ABNORMALITIES OF MICTURITION.pdf
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This document describes 4 types of abnormalities of micturition or urination: 1) Atonic bladder which lacks muscle tone and overflows due to nerve damage, 2) Automatic bladder which empties unannounced due to spinal cord damage above the sacral region, 3) Nocturnal micturition which is involuntary bedwetting due to incomplete nerve fiber myelination or spinal defects, and 4) Uninhibited neurologic bladder which has uncontrolled frequent urination from lack of inhibitory brain signals and partial spinal/brainstem damage.
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The process of voiding urine, known as micturition, involves the urinary bladder filling with urine and then emptying through contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal and external urethral sphincters. This is mediated by a micturition reflex initiated by stretch receptors in the bladder wall and regulated by spinal and brain centers. Voluntary control of micturition is achieved through inhibition or facilitation of the reflex by higher brain centers.
micturition reflex
This document summarizes the physiology of the urinary bladder and micturition reflex. It begins with the anatomical components of the bladder, including the body, trigone, internal sphincter, and external sphincter. It then describes the nerve supply to the bladder, including sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic nerves. The micturition reflex is a spinal reflex facilitated by higher brain centers that is initiated when urine fills the bladder and stretches its receptors, causing inhibition of the external urethral sphincter and allowing urination. Precise control of micturition involves a balance between inhibitory centers in the midbrain and cortex and facilitatory centers in the pons. Applied aspects discuss conditions like
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The document discusses the micturition reflex, which is the reflex by which the urinary bladder empties when full. It describes the physiological anatomy of the bladder, its innervation by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, and the normal pathway of the reflex from bladder filling to emptying. It also discusses some abnormalities in micturition that can occur due to deafferentation, denervation, or lesions disrupting control by higher brain centers.
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This document discusses the micturition reflex and various abnormalities that can occur with it. It begins by describing the normal process of micturition and transport of urine from the kidneys to the bladder. It then discusses how the bladder regulates filling and emptying through the micturition reflex. It describes two potential issues - vesicoureteral reflux which is backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters, and the ureterorenal reflex which is constriction of the renal arterioles in response to pain in the ureters. The document concludes by outlining several abnormalities that can occur with the micturition reflex, including atonic, automatic, dener
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The document discusses micturition and the urinary system. It describes:
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2. The anatomy and nerve supply of the urinary bladder. The bladder is innervated by the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic nervous systems.
3. The micturition reflex which is triggered by bladder filling and involves contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter to void urine in a coordinated process.
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Micturition
Micturition is the process of urinating that involves two main steps - the bladder filling with urine until tension triggers the micturition reflex, causing the bladder to empty. This reflex is controlled by the spinal cord but can be inhibited or facilitated by the brain. The urinary bladder stores urine and empties through contraction of the detrusor muscle. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits through the urethra. The micturition reflex maintains control of urination but damage to nerves can cause abnormalities like an atonic bladder with no control or an automatic bladder that empties without brain input.
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The process of voiding urine, known as micturition, involves the urinary bladder filling with urine and then emptying through contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal and external urethral sphincters. This is mediated by a micturition reflex initiated by stretch receptors in the bladder wall and regulated by spinal and brain centers. Voluntary control of micturition is achieved through inhibition or facilitation of the reflex by higher brain centers.
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This document summarizes the physiology of the urinary bladder and micturition reflex. It begins with the anatomical components of the bladder, including the body, trigone, internal sphincter, and external sphincter. It then describes the nerve supply to the bladder, including sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic nerves. The micturition reflex is a spinal reflex facilitated by higher brain centers that is initiated when urine fills the bladder and stretches its receptors, causing inhibition of the external urethral sphincter and allowing urination. Precise control of micturition involves a balance between inhibitory centers in the midbrain and cortex and facilitatory centers in the pons. Applied aspects discuss conditions like
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The document discusses micturition and the urinary system. It describes:
1. The renal system which includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
2. The anatomy and nerve supply of the urinary bladder. The bladder is innervated by the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic nervous systems.
