Food is the basic necessity of life. One works hard and earns to satisfy our hunger .But at the end of the day, many of us are not sure of what we eat. We may be eating a dangerous flavors and dyes. Often, we invite diseases rather than good health. The purpose of this article is to detect the presence of food adulterants in some common foods and to create awareness about the artificial tests and dyes. A study of the IR spectra and the optical activitiy of two natural and artificial most common used flavor and colors (Vanilla and Strawberry) were detected. IR spectra of synthetic Vanilla were dominated by specific peaks that attributed to corresponding synthetic pigments (specific spectral band of stretching C=0 ester of aldehydic and ketonic groups in synthetic flavor at1744.87cm-1 with a weak shoulder at1700 cm-1 .And stretching CO of sucrose at (990.49 and 923,70) cm-1.The synthetic Strawberry characterized with specific spectral bands of (C=O stretching at 1634.96 cm-1 in ester and CO stretching of sucrose at 925 cm-1), while these functional groups disappeared in natural. Vanilla and Strawberry extracts. The natural Flavoring extracts posse's levorotatory property; they are optically active, while the synthetic extracts not rotates the plane of polarization of the light which passes through the material, they are said to be; not active optically. The obtained results indicated that, Infrared spectrum and Optical activity could be adapted to detect adulterants added products, and to differentiate between natural and artificial food flavoring extracts.
The document discusses ecopharmacovigilance (EPV), which concerns adverse effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment. It notes that active pharmaceutical ingredients are emerging environmental contaminants consumed worldwide at over 100,000 tons annually. Even in trace amounts, they are a concern due to continuous introduction and impact on ecosystems and human/veterinary health. The document outlines sources of pharmaceuticals in the environment like patient excretion, manufacturing waste, and improper disposal. It discusses spread in water and effects of long-term exposure like antimicrobial resistance. Examples given include diclofenac poisoning vultures in South Asia and estrogenic effects on fish. The document advocates approaches like green drug design, minimizing emissions, and improved
Why pick on pharmaceuticals as an environmental "problem"(setac basle 2014)David Taylor
Pharmaceuticals have been singled out for specific attention as environmental pollutants but this is irrational. Pharmaceuticals , once in the environment, are similar to other emerging pollutants and should be treated on a case by case basis Attempts to regulate pharmaceuticals as a class of pollutants are unwarrented.
Presentation at the ESPP stakeholder meeting concerning the use on farmland of sewage biosolids (04/12/2018) organised by the European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP, www.phosphorusplatform.eu)
All outcomes of the meeting can be found here https://www.phosphorusplatform.eu/activities/conference/meeting-archive/1788-espp-meeting-sludge-2018
Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Potential of 12 Antimalarial Recipes Us...inventionjournals
The present work aims to identify the major chemical groups and to evaluate the anti-radical activity of 12 recipes of medicinal plants used in the treatment of malaria among children, pregnant women and adults in two lake villages (Ganvi , Aguegues Daho) of southern Benin. All the recipes contain molecules able to trap the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) which is a free radical. This activity would be due to the phenolic compounds identified in the phytochemical screening and whose presence in these recipes has been confirmed by quantitative test performed in a spectrophotometer. Aqueous extract obtain by decoction of recipes 3, 1 and 4 (E3, E1, E4) of the child have the higher contents of total phenolics compounds and good anti-radical activity compared to other extracts. The aqueous extract obtain by decoction of the recipe 3 which has the strongest content of total polyphenols (668.16 mg EAG/g DM) was the most active for trapping DPPH with an IC50 of 0.095 mg/mL similar to those of butylated hydroxyanisole (0.090 mg/mL) and quercetin (0.100 mg/mL) that are reference antioxidants used in this study. These results justify the use of these traditional recipes.
This study analyzed 33 common consumer products such as cosmetics, textiles, toys, air fresheners and cleaning products for the presence of hazardous chemicals. The results showed that most polymer-containing products contained nonylphenol, nonylphenol ethoxylates, phthalates, or both. Especially high concentrations of phthalates were found in pyjamas. Bisphenol A was detected in a polycarbonate baby bottle. Perfumes contained phthalates and musks. With one exception, low amounts of phthalates and musks were found in shampoos, deodorizers and cleaning products. This study demonstrates that hazardous chemicals are present in many everyday consumer products
This document describes the design and synthesis of isatin analogues for biological testing. The objectives were to design and synthesize isatin analogues and characterize their structures. Thirteen molecules were synthesized including intermediates and target analogues. Six of the synthesized compounds were novel. The analogues were created by modifying the isatin scaffold through reactions such as N-alkylation, Schiff base formation, and click chemistry to form triazole linkages. The structures of the analogues will be confirmed through NMR analysis and then submitted for biological testing to evaluate their activities and develop structure-activity relationships.
Synthesis, Evaluation, and study of MechanisticAmna Tariq
This document discusses photoactive dyes and their application in photodynamic therapy (PDT). It outlines the aims of using the photoactive dye Neutral Red in a light-promoted reaction to synthesize target compounds. While initial reactions showed low yields of the target compounds, introducing a light source helped overcome activation barriers and allowed the reactions to go to completion with good yields. Future work involves further studying the photochemistry and mechanistic pathways of the reactions to better control and optimize the process.
This research article studied the effects of gamma radiation on total phenolic content, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity in dried Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms stored in different packaging materials. Dried mushrooms were exposed to gamma radiation doses from 0 to 2 kGy and stored for 1 month. Extracts from the mushrooms were analyzed for total phenolic content, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. Statistical differences were found between the extracts and radiation doses. A significant positive correlation was observed between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The results suggest that P. ostreatus mushrooms can be a promising source of natural antioxidants and low dose gamma radiation may help improve quality, shelf-life and nutrient preservation of mushrooms.
The document discusses ecopharmacovigilance (EPV), which concerns adverse effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment. It notes that active pharmaceutical ingredients are emerging environmental contaminants consumed worldwide at over 100,000 tons annually. Even in trace amounts, they are a concern due to continuous introduction and impact on ecosystems and human/veterinary health. The document outlines sources of pharmaceuticals in the environment like patient excretion, manufacturing waste, and improper disposal. It discusses spread in water and effects of long-term exposure like antimicrobial resistance. Examples given include diclofenac poisoning vultures in South Asia and estrogenic effects on fish. The document advocates approaches like green drug design, minimizing emissions, and improved
Why pick on pharmaceuticals as an environmental "problem"(setac basle 2014)David Taylor
Pharmaceuticals have been singled out for specific attention as environmental pollutants but this is irrational. Pharmaceuticals , once in the environment, are similar to other emerging pollutants and should be treated on a case by case basis Attempts to regulate pharmaceuticals as a class of pollutants are unwarrented.
Presentation at the ESPP stakeholder meeting concerning the use on farmland of sewage biosolids (04/12/2018) organised by the European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP, www.phosphorusplatform.eu)
All outcomes of the meeting can be found here https://www.phosphorusplatform.eu/activities/conference/meeting-archive/1788-espp-meeting-sludge-2018
Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Potential of 12 Antimalarial Recipes Us...inventionjournals
The present work aims to identify the major chemical groups and to evaluate the anti-radical activity of 12 recipes of medicinal plants used in the treatment of malaria among children, pregnant women and adults in two lake villages (Ganvi , Aguegues Daho) of southern Benin. All the recipes contain molecules able to trap the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) which is a free radical. This activity would be due to the phenolic compounds identified in the phytochemical screening and whose presence in these recipes has been confirmed by quantitative test performed in a spectrophotometer. Aqueous extract obtain by decoction of recipes 3, 1 and 4 (E3, E1, E4) of the child have the higher contents of total phenolics compounds and good anti-radical activity compared to other extracts. The aqueous extract obtain by decoction of the recipe 3 which has the strongest content of total polyphenols (668.16 mg EAG/g DM) was the most active for trapping DPPH with an IC50 of 0.095 mg/mL similar to those of butylated hydroxyanisole (0.090 mg/mL) and quercetin (0.100 mg/mL) that are reference antioxidants used in this study. These results justify the use of these traditional recipes.
