Incidence of Hepatitis B virus among healthy asymptomatic students in Gombe State University was determined, this was in an effort of providing baseline data on the diseases burden, and the possible risk factors associated with the infection in the study population. A total of 100 serum samples were collected from volunteers and screened using rapid immune chromatographic test kits for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The study revealed that 14% were HBsAg positive. The highest incidence rate of 18.2% (12) was recorded among the age group of 16-25 years, and males recorded the highest incidence rate of 20% (12), indicating that gender but not age might have greater influence on the infection (P= 0.05).
Vohra P, Jamatia K, Subhada B, Tiwari RV, Althaf MS, Jain C. Correlation of CD4 counts with oral and systemic manifestations in HIV patients. J Family Med Prim Care 2019;8:3247-52.
Levels of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Hexachlorocyclohexane (HC...Premier Publishers
Serum levels of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) of breast cancer patients and controls were compared with a view to determining association between exposure of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and breast cancer. Fifty breast cancer patients and fifty age-matched control women were recruited from the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to collect information on demography and essential breast cancer risk factors. Five millilitres of blood was collected from each participant and the serum was analysed for DDT and HCH using Gas Chromatography coupled with Electron Capture Detector. The results showed that almost all case women had no identifiable risk factors for breast cancer. The median DDT levels among case and control women were 11.87 ppb and 6.395 ppb, respectively. The levels of δ-HCH among case and control women were 5.82 ppb and 0.00 ppb while that of γ-HCH were 10.84 ppb and 0.00 ppb, respectively. This study confirmed exposure to OCPs among the studied population and revealed significantly higher levels (p≤0.05) in case women than controls, thereby, suggesting that exposure to OCPs may be a significant risk factor for breast cancer in Nigeria.
Vohra P, Jamatia K, Subhada B, Tiwari RV, Althaf MS, Jain C. Correlation of CD4 counts with oral and systemic manifestations in HIV patients. J Family Med Prim Care 2019;8:3247-52.
Levels of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Hexachlorocyclohexane (HC...Premier Publishers
Serum levels of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) of breast cancer patients and controls were compared with a view to determining association between exposure of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and breast cancer. Fifty breast cancer patients and fifty age-matched control women were recruited from the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to collect information on demography and essential breast cancer risk factors. Five millilitres of blood was collected from each participant and the serum was analysed for DDT and HCH using Gas Chromatography coupled with Electron Capture Detector. The results showed that almost all case women had no identifiable risk factors for breast cancer. The median DDT levels among case and control women were 11.87 ppb and 6.395 ppb, respectively. The levels of δ-HCH among case and control women were 5.82 ppb and 0.00 ppb while that of γ-HCH were 10.84 ppb and 0.00 ppb, respectively. This study confirmed exposure to OCPs among the studied population and revealed significantly higher levels (p≤0.05) in case women than controls, thereby, suggesting that exposure to OCPs may be a significant risk factor for breast cancer in Nigeria.
Malaria parasitaemia and socioeconomic status of selected residents of Emohua...IOSRJPBS
In Nigeria, malaria consistently ranks among the five most common cause of death in children. This study investigated the prevalence of malaria and socioeconomic status of someresidents of Emohua Community, Rivers State, Nigeria.Following ethical clearance which was obtained from the University of Port Harcourt and the parents of the subjects who gave their written consents, blood samples were collected through vein puncture from 200 subjects within the age 0-17years, from July 2014-February 2015. Structured questionnaire were administered to the subjects and parents provided answers for younger children.Thick and Thin films were examined microscopically using oil immersion objective following the standardparasitological method. The thin films were fixed with methanol and all films were stained with 10% Giemsa stain diluted with 7.2 buffer water for 10 minutes. The demographic characteristics of 200 subjects examined in Emohua showed that 120(60%) were females and 60(40%) were males. Sex related prevalence showed that more females were infected with 66(62.3%) and had higher parasite density of 144720/ul than males with 40 (37.7%) and parasite density of 106160/ul though the difference was not significant (P>0.05). Out of the 200 subjects examined, 106(53.0%) were positive for Plasmodium falciparum. Age related prevalence showed that subjects within the age 0-3years and 4-6years had higher prevalence of 62 (31%) followed by those within the age 7-9years with 31(15.5%) and the least with zero prevalence was within the age 16-18 years. Those within the age of 4-6years had higher parasite density of 71680/ul followed by 0-3years of age with parasite density of 63360/ul while those within the age 16-18yrs had none (0). The difference in prevalence of malaria in relation to age was significant (P<0.05).>0.05). Subjects that used treated net were more with 117(58.5%), followed by those that do not use net at all with 54(27%) and those whose nets were untreated with 28(14%). Only 1(0.5%) person believed in the potency of prayer as a preventive measure against malaria while none trusted environmental sanitation. Subjects that are non- net users had higher prevalence of 46(85.2%) and more parasite density of 98080/ul followed by the untreated net users with 22(78.6%) and parasite density of 77280/ul while the least prevalence was recorded among the treated net users with 38(32.5%) and parasite density of 75520/ul. The differences in prevalence of infection in relation to preventive measures was significant (P<0.05).more><0.05).There is need to improve socio-economic status and awareness for total compliance to preventive measures among the subjects so as to reduce the malaria prevalence rate to the desired zero level
The Prevalence of Hcv Infection among Renal Failure Patients Before Starting ...CrimsonpublishersMedical
HCV infection is common and associated with significant morbidity and mortality among heamodialysis (HD) patients [1]. Heamodialysis is a trusted intermediate procedure for management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. As such CKD is an immunedeficient state, hence blood borne viral infection particularly HCV pose great risk to patients treated by heamodialysis [2]. A high prevalence of HCV infection in heamodialysis patients has been reported in heamodialysis units since the introduction of heamodialysis therapy. Risk factors such as the number of blood transfusions or duration on heamodialysis. The prevalence of HCV infection in patients undergoing dialysis is greater than that in the general population, suggesting that patients on dialysis may be at higher risk of acquiring HCV infection.
