:
 Flippers
 Brock string (Jump vergence)

31. Accommodative Fatigue
 Inability of the eye to adequately
sustain sufficient accommodation
over an extended time period.
 Symptoms:
 Blurring of near vision after some
time, and inability to focus again
 Asthenopia
 Feature:
 Difficulty to clear plus lenses

32. Accommodative Fatigue
 Management
 Spectacle correction
 Near add:

Benefit with plus lens
 Vision therapy:
 Flippers
 Brock string (Jump vergence)

33. Latent Hyperopia
 Portion of total hyperopia compensated
by accommodation (tonicity of the
ciliary muscle
 Symptoms:
 Inability to do near work for long (focusing
problem)
 Asthenopia
 Need to do cyclorefraction
 Correct refractive error : small hyperopia/
astigmatism

34. Accommodative Spasm
(Pseudomyopia)
 Due to ciliary muscle spasm, inability of
the eye to relax accommodation
 Results in pseudomyopia
 Symptoms
 Typical myopic complain (distance blur)
 Frontal headache (asthenopia)
 Poor response to all the tests which
need to relax accommodation (unable
to clear plus lens)

35. Accommodative Spasm
(Pseudomyopia)
 Management:
 Spectacle correction: cycloplegic refraction
 Correction of small hyperopia/ astigmatism
 Minus lens for distance blur will compound
the problem

36. 44
 The blur during near vision resulting
from the normal decrease in amplitude
of accommodation with age
 sometimes quantitatively defined as
an amplitude of accommodation less
than 5 D, which is the point at which
many patients become symptomatic
 This usually occurs at about 40 or 45
years of age
Presbyopia

37. 45
 Presbyopia that has advanced to
the point that the ability to
accommodate is completely
absent is known as absolute
presbyopia
 Absolute presbyopia is reached
between 50 and 60 years of age
Absolute Presbyopia

38. 46
 The treatment for presbyopia is
the addition of plus power for use
when viewing near objects
 This is usually in the form of
reading glasses, bifocal
spectacles, or multifocal
spectacle lenses.
Treatment for Presbyopia