This study analyzed 33 common consumer products such as cosmetics, textiles, toys, air fresheners and cleaning products for the presence of hazardous chemicals. The results showed that most polymer-containing products contained nonylphenol, nonylphenol ethoxylates, phthalates, or both. Especially high concentrations of phthalates were found in pyjamas. Bisphenol A was detected in a polycarbonate baby bottle. Perfumes contained phthalates and musks. With one exception, low amounts of phthalates and musks were found in shampoos, deodorizers and cleaning products. This study demonstrates that hazardous chemicals are present in many everyday consumer products
This document describes the design and synthesis of isatin analogues for biological testing. The objectives were to design and synthesize isatin analogues and characterize their structures. Thirteen molecules were synthesized including intermediates and target analogues. Six of the synthesized compounds were novel. The analogues were created by modifying the isatin scaffold through reactions such as N-alkylation, Schiff base formation, and click chemistry to form triazole linkages. The structures of the analogues will be confirmed through NMR analysis and then submitted for biological testing to evaluate their activities and develop structure-activity relationships.
Synthesis, Evaluation, and study of MechanisticAmna Tariq
This document discusses photoactive dyes and their application in photodynamic therapy (PDT). It outlines the aims of using the photoactive dye Neutral Red in a light-promoted reaction to synthesize target compounds. While initial reactions showed low yields of the target compounds, introducing a light source helped overcome activation barriers and allowed the reactions to go to completion with good yields. Future work involves further studying the photochemistry and mechanistic pathways of the reactions to better control and optimize the process.
This research article studied the effects of gamma radiation on total phenolic content, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity in dried Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms stored in different packaging materials. Dried mushrooms were exposed to gamma radiation doses from 0 to 2 kGy and stored for 1 month. Extracts from the mushrooms were analyzed for total phenolic content, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. Statistical differences were found between the extracts and radiation doses. A significant positive correlation was observed between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The results suggest that P. ostreatus mushrooms can be a promising source of natural antioxidants and low dose gamma radiation may help improve quality, shelf-life and nutrient preservation of mushrooms.
This document discusses pharmaceuticals in the environment, including reasons for increased interest, pathways of entry, and methods of detection. Interest grew due to declines in eagle and aquatic populations from drugs. Pharmaceuticals enter the environment through urine/feces, manufacturing waste, bathing, and improper disposal, traveling through sewage, air, soil, surface water and groundwater. Detection methods involve collecting solid/water samples, filtration, extraction, separation by HPLC, and mass spectrometric quantification.
Investigation of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities of Spruce ...Michal Jablonsky
Extracts from spruce bark obtained using dierent deep eutectic solvents were screened for
their total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities. Water containing choline chloride-based
deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with lactic acid and 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and
1,5-pentanediol, with dierent molar ratios, were used as extractants. Basic characteristics of the DESs
(density, viscosity, conductivity, and refractive index) were determined. All the DESs used behave
as Newtonian liquids. The extractions were performed for 2 h at 60 C under continuous stirring.
TPC was determined spectrophotometrically, using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and expressed as
gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The antioxidant activity was determined spectrophotometrically by
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The TPC varied from 233.6 to
596.2 mg GAE/100 g dry bark; radical scavenging activity (RSA) ranged between 81.4% and 95%.
This study demonstrated that deep eutectic solvents are suitable solvents for extracting phenolic
compounds from spruce bark.
Acute effect of low dose thiacloprid exposure synergised by tebuconazole in a...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
‘Both of these acute effects of thiacloprid were synergised (toxicity increased to a greater-than-additive effect) by tebuconazole’
“The synergising of thiacloprid’s acute effect, via co-application of tebuconazole, as shown in our study, suggests the necessity for updating the standards by which we perform insecticide risk assessments on non-target organisms, by including other pesticides with which these insecticides are commonly tank-mixed and co-applied, promoting increased field relevance in risk assessments.”
This document summarizes pesticide use and residues in India. It finds that pesticide consumption has increased over time, with insecticides being most commonly used. Fungicide residues are frequently found on fruits and vegetables, with residues of mancozeb, carbendazim, and EBDC commonly found above maximum residue limits. Monitoring studies show approximately half of fruit and vegetable samples contain pesticide residues, though only a small percentage exceed limits. Stricter regulation and enforcement is needed to improve food safety.
Dose-response is a basic principle of toxicology that evaluates the clinical effects of substances based on the amount of exposure. It establishes a relationship between exposure levels and health effects, with higher doses generally causing more severe responses. Key aspects of dose-response include establishing causality, threshold effects, and the potency of a substance. Dose-response curves graphically depict the relationship, with a typical sigmoid curve showing little effect at low doses and increasing response rates as doses rise. Toxicology addresses various questions through subdisciplines like environmental, occupational, regulatory, and clinical toxicology. Common toxic agents studied include heavy metals, solvents and vapors, radiation, dioxins/furans, pesticides, and
Toxicology is the study of poisons and their effects on living organisms. A poison is any substance that can cause injury or death following exposure. Toxicity is measured using endpoints like mortality, birth defects, cancer potential, and genetic mutations. Mortality is often measured using the LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of subjects) and LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% of subjects), with lower numbers indicating higher toxicity. Chemical interactions like synergism can increase toxicity beyond independent effects. Pesticide toxicity is classified on labels using signal words like Caution, Warning, and Danger depending on LD50 levels. While some chemicals are highly toxic, pesticides approved for the region generally have relatively low to moderate toxicity
In tech developments-in_phytochemistryMehboob Alam
The document discusses techniques for analyzing phytochemicals in plants. It begins by explaining that phytochemicals have therapeutic effects and are studied to understand their structures and bioactivities. Common techniques for phytochemical analysis include extraction, purification, isolation, and characterization of active compounds. Spectroscopy methods like UV, IR, MS, and NMR are used to characterize isolated compounds. The document emphasizes that techniques must be chosen based on the properties of the desired compound and compatibility with extraction and separation methods.
Plant pigments like chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanins give plants their colors and play important roles in photosynthesis and protecting against damage. Chromatography is a technique used to separate plant pigments based on properties like polarity and solubility. Paper chromatography involves separating pigments on paper based on how far they travel compared to the solvent. Retention factor values characterize how soluble and polar different pigments are based on how far they travel up the paper.
"Phytoconstituents and Antioxidant Activities of Selected Medicinal Plants wi...ESD UNU-IAS
"Phytoconstituents and Antioxidant Activities of Selected Medicinal Plants with Potentials in the Management of COVID-19 and Related Diseases"
Mr. Andrew Lucky Okoh
10th African Regional RCE Meeting
1 & 15 September, 2020
Analyze the Environment and Economic Impact of Vegetable Tanning Agents Selec...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document analyzes the environmental and economic impacts of selecting different vegetable tanning agents for leather tanning. It finds that indusol has the lowest environmental impacts of the agents studied in terms of freshwater ecotoxicity and human toxicity. A fuzzy multi-attribute decision making model is used to also consider economic criteria like price. The model finds that indusol is the best overall option when balancing environmental and economic impacts. A sensitivity analysis confirms indusol remains the top choice even when weighting factors are adjusted up or down.
Review and calculation of activity co efficient of tea polyphenols and its so...eSAT Journals
Abstract Tea, one of the most popular beverages, has been consumed for thousands of years for their flavors and health benefits. Polyphenols are the flavanoid and phenolic acids in tea that contribute to health benefits. There are more than 45 polyphenols in tea. In this review, the structure, health benefits and suitable solvent selection for extraction of these polyphenols is covered. Further the calculation of activity coefficient of tea polyphenol is also done. This study helps us to understand the suitability of a solvent and its temperature dependency in its extraction process from tea leaves. Keywords: Tea, polyphenols, solvents.
Toxicology is the study of the harmful effects of chemicals on living organisms. All substances can be toxic depending on dose, with even something essential like vitamin A becoming poisonous at high enough levels. Common routes chemicals enter the body include ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Factors like dose, formulation, and individual susceptibility determine a substance's toxicity. Pesticides aim to control pests but can also harm nontarget species like humans if exposed, so their use requires minimizing risks to human and environmental health.
Fungicide residues occur in agricultural commodities through both intentional and unintentional exposure to fungicides. It is important to study fungicide residues for food safety and environmental reasons. Proper sampling, extraction, clean-up, and estimation techniques must be followed to accurately measure fungicide residue levels, which are regulated and have established maximum residue limits. Integrated pest management aims to minimize fungicide use and eliminate residues through alternative pest control methods.
This document provides an overview of toxicity and toxicology. It defines key terms like toxicant, toxin, exposure, dose and LD50. It outlines the historical origins of toxicology dating back thousands of years. The concepts of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of toxins in the body are explained. Different mechanisms of toxicity are described including interactions at the molecular, cellular, organ and whole body levels. Factors like individual susceptibility, tolerance and types of toxic effects are also summarized.
Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity in leaves of Dodonaea viscosa L.BRNSS Publication Hub
The present investigation was focused on the phytochemical screening, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectral analysis, and antioxidant activity of Dodonaea viscosa using various organic solvent extracts. Ethanol and petroleum ether leaf extracts from the leaves D. viscosa were tested for the presence of phytochemical constituents, FT-IR analysis, and antioxidant was carried the qualitative analysis of phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, thiols, glycosides, resins, and saponins, and was richly present in petroleum ether and methanolic extracts compared to other extracts. The FT-IR spectrum showed the presence of carbonyls (C=O), phenol (C-O), thioethers (C-S), disulfides (S-S), normal polymeric O-H, phenolic compounds, and arylthio ethers. Plant extracts were screened for the antioxidant activity evaluating their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical in scavenging ability. The total ascorbic acid content of the extracts was also evaluated. The results revealed that D. viscosa had the best DPPH scavenging activity with a value of ethanolic extract and was better than that of the standard ascorbic acid extract gave the highest ascorbic acid content of D. viscosa.
This document discusses the biochemical effects of toxic chemicals. It begins by defining toxicity as the potential of a chemical to induce adverse effects in living organisms. There are generally three types of toxic entities: chemical, biological, and physical. Chemical toxicants include inorganic substances like mercury and lead as well as organic compounds. Biological toxicants are pathogens that can cause disease, while physical toxicants interfere with biological processes through their physical nature. The document then discusses various sources of toxic chemicals like chlorine, plastic chemicals, pesticides, and exhaust fumes. It also outlines the main routes toxic chemicals can enter the body through the respiratory, digestive, and integumentary systems. Specific toxic effects of mercury are then examined, how it enters the
The document discusses different types of poisoning including human and cattle poisoning. Human poisoning can be suicidal, homicidal, accidental, or for stupefying purposes. Common poisons used vary based on intent. Accidental poisoning can occur due to carelessness in storage or use of remedies. Many factors influence toxicity of poisons including composition, dose, route of administration, health of the person, age, nutrition, sex, and environment. The route of administration impacts time of onset and severity of effects. A person's health, age, nutrition, and environment all modify response to poisons.
Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen among Undergraduate Students of Gom...IOSR Journals
Incidence of Hepatitis B virus among healthy asymptomatic students in Gombe State University was determined, this was in an effort of providing baseline data on the diseases burden, and the possible risk factors associated with the infection in the study population. A total of 100 serum samples were collected from volunteers and screened using rapid immune chromatographic test kits for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The study revealed that 14% were HBsAg positive. The highest incidence rate of 18.2% (12) was recorded among the age group of 16-25 years, and males recorded the highest incidence rate of 20% (12), indicating that gender but not age might have greater influence on the infection (P= 0.05).
This document compares the performance of passive and semi-active suspension systems using MATLAB/Simulink. It presents a quarter car model with both passive and semi-active suspensions. The semi-active system uses a magneto-rheological (MR) damper modeled by the Bingham model. Simulation results show the sprung mass acceleration is reduced by 93.9% and 63.7% for step and half-sine road inputs respectively with the semi-active system compared to passive. Therefore, the semi-active MR damper provides better ride comfort than the conventional passive damper.
This document discusses pharmaceuticals in the environment, including reasons for increased interest, pathways of entry, and methods of detection. Interest grew due to declines in eagle and aquatic populations from drugs. Pharmaceuticals enter the environment through urine/feces, manufacturing waste, bathing, and improper disposal, traveling through sewage, air, soil, surface water and groundwater. Detection methods involve collecting solid/water samples, filtration, extraction, separation by HPLC, and mass spectrometric quantification.
Investigation of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities of Spruce ...Michal Jablonsky
Extracts from spruce bark obtained using dierent deep eutectic solvents were screened for
their total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities. Water containing choline chloride-based
deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with lactic acid and 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and
1,5-pentanediol, with dierent molar ratios, were used as extractants. Basic characteristics of the DESs
(density, viscosity, conductivity, and refractive index) were determined. All the DESs used behave
as Newtonian liquids. The extractions were performed for 2 h at 60 C under continuous stirring.
TPC was determined spectrophotometrically, using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and expressed as
gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The antioxidant activity was determined spectrophotometrically by
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The TPC varied from 233.6 to
596.2 mg GAE/100 g dry bark; radical scavenging activity (RSA) ranged between 81.4% and 95%.
This study demonstrated that deep eutectic solvents are suitable solvents for extracting phenolic
compounds from spruce bark.
Acute effect of low dose thiacloprid exposure synergised by tebuconazole in a...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
‘Both of these acute effects of thiacloprid were synergised (toxicity increased to a greater-than-additive effect) by tebuconazole’
“The synergising of thiacloprid’s acute effect, via co-application of tebuconazole, as shown in our study, suggests the necessity for updating the standards by which we perform insecticide risk assessments on non-target organisms, by including other pesticides with which these insecticides are commonly tank-mixed and co-applied, promoting increased field relevance in risk assessments.”
This document summarizes pesticide use and residues in India. It finds that pesticide consumption has increased over time, with insecticides being most commonly used. Fungicide residues are frequently found on fruits and vegetables, with residues of mancozeb, carbendazim, and EBDC commonly found above maximum residue limits. Monitoring studies show approximately half of fruit and vegetable samples contain pesticide residues, though only a small percentage exceed limits. Stricter regulation and enforcement is needed to improve food safety.
Dose-response is a basic principle of toxicology that evaluates the clinical effects of substances based on the amount of exposure. It establishes a relationship between exposure levels and health effects, with higher doses generally causing more severe responses. Key aspects of dose-response include establishing causality, threshold effects, and the potency of a substance. Dose-response curves graphically depict the relationship, with a typical sigmoid curve showing little effect at low doses and increasing response rates as doses rise. Toxicology addresses various questions through subdisciplines like environmental, occupational, regulatory, and clinical toxicology. Common toxic agents studied include heavy metals, solvents and vapors, radiation, dioxins/furans, pesticides, and
Toxicology is the study of poisons and their effects on living organisms. A poison is any substance that can cause injury or death following exposure. Toxicity is measured using endpoints like mortality, birth defects, cancer potential, and genetic mutations. Mortality is often measured using the LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of subjects) and LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% of subjects), with lower numbers indicating higher toxicity. Chemical interactions like synergism can increase toxicity beyond independent effects. Pesticide toxicity is classified on labels using signal words like Caution, Warning, and Danger depending on LD50 levels. While some chemicals are highly toxic, pesticides approved for the region generally have relatively low to moderate toxicity
In tech developments-in_phytochemistryMehboob Alam
The document discusses techniques for analyzing phytochemicals in plants. It begins by explaining that phytochemicals have therapeutic effects and are studied to understand their structures and bioactivities. Common techniques for phytochemical analysis include extraction, purification, isolation, and characterization of active compounds. Spectroscopy methods like UV, IR, MS, and NMR are used to characterize isolated compounds. The document emphasizes that techniques must be chosen based on the properties of the desired compound and compatibility with extraction and separation methods.
Plant pigments like chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanins give plants their colors and play important roles in photosynthesis and protecting against damage. Chromatography is a technique used to separate plant pigments based on properties like polarity and solubility. Paper chromatography involves separating pigments on paper based on how far they travel compared to the solvent. Retention factor values characterize how soluble and polar different pigments are based on how far they travel up the paper.
"Phytoconstituents and Antioxidant Activities of Selected Medicinal Plants wi...ESD UNU-IAS
"Phytoconstituents and Antioxidant Activities of Selected Medicinal Plants with Potentials in the Management of COVID-19 and Related Diseases"
Mr. Andrew Lucky Okoh
10th African Regional RCE Meeting
1 & 15 September, 2020
Analyze the Environment and Economic Impact of Vegetable Tanning Agents Selec...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document analyzes the environmental and economic impacts of selecting different vegetable tanning agents for leather tanning. It finds that indusol has the lowest environmental impacts of the agents studied in terms of freshwater ecotoxicity and human toxicity. A fuzzy multi-attribute decision making model is used to also consider economic criteria like price. The model finds that indusol is the best overall option when balancing environmental and economic impacts. A sensitivity analysis confirms indusol remains the top choice even when weighting factors are adjusted up or down.
Review and calculation of activity co efficient of tea polyphenols and its so...eSAT Journals
Abstract Tea, one of the most popular beverages, has been consumed for thousands of years for their flavors and health benefits. Polyphenols are the flavanoid and phenolic acids in tea that contribute to health benefits. There are more than 45 polyphenols in tea. In this review, the structure, health benefits and suitable solvent selection for extraction of these polyphenols is covered. Further the calculation of activity coefficient of tea polyphenol is also done. This study helps us to understand the suitability of a solvent and its temperature dependency in its extraction process from tea leaves. Keywords: Tea, polyphenols, solvents.