Patients Knowledge and Attitude towards Tuberculosis in a Rural Setting in Al...inventionjournals
Introduction: Tuberculosis is a major cause of illness worldwide. The burden is rising globally due to poverty, increasing population and HIV/AIDS. In developing countries, poor knowledge and perception of tuberculosis is prevalent, which causes delay in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis..India has the highest number of TB cases in the world. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in Rural Health Training Centre, Jawan, of Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College,AMU, Aligarh .A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data from January- March,2015. A total of 80 subjects ,more than 15 years age group,residents of Jawan,were selected who either had completed tuberculosis treatment or are still on treatment.An informed consent was taken,before starting the questionnaire. Results: shows that out of 80 subjects under study,50% were in age –group 35 to 55 years and 75 % were males. Radio/T.V. was the maximum source of information on tuberculosis (60%), followed by health workers or community workers(50%) .Few subjects got information about T.B. from family members and friends/neighbours. 87.5% of the subjects were aware of the evening rise of temperature inT.B., followed by blood in sputum(80%) and cough more than 3 weeks(42.5%).Regarding causes of T.B.,76.25% of the subjects said that T.B. was due to smoking, followed by alcohol consumption(42.5%). 85% of the subjects knew that T.B. was a communicable disease.70% of the subjects knew that the mode of transmission of T.B. was during coughing.50% of the subjects believed that tuberculosis could be transmitted by sharing of common materials with T.B. patients.70% of the subjects reported that BCG immunization prevented tuberculosis. More than half(55%) of the participants reported that the transmission of T.B. could be prevented by avoiding personal contact with the T.B. patient. Conclusion: The study showed that the knowledge of people relating to T.B. is insufficient in most of the aspects.TB awareness programs should focus on reduction of TB associated stigmas.We need to train our health workers and also educate our masses especially those living in rural areas
Jocelyn Keehner, MD
Infectious Disease Fellow
Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
Epidermiologic pattern of viral hepatitis in afghanistanIslam Saeed
Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis in Afghanistan. The presentation is prepared by Dr. Islam Saeed, Director for Surveillance/DEWS at Afghan National Public Health Institute (ANPHI), MoPH
ABSTRACT- Aim: The present study was to know the seroprevalence of Hepatitis C virus among indoor and outdoor patients of a teaching ter-tiary care hospital in North India. Study design: Place and duration of study: Department of Microbiology, Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS Rohtak, Haryana, India, between August 2013 to July 2014. Methodology: This is a retrospective study performed on blood samples collected from patients of all ages and both sexes. Commercially available Erba Lisa Hepatitis C ELISA kits were used which detects anti-HCV IgG antibodies. Statistical analysis was performed when two or more variables were needed to compare. SPSS version 17 was used to calculate P value. Results: The prevalence of HCV was 3.74% in our study. 72.7% were from males and 27.3% were from females. Highest number of positive sam-ples was from 11-20 years age group (5.6%). The positivity for anti-HCV antibodies was higher in indoor samples (7.8%) as compared to outdoor samples (2.3%). Conclusion: Strict need to follow universal precautions for HCV control and education of public so that high risk activities should be controlled. KEYWORDS: Hepatitis C virus, Seroprevalence, anti-HCV antibodies, Indoor, HCV control
Articulo que intenta demostrar en un modelo linear mixto de efectos al azar, que las variables edad, sexo y estado nutricional de un paciente coinfectado VIH/TB influyen en la recuperación del CD4
NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective ...IOSR Journals
A comparison analysis for different flow rates of urea-water selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has
been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. An optimum nozzle opening pressure of 250 bar and static
injection timing of 20°bTDC is considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions
and better performance. An engine set up with SCR is made to study the influence of SCR on reduction of
emissions from the diesel engine. The volume flow rate of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute have been used with a
mixture of 30% urea and 70% water as SCR for the entire experiment. From the test results, it could be noted
that, among all flow rates, the volume flow rate of3 ml/minute gives better performance, combustion and lowest
emissions. Among the blends, B100 gives lowest emissions of smoke density and hydrocarbon as compared to without SCR. But in the presence of SCR, there is a drastic reduction in NOx of 17.81% for B100 as compared
to without SCR at full load condition of the engine
Effect of Fly Ash Particles on the Mechanical Properties of Zn-22%Al Alloy vi...IOSR Journals
In the present investigation, a Zn-22%Al alloy is used as the matrix material and fly ash as the filler material. The composite is produced using powder metallurgy techniques. The fly ash is added in 2%, 4%, and 6% by wt% to the sintering metal. The composite is tested for hardness, density and tensile strength test. Microstructure examination is done using a high resolution optical microscope to obtain the distribution of fly ash in the Zn-Al matrix. Test results indicate that as fly ash content is increased, there is a considerable increase in hardness and tensile strength but decrease in density.