3. The micturition reflex which is triggered by bladder filling and involves contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter to void urine in a coordinated process.
THALAMUS
The document discusses the thalamus and its functions. It begins with objectives and physiological anatomy of the thalamus. It then discusses the internal structure of the thalamus including its white and grey matter. Next, it covers the connections of the thalamus including its sensory, motor, visceral, and integrative nuclei. It lists the functions of the thalamus such as acting as a sensory relay center and in arousal, perception, emotions, and motor integration. Finally, it discusses some applied aspects including thalamic syndrome, Korsakoff's syndrome, and frontal lobotomy.
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Micturition is the process of urinating that involves two main steps - the bladder filling with urine until tension triggers the micturition reflex, causing the bladder to empty. This reflex is controlled by the spinal cord but can be inhibited or facilitated by the brain. The urinary bladder stores urine and empties through contraction of the detrusor muscle. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits through the urethra. The micturition reflex maintains control of urination but damage to nerves can cause abnormalities like an atonic bladder with no control or an automatic bladder that empties without brain input.
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Micturition is the process of emptying the urinary bladder. It involves two main steps - first the bladder fills until tension triggers the micturition reflex, which empties the bladder. This reflex can be inhibited or facilitated by the brain. The bladder is composed of a body that collects urine and a neck that connects to the urethra. Urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters. Stretch receptors in the bladder wall trigger the micturition reflex when the bladder is full, causing the bladder to contract and the sphincter to relax, allowing urination. The brain can override this reflex to control urination.
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Micturition (3)
The document discusses the anatomical structure and physiological function of the urinary bladder. It contains the following key points:
1. The urinary bladder is composed of the body, which contains the detrusor muscle responsible for emptying during urination, and the internal and external sphincters that prevent emptying.
2. During filling, the bladder adapts to increasing volume via relaxation, allowing large volumes with minimal pressure rise due to the law of Laplace.
3. Micturition is initiated by a reflex arc when filling reaches 300-400ml. Afferent signals travel to sacral micturition centers which excite detrusor contraction and inhibit sphincters, causing empty
Micturition
The document summarizes the process of micturition, or urination. Micturition involves two main steps - the filling of the urinary bladder until tension reaches a threshold level, and then the emptying of the bladder through the micturition reflex or conscious decision. During emptying, the detrusor muscle in the bladder contracts while internal and external urethral sphincters relax, allowing urine to exit the body. The micturition reflex is controlled by the spinal cord, brain stem and cerebral cortex, and can be inhibited or initiated by higher brain centers.
Physiology of defecation
The document discusses physiology of defecation including:
- Defecation is controlled by neurological reflexes and sphincters and occurs episodically rather than continuously.
- Stretching of the rectum triggers defecation reflexes causing relaxation of internal anal sphincter and peristalsis to drive feces downward.
- External anal sphincter remains under voluntary control allowing defecation when desired.
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Micturition (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
The process by which the urinary bladder empties when it becomes filled.
It is a reflex process
ANATOMY OF URINARY BLADDER BODY = in which urine is collected
NECK = funnel shaped extension and connecting with the urethra.
URETHRAL SPHINCTER.
1. INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER.
made up of detrusor muscle
2. EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER.
made up of skeletal muscle fiber.
EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER is responsible for voluntary control of micturition
The walls of the ureter contain smooth musle and are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
Parasympathetic stimulation increases peristaltic contraction .