Toxicology is the study of the harmful effects of chemicals on living organisms. All substances can be toxic depending on dose, with even something essential like vitamin A becoming poisonous at high enough levels. Common routes chemicals enter the body include ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Factors like dose, formulation, and individual susceptibility determine a substance's toxicity. Pesticides aim to control pests but can also harm nontarget species like humans if exposed, so their use requires minimizing risks to human and environmental health.
Fungicide residues occur in agricultural commodities through both intentional and unintentional exposure to fungicides. It is important to study fungicide residues for food safety and environmental reasons. Proper sampling, extraction, clean-up, and estimation techniques must be followed to accurately measure fungicide residue levels, which are regulated and have established maximum residue limits. Integrated pest management aims to minimize fungicide use and eliminate residues through alternative pest control methods.
This document provides an overview of toxicity and toxicology. It defines key terms like toxicant, toxin, exposure, dose and LD50. It outlines the historical origins of toxicology dating back thousands of years. The concepts of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of toxins in the body are explained. Different mechanisms of toxicity are described including interactions at the molecular, cellular, organ and whole body levels. Factors like individual susceptibility, tolerance and types of toxic effects are also summarized.
Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity in leaves of Dodonaea viscosa L.BRNSS Publication Hub
The present investigation was focused on the phytochemical screening, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectral analysis, and antioxidant activity of Dodonaea viscosa using various organic solvent extracts. Ethanol and petroleum ether leaf extracts from the leaves D. viscosa were tested for the presence of phytochemical constituents, FT-IR analysis, and antioxidant was carried the qualitative analysis of phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, thiols, glycosides, resins, and saponins, and was richly present in petroleum ether and methanolic extracts compared to other extracts. The FT-IR spectrum showed the presence of carbonyls (C=O), phenol (C-O), thioethers (C-S), disulfides (S-S), normal polymeric O-H, phenolic compounds, and arylthio ethers. Plant extracts were screened for the antioxidant activity evaluating their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical in scavenging ability. The total ascorbic acid content of the extracts was also evaluated. The results revealed that D. viscosa had the best DPPH scavenging activity with a value of ethanolic extract and was better than that of the standard ascorbic acid extract gave the highest ascorbic acid content of D. viscosa.
This document discusses the biochemical effects of toxic chemicals. It begins by defining toxicity as the potential of a chemical to induce adverse effects in living organisms. There are generally three types of toxic entities: chemical, biological, and physical. Chemical toxicants include inorganic substances like mercury and lead as well as organic compounds. Biological toxicants are pathogens that can cause disease, while physical toxicants interfere with biological processes through their physical nature. The document then discusses various sources of toxic chemicals like chlorine, plastic chemicals, pesticides, and exhaust fumes. It also outlines the main routes toxic chemicals can enter the body through the respiratory, digestive, and integumentary systems. Specific toxic effects of mercury are then examined, how it enters the
The document discusses different types of poisoning including human and cattle poisoning. Human poisoning can be suicidal, homicidal, accidental, or for stupefying purposes. Common poisons used vary based on intent. Accidental poisoning can occur due to carelessness in storage or use of remedies. Many factors influence toxicity of poisons including composition, dose, route of administration, health of the person, age, nutrition, sex, and environment. The route of administration impacts time of onset and severity of effects. A person's health, age, nutrition, and environment all modify response to poisons.
Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen among Undergraduate Students of Gom...IOSR Journals
Incidence of Hepatitis B virus among healthy asymptomatic students in Gombe State University was determined, this was in an effort of providing baseline data on the diseases burden, and the possible risk factors associated with the infection in the study population. A total of 100 serum samples were collected from volunteers and screened using rapid immune chromatographic test kits for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The study revealed that 14% were HBsAg positive. The highest incidence rate of 18.2% (12) was recorded among the age group of 16-25 years, and males recorded the highest incidence rate of 20% (12), indicating that gender but not age might have greater influence on the infection (P= 0.05).
This document compares the performance of passive and semi-active suspension systems using MATLAB/Simulink. It presents a quarter car model with both passive and semi-active suspensions. The semi-active system uses a magneto-rheological (MR) damper modeled by the Bingham model. Simulation results show the sprung mass acceleration is reduced by 93.9% and 63.7% for step and half-sine road inputs respectively with the semi-active system compared to passive. Therefore, the semi-active MR damper provides better ride comfort than the conventional passive damper.
This document describes a simulation of a space vector PWM controller for a five-level voltage-fed inverter motor drive. It begins by introducing multilevel inverters and some of the challenges in controlling them, specifically the increased complexity with more levels. It then presents a new approach to implementing space vector PWM for a five-level inverter by treating it as a conventional two-level system, making the calculations simpler. The methodology and implementation are described, including estimating switching times. Simulation results are presented showing the current, voltage and THD waveforms both with and without an LC filter. It is concluded that the proposed 2D system approach allows for simple implementation of SVPWM for a five-level inverter using common D
Thermal spray coatings can enhance the wear resistance of materials. High-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying is particularly effective due to producing very dense coatings with low porosity and high hardness. HVOF spraying involves melting or softening powder using a high-velocity oxy-fuel flame and projecting it onto a substrate. HVOF coatings have exceptional wear resistance, high bond strength, and are more cost-effective than other coating methods. Studies have shown that HVOF sprayed ceramic oxide and carbide coatings can significantly reduce wear in applications, performing better than uncoated materials. HVOF sprayed chromium carbide and tungsten carbide coatings are commonly used for their high wear resistance and ability to
This document compares five traditional methods for short-term load forecasting: simple moving average, weighted moving average, exponential smoothing, auto regressive, and multiple linear regression. It applies these methods to hourly load data from Paschim Gujarat Vij Co. Ltd to generate 1-hour ahead forecasts. For each method, it shows figures comparing the actual and forecasted loads for a selected day. The document concludes that time series models can provide reasonably accurate hourly load forecasts for short-term operational planning.
This document discusses methods for detecting and preventing power theft. It begins by outlining the problem of electricity theft in India, costing $17 billion annually. It then describes some common methods of theft, such as attaching magnets to meters or bypassing meters. The document presents a proposed circuit to detect two types of theft: phase bypassing and overloading. It includes block diagrams of the circuit and simulations of overload and phase bypass conditions. It concludes that the circuit can detect and instantly stop the supply in these theft situations, helping to reduce losses for electricity boards.
This document presents a comparative study of major telecom service providers in India based on secondary data analysis and a customer satisfaction survey. It analyzes the providers over the last five years on business metrics like net sales, profit after tax, total income, total expenditures, and market capitalization. It also evaluates customer satisfaction levels for the providers based on factors like network coverage, tariffs, plans, billing, and customer service. The study found that Bharti Airtel led in all business metrics over the period analyzed and had the highest overall customer satisfaction levels among the major Indian telecom providers.
Modeling and Analysis for Cutting Temperature in Turning of Aluminium 6063 Us...IOSR Journals
Deviation in machining process due to the temperature influence, cutting force, tool wear leads to
highly inferior quality of finished product, especially in high speed machining operations where product quality
and physical dimensions seems to be meticulous. Moreover, temperature is a significant noise parameter which
directly affects the cutting tool and work piece. Hence the aim of this project work is to study the machining
effect on 6063 Aluminium alloy at varies combinations of process parameters such as speed, feed rate and depth
of cut; and also to determine the effect of those parameters over the quality of finished product. A L27
Orthogonal Array (OA) based Design of Experiments (DOE) approach and Response Surface Methodology
(RSM) was used to analyse the machining effect on work material in this study. Using the practical data
obtained, a mathematical model was developed to predict the temperature influence and surface quality of
finished product. The ultimate goal of the study is to optimize the machining parameters for temperature
minimization in machining zone and improvement in surface finish.
This document discusses health education intervention strategies for preventing and managing diabetes. It describes the different types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and pre-diabetes. The causes of diabetes are discussed, including genetics and lifestyle factors like obesity and lack of exercise. Health education strategies are recommended to increase awareness of diabetes symptoms and management through programs run by health agencies.
