Emotions are feelings that influence behavior and have physiological and cognitive components. There are four basic emotions: happy, sad, afraid/surprised, and angry/disgust. Emotions can be positive like joy or negative like fear. Primary emotions are instinctive responses to stimuli while secondary emotions involve feeling emotions about other emotions. Theories of emotion include the James-Lange theory that emotions arise from physiological reactions, the Cannon-Bard theory that physiological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously, and the Schachter-Singer theory that physiological arousal combined with cognitive labeling leads to emotion. Stress can be beneficial (eustress) or harmful (distress) and results from stressors

1. EMOTIONS

2. Emotion
• Emotions are feelings that are generally have both physiological and
cognitive elements and that influence behavior.
Example: happiness- if we are happy we will think happily
• Derived from Latin word- ‘emovere’ meaning ‘to move’ or ‘to stir’
• There are four basic emotions: happy, sad, afraid/surprised and
angry/disgust
• Defined as a psychological feeling usually accompanied by
physiological reaction.
• Charles G. Morris- Emotion is a complex affective experience that
involves diffuse physiological changes and can be expressed overtly in
characteristics behavior patterns.

3. The emotions are may be in two types:
1. Positive(pleasant emotion)-joy, love, happiness, affection pride,
bliss
2. Negative(unpleasant emotion)- fear, anger, jealousy, anxiety,
disgust, etc..

4. Primary emotion: are those we feel first/ as a first response.
• The reaction to the external stimuli
• Example: when you hear a death, may feel sadness. They are
unthinking, instinctive response that we have.
• Typical primary emotions include-fear, anger, sadness and happiness
Secondary emotion
• When you feel something about the feeling itself
• You may feel anger about hurt or shame about your anxiety
• It is a complex reaction
• Appear after primary emotion

5. Three levels of analysis of emotion
(components of emotion)
1. Physiological level
2. Subjective level
3. Overt behavior

6. Physiological level
• Involves physiological reaction
• Responds within the body
• Such reactions include shifts in heart rate, blood pressure, sweating,
shivering etc..
• Caused by hormonal changes resulting from activity of the nervous
system
• Voice, gestures, facial expression etc.
example: Dog barking at you

7. Subjective feeling
• How the person feels
• What the person actually feels
• Acted by a person, object, or event
• It may be pleasant or unpleasant, light or string, simple or complex.
Example: in case of dog barking and coming- fear (unpleasant emotion)

8. Overt behavior
• Immediate outward reaction to an emotion that is involuntary and
automatic
• How the person reacts
• Express in overt response or behavior
• Such as running away, crying
•

9. Theories of emotion
1. James-Lange Theory
2. Cannon and Bard theory
3. Schachter-Singer theory

10. 1. James-Lange theory
• Proposed independently by American Psychologist William James
and Danish Physiologist Carl Lange.
• Suggested that emotion occur as a result of physiological reaction to
events.
• Before- the knowledge was that emotions cause physiological
arousal and behavior. (because of fear, one runs)- Here emotions
occurs first and physiological activates follow it.
• But to James-Lange, emotions spring from physiological reactions
that is physiological reaction cause emotion.
• Because he run, he experience fear.

12. 2. Cannon- Bard theory
• W. B. Cannon and Philip. Bard
• Also known as Thalamic theory of emotion
• Disagree with James-Lange theory
• He suggested, people can experience physiological reaction linked to
emotions without actually feeling those emotions.
• E.g. Your heart might race because you have been exercising not
because you are afraid.
• Emotion result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in
response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction.

14. • It means that both physiological changes and experience of emotion
occur simultaneously by the activity of thalamic and hypothalamic
region of the brain.
• Here the experiences of fear (emotional feeling) and running
(bodily changes) starts literally at the same time.
• According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, we feel emotions
and experience physiological reactions such as sweating,
trembling, and muscle tension simultaneously

16. 3. Schacter-Singer theory
• Stanley Schacter and Jerome Singer in 1962
• Also known as Two factor theory
• It states that our emotions is based on two factors:
physiological and cognitive
• Focuses on the interaction between physical arousal and how we
cognitively label that arousal
• This theory suggests that the physiological arousal occurs first, and
then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to
experience and label it as an emotion.

19. Stress
• it is a universal phenomenon all people experience it.
• It can be result from both positive and negative experience.
• Positive events: marriage, receiving an unexpected job promotion.
• Negative events: death of near and dear, conflict, unmet needs and
desires, work load.

20. Stress is defined as the process that occurs in response to events that
disrupt, or threaten to our physical or psychological functioning.
Types of stress
1. Eustress
2. Distress
3. Hyper stress
4. Hypostress

21. Eustress: stress has a beneficial effect. Good stress, stress experienced
during a wedding, new job
Distress: when events have a harmful effect. Stress experienced during a
funeral.
Hyper stress: excessive stress- occurs when events including positive
ones pile up and stretch the limits of our adaptability.
Eg: people already under stress may experience hyper stress when a
terrorist attack occurs.
Hypo stress: insufficient stress- it occurs when we lack stimulation
(underload of stress that causes us to be, bored or underchallenged)

22. Stressor: any event, situation that results or cause stress- physical or
emotional stress.
Sources of stress:
• within the person,
• in the family,
• in the community and society,
• physical environment,
• job
• hassles of daily life

23. Management of stress
1. Relaxation training: was promoted as a way to reduce stress. Deep
and slow breathing, PMR-progressive muscle relaxation.
2. Biofeedback:
• can be used to control muscle tension, blood pressure, body
temperature, brain waves and stomach acid.
• Popular technique for dealing with the effects of stress.
• It involves electronic measurement of physiological process such as
heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension.
• These measurements are converted into signals, such as flash lights
or beeps, which provide feedback on how a bodily process is
operating

24. 3. Mindfulness meditation:
• Can be relaxing because if you focus on the one thing that occupies
you in the moment you don’t have to deal with the anxiety of future
concerns
• Can listen the heartbeat, breathing, environmental sounds etc.
4. Music therapy
5. Art therapy
6. Providing stress management programs
7. Providing fitness programs
8. Keep journal: write down the thoughts or feelings you are having-help
to understand your stressors and how to react stress

25. 9. Challenging negative thinking: CBT- Cognitive behavior therapy
10. Identify what you can control and what you cannot control