Sympathetic stimulation inhibited MICTURITION REFLEX Filling of urinary bladder 300 – 400 ml
|
stimulation of sensory stretch receptors
present on the wall of bladder
|
Afferent impulses pass via pelvic nerve
|
reaches the sacral segments of spinal cord
|
synapses with postganglionic neuron
|
Efferent impulses via pelvic nerve
causes contraction of detrusor muscle
and relaxation of internal sphincter
|
flow of urine in to urethra and
stimulation of stretch receptors present
in urethra
|
it send afferent impulses via pelvic nerve
|
Inhibition of pudendal nerve
|
Relaxation of external sphincter
|
voiding of urine
Once a micturition begins ,, it is a “self regenerative “.
THAT IS,
the initial contraction of bladder
further activates the receptors to
causes still further increase in sensory
impulses from the bladder and urethra.
These impulses in turn further increases in reflex contraction of bladder.
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The cerebellum is located behind the brain stem and contains half of the brain's neurons. It consists of a central vermis and two lateral lobes. The cerebellum is divided into three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular. It receives input and sends output via three peduncles. The cerebellum coordinates movement, balance, and posture through feedforward processing in its modular circuitry and plays a role in motor learning. Damage impairs coordination, balance, and movement control.
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2. Gastric acid secretion is regulated through neural and hormonal mechanisms in three phases: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. The cephalic phase begins with eating cues, while the gastric phase responds to food in the stomach through gastrin and vagal stimulation.
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The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ that acts as a reservoir to store urine. During the filling phase, stretch receptors in the bladder wall signal the micturition reflex as the bladder fills past 250-400 ml. This initiates urination by contracting the detrusor muscle to void the bladder while relaxing the internal urethral sphincter. Higher brain centers can facilitate or inhibit the micturition reflex. Normal urination requires coordination between the micturition reflex and relaxation of the external urethral sphincter. Disorders of micturition can be non-neurogenic due to anatomical issues or neurogenic due to lesions affecting the central or peripheral nervous system that disrupt
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The cerebellum plays an important role in motor control and coordination. It receives input from various sources, including the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex. This input is processed within the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. The cerebellum then sends output to motor areas of the brainstem and cerebral cortex to coordinate movement, balance, and posture. It acts as a comparator, receiving feedback on actual movements and comparing them to intended movements, in order to calibrate motor output and prevent overshooting during voluntary motor acts such as walking and running. Damage to the cerebellum can cause ataxia or lack of coordination.
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Micturition is the process of emptying the urinary bladder. It involves two main steps - first the bladder fills until tension triggers the micturition reflex, which empties the bladder. This reflex can be inhibited or facilitated by the brain. The bladder is composed of a body that collects urine and a neck that connects to the urethra. Urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters. Stretch receptors in the bladder wall trigger the micturition reflex when the bladder is full, causing the bladder to contract and the sphincter to relax, allowing urination. The brain can override this reflex to control urination.
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The basal ganglia consist of several structures including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. They are located within the cerebral hemispheres and are involved in motor control and cognition. Two main circuits exist - the putamen circuit for executing movements and the caudate circuit for cognitive motor control. Diseases that impact the basal ganglia like Parkinson's and Huntington's result from dysfunction of neurotransmitter pathways and can cause both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. Common treatments involve replacing dopamine or modifying basal ganglia circuitry.
Micturition (3)
The document discusses the anatomical structure and physiological function of the urinary bladder. It contains the following key points:
1. The urinary bladder is composed of the body, which contains the detrusor muscle responsible for emptying during urination, and the internal and external sphincters that prevent emptying.
2. During filling, the bladder adapts to increasing volume via relaxation, allowing large volumes with minimal pressure rise due to the law of Laplace.
3. Micturition is initiated by a reflex arc when filling reaches 300-400ml. Afferent signals travel to sacral micturition centers which excite detrusor contraction and inhibit sphincters, causing empty
Micturition
The document summarizes the process of micturition, or urination. Micturition involves two main steps - the filling of the urinary bladder until tension reaches a threshold level, and then the emptying of the bladder through the micturition reflex or conscious decision. During emptying, the detrusor muscle in the bladder contracts while internal and external urethral sphincters relax, allowing urine to exit the body. The micturition reflex is controlled by the spinal cord, brain stem and cerebral cortex, and can be inhibited or initiated by higher brain centers.