In-vivo anthelmintic evaluation of a processed herbal drug from Entada leptos...IOSR Journals
The document describes an in vivo study that evaluated the anthelmintic activity of a processed herbal drug from Entada leptostachya and Prosopis juliflora against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. The herbal drug showed maximum egg count reduction of 80.95% at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight on day 11 post-treatment. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds including alkaloids, steroids, phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids that may contribute to the anthelmintic effects. The study suggests the herbal drug has comparable anthelmintic activity to the conventional drug levamisole and could be used as an alternative de
Evaluation Of Indian Companies Act 1956- Is It Capable Enough To Accelerate T...IOSR Journals
This study is to highlight the hassles being struggled by the industry in view of the compliance requirement focusing theimpact of the requirement of prior approval from the Central Govt. under Section 297 of the Indian Companies Act 1956. The impact of the said section on the industrial development is evaluated in this study based on the core issue of opportunity cost involved in this regard.
Chebyshev Collocation Approach for a Continuous Formulation of Implicit Hybri...IOSR Journals
In this paper, an implicit one-step method for numerical solution of second order Initial Value
Problems of Ordinary Differential Equations has been developed by collocation and interpolation technique.
The one-step method was developed using Chebyshev polynomial as basis function and, the method was
augmented by the introduction of offstep points in order to bring about zero stability and upgrade the order of
consistency of the new method. An advantage of the derived continuous scheme is that it can produce several
outputs of solution at the off-grid points without requiring additional interpolation. Numerical examples are
presented to portray the applicability and the efficiency of the method.
This document discusses modal analysis of rotating structures using active magnetic bearings. It begins by introducing modal analysis and its importance for analyzing high-speed rotating machinery. It then describes the experimental setup which uses active magnetic bearings to both levitate and excite a test rotor. Natural frequencies and mode shapes are identified for the free-free rotor both with and without bearing stiffness. Introducing bearing stiffness is found to increase natural frequencies and introduce additional modes. The document concludes by explaining how the active magnetic bearings can be used to artificially excite the rotor to measure its frequency response functions and identify its dynamic characteristics.
This document summarizes and compares two image registration techniques: Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and Curvature Scale-Space (CSS) Corner Detection with robust corner matching.
SIFT detects and describes local features in images that are invariant to changes in scale, rotation, and illumination. It finds key points at multiple scales and assigns orientations based on local image gradients. CSS corner detection uses the Canny edge detector to find edges, then detects corners as curvature maxima along edges. It parameterizes edges using affine-length for stability to affine transformations. Robust corner matching finds candidate matches based on curvature and affine-length, then estimates transformation matrices from triangle areas to find the best matches.
The document shows
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The document reviews various MAC protocols developed for wireless body area networks. It discusses the applications and requirements of WBANs, including health monitoring and military uses. The document also analyzes sources of energy wastage in WBANs and classifies common MAC protocols as contention-based, schedule-based, and low power listening protocols.
This document describes the design and analysis of a single microstrip patch antenna with proximity coupler fed technique for wireless LAN applications at 2.4 GHz. The antenna was designed using CST Microwave Studio simulation software. The antenna consists of a rectangular patch on one substrate proximity coupled to a microstrip feed line on another substrate. The length of the patch was optimized to achieve a resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz. Simulation results showed return losses below -10 dB and VSWR below 1.6 at 2.4 GHz, indicating good impedance matching. The antenna achieved a maximum gain of 7.4 dB and radiation patterns that were suitable for wireless LAN applications.
Congestion Control in Manets Using Hybrid Routing ProtocolIOSR Journals
1. The document proposes a hybrid routing protocol that combines DSDV and IAODV to reduce packet loss due to congestion in MANETs.
2. Under the proposed scheme, DSDV is used initially for path selection. If congestion occurs, nodes switch to using IAODV to find an alternate path to avoid congested areas.
3. Simulation results show that the hybrid protocol improves end-to-end delay, packet delivery fraction, and throughput compared to using only DSDV or IAODV. The hybrid approach balances the advantages of proactive and reactive routing to better handle congestion in mobile ad hoc networks.
Comparative study of sympathetic cardiovascular parameters in overweight, nor...IOSR Journals
This study was undertaken to investigate and compare the sympathetic cardio vascular parameters in age matched overweight, underweight and normal weight school going boys in southern Odisha. 75 Boys between age group of 12-16 were subjected to study out of which 25 were overweight (BMI>25), next 25 were underweight(BMI<18.5),rest 25 were control group having normal BMI. Cold pressure test and hand grip dynamometer test were performed and blood pressure was measured during and after the tests as measures of cardiovascular parameter. Baseline SBP and MAP were significantly higher in overweight boys & lower in underweight boys. Maximum rise of SBP, DBP & MAP during hand grip dynamometer test were significantly higher in overweight boys & lower in underweight boys. Increase in SBP & MAP from their basal value during cold pressure test were significantly lower in overweight boys & higher in underweight boys. Thus it is concluded that both overweight & underweight boys have derangement of sympathetic cardiovascular function. SBP- Systolic blood pressure, DBP- Diastolic blood pressure , MAP- Mean arterial pressure
“Recurrent Lower Abdomen Pain, An Introspection.”IOSR Journals
Abstract: Introduction: Recurrent Pain Lower Abdomen, („RLAP‟), With/Without Previous Appendecectomy & Or Other Surgeries, Comprise Large No. Of Patients Being Treated Indiscriminately For Years, Without Proper Diagnosis. Aims/Objctive: The Several Variable Aetio-Pathogenesis Factors & Management Modalities, In Different Age, Sex,Occupational,Socio-Economic,Geographical Group Patients, „RLAP‟Studied Under Broad Categorization Of,Post- Appendecectomy Cases(Or Other Surgery);Group „A‟ & Without Prior Appendecectomy(Surgery); Group „B‟. Methods: The Comparative Statistical Analysis Of More Than 2500 Cases Of „RLAP-A &B‟, By Meticulous Methodological Discrete Cauasative Factor Diagnosis & Needed Specific Management. Beside Routine Causes Included Obscured But Definitely Causative Clinical Entities:Ileo-Caecal Lesions; Angulations Acute, Obstuse Etc, Caused By Appendicular Stump ? Invagination Leading To Anatomico-Functional Changes, ,Stump Appendicitis, Appedicular Lump Formation Stages, Especially „Catarrhal Appendicitis‟ Maeckel‟s & Other Diverticular Disease Variants, Invaginated Diverticulum Etc, Mobile Caecum,Recurrent Sigmoid Volulus, Adhesions, N. Root Radiculopathy Symptoms & Others. Results: The Discrete Causative Lesion Dx & AppropriateTreatment Plan (Curetive & Or Maximally Palliative), With Secured Sincere Compliance,Formed The Basic Fundamentals For Overall Better Result Outcomes. Conclusion: The Study, Is An Attempt Towards Overall Management Guide-Lines Plan For A Very Common Clinical Dilemma, To Secure Overall Disease Symptom Free Life.
Bryophyllum Pinnatum: A Potential Attenuator of Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Str...IOSR Journals
Cadmium has been famously implicated in the stimulation of free radical production in biosystems resulting in oxidative deterioration of lipids, proteins and DNA, and initiating various pathological conditions in humans and animals. This study therefore, examined the antidotal and ameliorative capacity of crude ethanolic extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on cadmium-induced oxidative stress using rabbit models. A total of fifteen rabbits (1.30±0.05kg) were used for the study. After two weeks of acclimatization, the rabbits were randomly rifted into three experimental groups- (N, CD & CB) with five animals per group. The control group (N) was injected normal saline intraperitoneally (3mg/kg body weight) and the test groups (CD & CB) were administered cadmium once daily by subcutaneous injection (3mg/kg body weight). The ethanolic extract of the plant was orally administered once daily at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight. The oxidative and antioxidative stress parameters were assessed in tissues. The results showed significant difference (p˂ 0.05)in treated groups relative to the control group with the exception of glutathione peroxidase activity in leg muscles. Therefore, the results obtained in this study confirmed the potency of the plant to annihilate cadmium toxicity in animals
This document discusses natural and synthetic food color additives. It provides a history of food coloring use dating back to ancient Egyptians and the first synthetic organic dye discovered in 1856. Regulations established by the FDA and EU require that all food dyes be tested for safety through determining acceptable daily intakes. Some synthetic dyes have been linked to adverse effects in studies and controversies exist around certain dyes. Behavioral studies on children found that eliminating artificial food dyes and flavors reduced hyperactivity in many cases.
Labelling of irradiated food and organic foodHanu Pratap
Brief introduction of irradiated food and how the labelling process is done.It also introduce organic product with labels.It also include FSSAI regulation for these both product.
This document provides an overview of organic food, including its definition, production standards, chemical composition compared to conventional food, and impact on health. Key points include:
- Organic food is grown without synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, GMOs, and must meet certification standards.