Physiology of defecation
The document discusses physiology of defecation including:
- Defecation is controlled by neurological reflexes and sphincters and occurs episodically rather than continuously.
- Stretching of the rectum triggers defecation reflexes causing relaxation of internal anal sphincter and peristalsis to drive feces downward.
- External anal sphincter remains under voluntary control allowing defecation when desired.
NERVE PHYSIOLOGY- CLASSIFICATION & PROPERTIES OF NERVE FIBERS
Nerve fibers are classified based on their structure, distribution, origin and function. They can be myelinated or unmyelinated. When injured, the distal portion undergoes Wallerian degeneration over 3 months as the axon and myelin sheath break down. The cell body shows chromatolysis. Regeneration is possible if the nerve ends are close together. New axonal growth occurs rapidly, entering the distal stump at 3-4mm/day. Myelination resumes over a year. Though anatomy recovers, full function returns slowly.
Micturition (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
The process by which the urinary bladder empties when it becomes filled.
It is a reflex process
ANATOMY OF URINARY BLADDER BODY = in which urine is collected
NECK = funnel shaped extension and connecting with the urethra.
URETHRAL SPHINCTER.
1. INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER.
made up of detrusor muscle
2. EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER.
made up of skeletal muscle fiber.
EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER is responsible for voluntary control of micturition
The walls of the ureter contain smooth musle and are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
Parasympathetic stimulation increases peristaltic contraction .
Sympathetic stimulation inhibited MICTURITION REFLEX Filling of urinary bladder 300 – 400 ml
|
stimulation of sensory stretch receptors
present on the wall of bladder
|
Afferent impulses pass via pelvic nerve
|
reaches the sacral segments of spinal cord
|
synapses with postganglionic neuron
|
Efferent impulses via pelvic nerve
causes contraction of detrusor muscle
and relaxation of internal sphincter
|
flow of urine in to urethra and
stimulation of stretch receptors present
in urethra
|
it send afferent impulses via pelvic nerve
|
Inhibition of pudendal nerve
|
Relaxation of external sphincter
|
voiding of urine
Once a micturition begins ,, it is a “self regenerative “.
THAT IS,
the initial contraction of bladder
further activates the receptors to
causes still further increase in sensory
impulses from the bladder and urethra.
These impulses in turn further increases in reflex contraction of bladder.
Vestibular apparatus
The vestibular apparatus contains the organs that sense equilibrium - the utricle, saccule, and three semicircular canals. Hair cells within these organs detect linear and angular acceleration. When stimulated, hair cells trigger nerve impulses that travel to the brainstem and cerebellum to maintain posture and balance. Disorders like vertigo, motion sickness, and Meniere's disease can disturb equilibrium by affecting the vestibular apparatus.
Cerebellum parts and functions
The cerebellum is located behind the brain stem and contains half of the brain's neurons. It consists of a central vermis and two lateral lobes. The cerebellum is divided into three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular. It receives input and sends output via three peduncles. The cerebellum coordinates movement, balance, and posture through feedforward processing in its modular circuitry and plays a role in motor learning. Damage impairs coordination, balance, and movement control.
Enteric nervous system
The enteric nervous system controls gastrointestinal movements and secretions. It is composed of two plexuses: the myenteric plexus between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, which controls gastrointestinal movements, and the submucosal plexus beneath the mucosa, which controls secretion and blood flow. The enteric nervous system works with the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to regulate gastrointestinal function. Sensory neurons in the gut wall send signals to the central nervous system to mediate reflexes. The enteric nervous system contains many types of neurons that secrete neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, serotonin and VIP.
Gastric secretion
This document discusses gastric secretion and the physiology of stomach acid production. It covers the following key points:
1. The stomach lining contains various cell types that secrete substances like mucus, hydrochloric acid, and the enzyme pepsin. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid through a mechanism involving hydrogen-potassium ATPase pumps.