- Studies have found some nutritional differences between organic and conventional food, like higher antioxidant levels in organic crops, but no significant differences in essential nutrients.
- Pesticide residues are more common in conventional food, but health effects of low-level exposures are still debated.
- While some studies suggest potential health benefits, there is no conclusive evidence that organic food is safer or more nutritious than conventional food.
This study was conducted to bring to light food coloring used in three selected dishes. The dishes were taken naming ice cream, candy and tomato sauce applying convenience sampling method. The study revealed to take part 78.4 non food grade and 21.5 food grade colors in widespread use in these three dishes. Various textile dye and cosmetic color were in abundance used as non food grade colors and various synthetic colors e. g. amaranth red and ponceau 4R were as food grade colors in the selected dishes. Aanchal Alok | Dr. H. L. Saxena "Analysis of Food Coloring" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50109.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/50109/analysis-of-food-coloring/aanchal-alok
Role of natural product in drug discoveryRahul B S
This document provides an overview of the role of natural products in new drug development. It discusses how drug development involves choosing a disease, identifying drug targets, selecting bioassays, and finding lead compounds. Many natural products from plants, microorganisms, marine sources, and animals have been used as lead compounds. Examples are discussed like morphine from poppies, quinine from cinchona, and epibatidine from poison frogs. Isolation, purification, and structural determination are required to develop natural product leads into drugs. While natural products were historically important, their use declined but is now increasing again with new technologies.
LIVING WITH THE EARTHCHAPTER 8FOODBORNE ILLNESS.docxcroysierkathey
LIVING WITH THE EARTH
CHAPTER 8
FOODBORNE ILLNESS
FOODBORNE ILLNESS
Objectives for this ChapterA student reading this chapter will be able to:1. Recognize, list, and explain the major reasons for food protection programs.2. List and describe the major categories and subcategories of agents causing foodborne illness.3. Describe the major foodborne pathogens including parasitic,viral, and bacterial diseases.
Objectives for this ChapterA student reading this chapter will be able to:4. Explain the mechanisms by which these pathogens cause foodborne illness, and describe how the life cycles of these organisms are important in this transmission of disease.5. List and describe the major disease symptoms in humans for these foodborne pathogens.
Objectives for this ChapterA student reading this chapter will be able to:6. Describe and explain the HACCP system in protecting against foodborne disease.7. Discuss recent regulatory efforts in the area of food potection.
FOODBORNE ILLNESSWorldwide Distribution of Foodborne Pathogens1.5 billion children under the age of five suffer from diarrhea, and tragically, over 3 million die as a consequence.
FOODBORNE ILLNESSReasons for varying prevalence among geographic regionsClimatePopulation demographicsNutritional statusCultural aspects
Reason for Food Protection ProgramsThe implementation of programs to minimize foodborne diseases is important because of the problems associated with morbidity, mortality, and economic loss.
Morbidity and Mortality Due to Foodborne DiseaseIn the United States there are as many as 33 million cases of foodborne illness which are responsible for an estimated 9 thousand deaths annually.
Morbidity and Mortality Due to Foodborne DiseaseThe causative agents and modes of transmission (means through which an causative agent is spread) are known in less than 1% of the severe gastroenteritis cases.
Economic Consequences of Foodborne IllnessMedical CostsLoss of WagesRecallInvestigationLitigation (Fig. 8-1)
Fig. 8-1
CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF FOODBORNE DISEASEFoodborne illness is defined as any illness incurred from the consumption of contaminated food.
CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF FOODBORNE DISEASERadionuclidesChemicalsFood AdditivesPoisonous Plants and AnimalsPathogens (Table 8-1)
Table 1a
Table 1b
RadionuclidesRadiation is introduced into the food chain naturally from mineral deposits beneath the earth’s surface or from the atmosphere in the form of ultraviolet and cosmic rays.
RadionuclidesRadionuclides, which are deposited in the environment accidentally, or intentionally, as a direct result of human activity are of much greater concern.ChernobylIndia vs. Pakistan
ChemicalsIronically, man is responsible for many chemical contaminants presently found in food. Between 80%-90% of our exposure to potentially harmful chemicals is from food consumption.
ChemicalsChemicals enter the food from packaging materials, agricultural applications of pesti ...
1) The document discusses bioactive compounds found in spices and condiments such as saponins, hemagglutinins, lectins, gingerol, rosmarinic acid, and curcumin.
2) These compounds have therapeutic effects and antioxidant activities, helping to reduce oxidative stress and prevent chronic diseases.
3) Spices have historically been used as flavorings, preservatives, and medicines, and many studies show their bioactive compounds can target inflammatory pathways and remarkably prevent or cure diseases.
The document discusses food additives, including their consumption levels, categories, safety assessment process, and regulation. It notes that the average consumption of all food additives is 139 lbs per person per year in the US, but excludes common additives like spices and sugars. Safety assessment involves testing for toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals to determine an acceptable daily intake level for humans. Stringent regulations and approval processes exist in the US, EU, and other bodies to ensure food additives are safe for human use.
Food Dyes - A Rainbow of Risks - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products & Chemicals of Concern v2zq
Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products & Chemicals of Concern - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~dep.state.fl.us
What are the current Trends in natural food colour development1.pdfGopinathM81
The document discusses current trends in natural food color development. It begins with an introduction to how color plays an important role in food perception. It then discusses various natural food colors like anthocyanins, betalains, carmine, and carotenoids that are obtained from plant and other natural sources. The document also summarizes recent research trends on extracting natural colors from alternative sources like hibiscus, papaya, and spirulina using techniques like encapsulation and ultrasound-assisted extraction. However, the instability of natural colors poses challenges that require further research and innovation to discover new natural food colors.
Describes Various aspects of pharmaceutical products affecting the environment.
Effects of Environmental pollution by Drugs on Aquatic systems and Humans.
Examples of drugs on various environmental effects are given.
Polyphenols in fruits and vegetables and its effect on human healthRene Arnoux
This document summarizes research on polyphenols, which are natural antioxidants found in many fruits and vegetables. The document discusses how polyphenols may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases by eliminating free radicals and reactive oxygen species. It provides an overview of the different classes of polyphenols, particularly flavonoids, and their potential health benefits. These include reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other conditions related to oxidative stress. The document also discusses methods for determining polyphenol content in foods and the absorption of polyphenols in the intestine.
Anthocyanins and their welfare towards human body...Balwant Insa
Anthocyanins are water-soluble plant pigments that give many fruits and flowers their red, purple, and blue colors. They are a type of polyphenol called flavonoids that provide potential health benefits. Research shows anthocyanins may decrease risks of brain disorders and cardiovascular disease due to their antioxidant effects. They are also being studied for anti-inflammatory and eye health properties. Anthocyanins are found in many fruits and vegetables and are being investigated as natural food colorants and dietary supplements. Further research is still needed to better understand anthocyanin bioavailability and potential health impacts.
Organic food is food produced using methods that comply with organic standards. These standards aim to promote ecological balance and biodiversity. Organic food is grown without synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, or GMOs. While there is no evidence organic food is more nutritious, some studies have found higher antioxidant and omega-3 fatty acid levels in organic products like milk and meat. Proponents believe organic food may reduce exposure to pesticides, antibiotics, and chemicals, and have other health benefits like boosting the immune system and heart health. However, the evidence for claims of organic food being healthier is still mixed.
The document discusses the benefits of organic food compared to conventionally grown food. It notes that organic food is grown without synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, antibiotics, or genetic modifications. The document outlines several health and environmental risks of conventional farming, including negative impacts of pesticide residues in food and on farm workers. It also describes higher nutrient levels and taste in organic foods. Overall, the document promotes the consumption of organic food for various health and environmental benefits.
Presentation from the International Life Sciences Institute, India - "Scientific Workshop on Safety Assessment of GM Foods" held on 14-15 October, 2015 in New Delhi, India
Plant pigments that are responsible for their yellow, bright red, and orange color are carotenoids that play a key role in plant health. Therefore, consumption of foods that have carotenoids provide various health benefits to the human body. Different vegetables and fruits in which carotenoids are present yams, carrots, sweet potatoes, watermelon, papaya, cantaloupe, spinach, mangos, kale, tomatoes, oranges, bell peppers, etc. There are over 600 known carotenoids in nature, found in plant cells, bacteria, and algae, and that belongs to a class of phytonutrients “plant chemicals” . Xanthophyll is the molecules known as hydrocarbons and found in orange and yellow fruits and vegetables, for example, pumpkin, cantaloupe, sweet potatoes, apricots and carrots. Association of word carrot with carotene will certainly relate the color of these pigments. Later class is oxygen containing molecules, found in dark leafy greens such as kale, spinach, and broccoli.Plant pigments, a generic term used to designate a large number of colored molecules, can be classified into tetrapyrroles e.g., chlorophyll and carotenoids e.g., ß carotene and xanthophyll . Of the pigments, carotenoids are fat soluble lipophilic natural pigments which are synthesized by plants and some microbes. These pigments not only play a key role in photosynthesis but are also responsible for the bright colors of various plants, fruits, flowers, and vegetables. Sheikh Ayyan Ahad "Plant Pigments as Drugs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52160.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/52160/plant-pigments-as-drugs/sheikh-ayyan-ahad
Organic farming is better for the environment and human health according to this document. It outlines 10 reasons why organic farming is preferable to conventional methods: 1) Organic products meet high standards without toxic chemicals. 2) Organic food tastes better due to healthy soil. 3) Organic production reduces health risks from chemicals like pesticides linked to cancer. Organic farming has other benefits like protecting water sources, building soil health long term, and working with natural ecosystems.
This document provides information about natural food colours. It discusses how consumers are increasingly seeking natural ingredients and colours due to health concerns with artificial colours. Various natural colour sources are described like beetroot, annatto and turmeric. Their nutritional benefits and extraction methods are explained. There is a shift in the global market towards greater use of natural colours compared to artificial colours. Natural colours are preferred due to links between artificial colours and health issues like ADHD.
Similar to A Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Food Flavoring Extracts Using Infrared Spectra and Optical Activity (20)
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
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Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
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ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
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A Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Food Flavoring Extracts Using Infrared Spectra and Optical Activity
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP)
e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 5, Issue 3 (Nov. - Dec. 2013), PP 01-06
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
A Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Food Flavoring
Extracts Using Infrared Spectra and Optical Activity
Parekhan Aljaff 1
, Banaz O.Rasheed2
and Trifa Attar Omer3
Abstract: Food is the basic necessity of life. One works hard and earns to satisfy our hunger .But at the end of
the day, many of us are not sure of what we eat. We may be eating a dangerous flavors and dyes. Often, we
invite diseases rather than good health. The purpose of this article is to detect the presence of food adulterants
in some common foods and to create awareness about the artificial tests and dyes. A study of the IR spectra and
the optical activitiy of two natural and artificial most common used flavor and colors (Vanilla and Strawberry)
were detected. IR spectra of synthetic Vanilla were dominated by specific peaks that attributed to corresponding
synthetic pigments (specific spectral band of stretching C=0 ester of aldehydic and ketonic groups in synthetic
flavor at1744.87cm-1
with a weak shoulder at1700 cm-1 .
And stretching CO of sucrose at (990.49 and 923,70)
cm-1
.The synthetic Strawberry characterized with specific spectral bands of (C=O stretching at 1634.96 cm-1
in
ester and CO stretching of sucrose at 925 cm-1
), while these functional groups disappeared in natural.
Vanilla
and Strawberry extracts. The natural Flavoring extracts posse's levorotatory property; they are optically active,
while the synthetic extracts not rotates the plane of polarization of the light which passes through the material,
they are said to be; not active optically.
The obtained results indicated that, Infrared spectrum and Optical activity could be adapted to detect
adulterants added products, and to differentiate between natural and artificial food flavoring extracts.
Key Words: Adulteration, Food dyes, Flavors, Vanilla, Strawberry.
I. Introduction
Adulterant means any material which is or could be employed for making the food unsafe or sub-
standard or misbranded or containing extraneous matter; Food is adulterated if its quality is lowered or affected
by the addition of substances which are injurious to health or by removal of substances which are nutritious.
Some of the common additive foods are Colors and Flavors. [1].The adulteration are frequently involves there
replacement of high cost ingredients with cheaper substitutes. Drinks subjected to be adulterated with other
synthetic flavors and colorants of lower commercial value. Although the adulteration is done for economic
reasons, the action can affect the chemical composition and quality parameters of food.
Artificial food dyes and testes are one of the widest spread and critically important groups of Pollutants [2]. A
single artificial flavoring can be a combination of hundreds of individual chemicals, "Prior to the 1950's, the
coloring of the nation's food supply was a simple process. If manufacturers wanted to add color to a food or
candy it was done primarily with natural plant and vegetable based compounds. Now food adulteration is an act
of internationally debasing the quality of food offered for sale by admixture of inferior. Most artificial food
dyes and testes are made from petroleum oil and coal tar. Manufacturers use color additives to cover up an
absence of natural color.
Adulteration of food can pose serious risk to health in some cases [3, 6]. Hyper kinesis and Learning
Disabilities (H, LD) Linked to the ingestion of Artificial Food Colors and Flavors [2].
In 1997, a research was conducted at the University of south Florida; exposure of mice to a mixture of 5 dyes
including blue, green, red, yellow and orange. (This more approximates what a child would receive in the real
world on a daily basis).The food dyes were given to the rat pups beginning at 5 days of age continuing
throughout the first month of postnatal life. Amounts given were not in excess, but were calculated to equal the
average daily intake for American children (1 mg/kg body weight).
After exposure to food dyes, there was enough evidence for the researchers to conclude that the
Learning ability, (in this case called "avoidance learning"), was weakened in test animals exposed to the food
colors, ''food dyes affect activity levels during the first month of postnatal life.'' And there was an increase in
activity. This supports the assumption that lowered brain dopamine levels increase hyperactivity. There
conclusion was that, petroleum based chemicals in food (artificial flavors and colors) can harm child behavior
[4].
In 2006, almost 19 million pounds of color additives were certified by FDA inspectors. The FDA
receives a "user fee” from the manufacturer for each pound of food dye certified. That means each pound
approved, not each pound examine [5]. In commercially available FD&C Yellow #5 and #6,benzidine (which
causes cancer) has been found in amounts up to 200 times the officially allowed level of only 1 part per
billion[3].
2. A Comparison Between Natural And Synthetic Food Flavoring Extracts Using Infrared Spectra And
www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page
A- Vanilla flavorings
.
The molecular formula for vanillin is C8H8O3. Vanilla extract is widely used as a flavoring ingredient in foods
beverages, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and tobacco industries. It contains approximately 200 substances. The
main compounds are vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Since natural
vanilla extract is limited and prices are high, artificial vanilla flavorings are often used. Due to quality and price
concerns, it is important to differentiate between these two types.
There are two types of artificial vanilla flavorings, which always contain vanillin that is synthesized from cheap
raw material such as guaiacol, eugenol or lignin, a natural polymer found in wood; and/or ethyl vanillin is
added, which is another artificially produced vanilla compound that has three times the flavor strength of
vanillin [6,7] .
Most countries have regulations to control the content of synthetic vanilla products and by-products such as the
US Code of Federal Regulations from1988, which requires that beverage alcohol products are labeled, if
synthetic flavors are used [8]
An average sized person would probably need to eat over 75 grams (2.5 ounces) of pure vanillin for it
to have a toxic effect. The established "safe" daily intake of vanilla is 10 mg per kg.
The production of vanilla beans is quite expensive, since it is a very labor intensive process and harvesting
takes place two to three years after planting [9]. There is no difference between the chemistry of natural and
artificial food flavoring, adverse health effects are believed to come from the artificial flavoring [10].
B. Strawberry as food test and color
In USA Kellogg’s Strawberry Nutrigrain bars are colored with Red 40, Yellow 6 and Blue 1 [11].The most
widely used dyes are Red 40.They contain carcinogens and may cause allergic reactions. Each year, about 15
million pounds of synthetic dyes go into the U.S. food supply (well, the “processed” U.S. food supply).
Since 1955 the consumption of food color additives has increased by five times, the U.S. eats a lot of processed
foods.
There are some potential problems with synthetic food dyes, specifically:
Carcinogenicity – leading to cancer development
Genotoxicity – leading to mutations or damaging chromosomes
Neurotoxicity – leading to the damage of nerve tissues [12].