2. Gastric acid secretion is regulated through neural and hormonal mechanisms in three phases: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. The cephalic phase begins with eating cues, while the gastric phase responds to food in the stomach through gastrin and vagal stimulation.
3. Experiments like Pavlov's pouch and sham feeding helped
Functions of Thyroid hormone
This document discusses the physiological functions of thyroid hormones. It describes how thyroid hormones increase transcription of genes, cellular metabolic activity, and growth. It also covers the metabolic and non-metabolic effects of thyroid hormones on specific body systems and functions like the central nervous system, bone growth, muscle function, cardiovascular system, sleep, and the reproductive system.
Synapse properties
Inhibition of Synapse and its types
Properties of synapse
1.One-way conduction(5 marks)
2.Synaptic delay(5 marks)
3.Summation (5 marks)
4.Convergence and divergence(5 marks)
5.Subliminal fringe ( 5 marks)
6.Occlusion phenomenon(5 marks)
7.Facilitation(5 marks)
8.Synaptic fatigue(5 marks)
9.Synaptic plasticity (5 marks)
10.Reverberation(5 marks)
11.Reciprocal inhibition(5 marks)
12.After-discharge, Effect of acidosis and hypoxia, drugs(5 marks)
Action potential
1. An action potential occurs when there is a rapid change in the membrane potential of a neuron from a negative resting potential to a positive potential and then back to a negative potential. This is driven by the movement of ions across the cell membrane through voltage-gated ion channels.
2. For an action potential to be initiated, the membrane potential must be depolarized beyond the threshold potential of around -65mV. This opens voltage-gated sodium channels, allowing sodium ions to enter the cell.
3. The influx of sodium ions causes further depolarization, followed by the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels which causes repolarization back to the resting potential and then hyperpolarization below the resting potential.
Physiology of memory
Memory involves the storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning. For memories to form, learning causes persistent changes in brain structure and function. The parts of the brain involved in memory include the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes, limbic system structures like the hippocampus and amygdala, and the diencephalon. Different types of memory include immediate memory for recent experiences, procedural memory for skills, short-term memory for seconds to minutes, and long-term memory stored from days to years. Memory formation results from changes in neurons and synaptic connections in networks across the brain.
Posterior pituitary
Posterior Pituitary or Neurohypophysis composed mainly of glial-like cells called pituicytes.
The pituicytes do not secrete hormones.
They act simply as a supporting structure for large numbers
of terminal nerve fibers and terminal nerve endings from nerve tracts.
That originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular
nuclei of the hypothalamus.
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- 2. 1. ATONIC BLADDER 2. AUTOMATIC BLADDER 4. NOCTURNAL MICTURITION 3. UNINHIBITED NEUROLOGIC BLADDER
- 3. ATONIC BLADDER • Caused by destruction of sensory afferent nerve fibers • “Flaccid neurogenic bladder” • Loss of tone of detrusor muscle • Bladder fills and overflows • Called “overflow dribbling” or “incontinence” • Occurs in “syphilis” and “tabes dorsalis”
- 4. AUTOMATIC BLADDER • Caused by spinal cord damage above the “sacral region” • Loss of voluntary reflex • Small amount of urine in bladder • Elicit micturition reflex • Results in bladder emptying (unannounced)
- 5. NOCTURNAL MICTURITION • “Nocturnal enuresis” • “Bed wetting” • Absence of voluntary control of micturition • Incomplete myelination of motor nerve fibers • “Lumbosacral vertebral defect”
- 6. UNINHIBITED NEUROLOGIC BLADDER • Caused by lack of inhibitory signals from brain • Partial damage in spinal cord and brain stem • Small quantity of urine elicits uncontrollable micturition reflex • Frequent and uncontrolled micturition (urination)