C. How do natural molecules exhibit Optical Rotation?
A monochromatic linearly polarized light beam can be considered as a superposition of two circularly
polarized electromagnetic waves that are propagating in the same direction with the same frequency but the
opposite sense of rotation. The plane of polarization of the resulting linearly polarized wave thus prepared can
be changed (rotated) by applying a phase shift between its two circularly polarized components. With the help
of this concept we can explain the phenomenon of optical rotation .The chiral material interacts slightly
differently with the two circularly polarized components of a linearly polarized light beam. This is true both for
absorption and refraction. A chiral medium have slightly different refractive indices for Left- and right hand
circularly polarized light beams This means that even if they are not absorbed they travel at different speeds
3. A Comparison Between Natural And Synthetic Food Flavoring Extracts Using Infrared Spectra And
www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page
through the medium. Therefore, this causes a phase shift between the two circularly polarized components
which increases proportional to the path length that the light travels through the chiral medium. This phase shift
manifests itself as a rotation of the plane of polarization of the resultant linearly polarized light beam.
Sample that contains only one enantiomer of achiral molecule is said to be optically pure. The enantiomer that
rotates light to the right, or clockwise when viewing in the direction of light propagation, is called the
dextrorotatory (d)or (+) enantiomer, and the enantiomer that rotates light to the left, or counterclockwise, is
called the levorotatory or (-) enantiomer.
II. Materials And Methods:
Natural Vanillawas purchased from Sweden market because it is not available in our local markets.
Fresh Strawberry purchased from Sulaimani local market.
Vanilla and Strawberry extract were prepared in chemistry department of college of Science, Faculty of Science
and science Education, University of Sulaimani .
Artificial, Vanillin and artificial Strawberry tests purchased from a local supermarket, with cheap price
are produced in India for Natco Foods Ltd.
Infrared spectra obtained using FT-IR LR 64912C Spectrometer/Perkin Elmer UK. The optical activity
of the compounds obtained using ATAGO POLAX-2L (atago.co.LTD-Japan) Polarimeter with polarized
sodium light.
III. Experimental Part
3a. Preparation of Vanilla extract
Vanilla extracted by dissolving extract of (1mg) of Vanilla beans in 10ml of 45% by volume
ethanol, after evaporation of the solvent natural Vanilla oil obtained, Vanilla is strong polar, with sweet test
because it is bounded chemically with sugar (glucose).
3b.Strawberry extract preparation
Strawberry Extracted by dissolving 5mg of Strawberry in 50 ml of absolute ethanol for 46 hour, the
solvent evaporated to obtain Strawberry oil.
Strawberry additive is also strong polar, acidic in test because it is chemically bonded with acid.
The natural and the artificial Strawberry were purchased from our local market
3c.The infrared spectrum
IR spectrum of the prepared and the synthetics Vanilla and Strawberry has been detected and the main
corresponding function group assignment of all extracted food additives are determined and shown in the
following figures and tables.
Figure (1) Infrared Spectrum of natural vanilla
Table (1) Vibration assignment of natural Vanilla
ν, Observed (cm-1
) Function group assignment
3459.32 More possible: O-H stretching of alcohol (broad band) and
may be of phenol.
2972.48; 2870 C-H stretching of –CH3 and –CH2 groups.
2820 As weak shoulder C-H stretching of aldehydic hydrogen.
1670 Shoulder nearly at
1670 cm-1
more possible of C=O stretching of aromatic
aldehyde.
1670 More possible C=O stretching of aromatic aldehyde.
1652.92 C=C stretching of aromatic ring in mesomeric form due to O-
CH3 group.
4. A Comparison Between Natural And Synthetic Food Flavoring Extracts Using Infrared Spectra And
www.iosrjournals.org 4 | Page
1455.81 C-H bending of CH2 group.
1410 O-H bending of alcohol.
1135.63 :1046.76 More possible of C-O alcohol or ether.
990.49; 923.76 stretching CO of sucrose
Figure (2) Infrared Spectrum of Artificial vanilla.
Table (2) Vibration assignment of artificial vanilla
ν, Observed (cm-1) Function group assignment
3435.88 More possible: O-H stretching of alcohol (broad band) and
may be of phenol.
2925.51; 2854.31 C-H stretching of –CH3 or –CH2 groups and more possible
aldehydic hydrogen
1744.87 C=0 stretching of ester.*
1700 As weak shoulder of C=O stretching of aldehyde.*
1608.55 C=C stretching of aromatic ring
1464.83 C-H bending of CH2 group or may be bending of CH3 group.
1248.92 ;1168.35 C-O phenol or ether.
1227.90 ;1072.61 More possible of C-O alcohol or ether.
990.49 More possible of C-O of ether.*
Figure (3) Infrared Spectrum of natural Strawberry
Table (3) Vibration Assignment of natural Strawberry
ν, Observed (cm-1
) Function group assignment
3402.27 More possible: O-H stretching of alcohol (broad band) and
may be of phenol.
2926.83 C-H stretching of alkyl group
1631.34 N-H bending of amine group and possible and may be salt of
secondary amine.
1405.02 O-H bending of alcohol.
1058.35 C-O stretching of alcohol.
816.90;778.20 C-H bending of aromatic ring disubstituted (meta).
593.84 -Cl stretching.
5. A Comparison Between Natural And Synthetic Food Flavoring Extracts Using Infrared Spectra And
www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page
Figure (4) Infrared Spectrum of artificial Strawberry.
Table (4) Vibration assignment of artificial Strawberry.
ν, Observed (cm-1
) Function group assignment
3663.31 O-H stretching free or N-H free.
3435.03 O-H stretching bonded and possible of N-H stretching of
secondary amine or NH2
1634.96 C=O stretching of ester*
1384.44 C-H bending of alkyl group.
1046.60 C-O stretching of ether or may be of C-N stretching of amine.
925 stretching CO of sucrose *
816.90;778.20 C-H bending of aromatic ring distributed (meta)..
666.11 C-Cl stretching of aryl halide.
3d.Optical activity detection:
The polarimeter with sodium lamp detector used to study the optical activities of the studied food
flavorings , the results are shown in table (5)
Table (5) Optical activity of the natural and artificial food additives
Food additive Optical Rotation angle
(degree)
Artificial Vanilla 0.00
Natural Vanilla Negative change in polarized light orientation value
Artificial Strawberry 0.00
Natural Strawberry Negative change in polarized light orientation value
The polarimeter with sodium lamp detector shows that the orientation of the polarized light is zero for artificial
food additives due to either these additives are uncontained chiral centers or as racemic modification. Contrary
the natural food additives have changed the plane polarized light direction in the negative direction with certain
value due to contained chiral centers.
IR spectra shows the main corresponding function groups of all extracted food additives.
Vanilla is an important flavor for many foods. Vanilla beans have been shown to contain over 200
compounds, which can vary in concentration depending on the region where the beans are harvested.
Several compounds including vanillin, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, guaiacol, and anise alcohol have been
found to be important for the aroma profile of vanilla. Because of the complexity of the vanilla aroma
profile there are many gaps in the current understanding of how vanilla compounds are volatilized in food
systems.
IV. Results And Discussion:
On based of our extractions of Natural food additives Vanilla and Strawberry the Vanilla shows strong
polar and sweetness while the strawberry shows acidic taste due to their chemically bonding either with sugar
(glucose) molecule or acid.
IR spectra show the main corresponding function groups of all extracted food additives.
Vanilla and Strawbery functional groups include aldehyde, ether and phenol.
From IR results we can conclude that, the synthetic tests can be characterized with specific bands of stretching
C=O ester of aldehydic and ketonic groups which used in the manufacturing process of synthetic tests at 1700-
1734 cm-1 and stretching CO of sucrose at 996-963 cm-1, while these functional groups disappeared in natural
flavors. These functional groups are designated by a (*) in tables 2 and 4. IR spectra of synthetic Vanilla were
dominated by specific peaks that attributed to corresponding synthetic pigments (C=0 stretching at1744.87cm-1
6. A Comparison Between Natural And Synthetic Food Flavoring Extracts Using Infrared Spectra And
www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page
in ester. a weak shoulder of C=O stretching of aldehyde at 1700 cm-1
and C-O of sucrose at 990.49 cm-1
).The
synthetic Strawberry characterized with specific spectral bands of (C=O stretching at 1734 cm-1
in ester , 925
cm-1
CO stretching of sucrose), while these functional groups disappeared in natural.
Vanilla and Strawberry
extracts.
The natural Flavoring extracts posse's levorotatory property; they are optically active, while the
synthetic extracts not rotates the plane of polarization of the light which passes through the material.
While the natural Vanilla, and Strawberry are extracted from natural food additives they contained chiral
centers, they, rotates direction of the polarized light to the left, or counterclockwise, they posse's levorotatory
property; they are optically active.
As well the artificial additives are ionic or mesomeric molecules with rotational angle of zero degrees. This
means that the artificial samples not contains an excess of one enantiomer of a chiral molecule, they are not
active optically.
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