Malaria parasitaemia and socioeconomic status of selected residents of Emohua...IOSRJPBS
In Nigeria, malaria consistently ranks among the five most common cause of death in children. This study investigated the prevalence of malaria and socioeconomic status of someresidents of Emohua Community, Rivers State, Nigeria.Following ethical clearance which was obtained from the University of Port Harcourt and the parents of the subjects who gave their written consents, blood samples were collected through vein puncture from 200 subjects within the age 0-17years, from July 2014-February 2015. Structured questionnaire were administered to the subjects and parents provided answers for younger children.Thick and Thin films were examined microscopically using oil immersion objective following the standardparasitological method. The thin films were fixed with methanol and all films were stained with 10% Giemsa stain diluted with 7.2 buffer water for 10 minutes. The demographic characteristics of 200 subjects examined in Emohua showed that 120(60%) were females and 60(40%) were males. Sex related prevalence showed that more females were infected with 66(62.3%) and had higher parasite density of 144720/ul than males with 40 (37.7%) and parasite density of 106160/ul though the difference was not significant (P>0.05). Out of the 200 subjects examined, 106(53.0%) were positive for Plasmodium falciparum. Age related prevalence showed that subjects within the age 0-3years and 4-6years had higher prevalence of 62 (31%) followed by those within the age 7-9years with 31(15.5%) and the least with zero prevalence was within the age 16-18 years. Those within the age of 4-6years had higher parasite density of 71680/ul followed by 0-3years of age with parasite density of 63360/ul while those within the age 16-18yrs had none (0). The difference in prevalence of malaria in relation to age was significant (P<0.05).>0.05). Subjects that used treated net were more with 117(58.5%), followed by those that do not use net at all with 54(27%) and those whose nets were untreated with 28(14%). Only 1(0.5%) person believed in the potency of prayer as a preventive measure against malaria while none trusted environmental sanitation. Subjects that are non- net users had higher prevalence of 46(85.2%) and more parasite density of 98080/ul followed by the untreated net users with 22(78.6%) and parasite density of 77280/ul while the least prevalence was recorded among the treated net users with 38(32.5%) and parasite density of 75520/ul. The differences in prevalence of infection in relation to preventive measures was significant (P<0.05).more><0.05).There is need to improve socio-economic status and awareness for total compliance to preventive measures among the subjects so as to reduce the malaria prevalence rate to the desired zero level
The Prevalence of Hcv Infection among Renal Failure Patients Before Starting ...CrimsonpublishersMedical
HCV infection is common and associated with significant morbidity and mortality among heamodialysis (HD) patients [1]. Heamodialysis is a trusted intermediate procedure for management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. As such CKD is an immunedeficient state, hence blood borne viral infection particularly HCV pose great risk to patients treated by heamodialysis [2]. A high prevalence of HCV infection in heamodialysis patients has been reported in heamodialysis units since the introduction of heamodialysis therapy. Risk factors such as the number of blood transfusions or duration on heamodialysis. The prevalence of HCV infection in patients undergoing dialysis is greater than that in the general population, suggesting that patients on dialysis may be at higher risk of acquiring HCV infection.
Patients Knowledge and Attitude towards Tuberculosis in a Rural Setting in Al...inventionjournals
Introduction: Tuberculosis is a major cause of illness worldwide. The burden is rising globally due to poverty, increasing population and HIV/AIDS. In developing countries, poor knowledge and perception of tuberculosis is prevalent, which causes delay in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis..India has the highest number of TB cases in the world. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in Rural Health Training Centre, Jawan, of Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College,AMU, Aligarh .A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data from January- March,2015. A total of 80 subjects ,more than 15 years age group,residents of Jawan,were selected who either had completed tuberculosis treatment or are still on treatment.An informed consent was taken,before starting the questionnaire. Results: shows that out of 80 subjects under study,50% were in age –group 35 to 55 years and 75 % were males. Radio/T.V. was the maximum source of information on tuberculosis (60%), followed by health workers or community workers(50%) .Few subjects got information about T.B. from family members and friends/neighbours. 87.5% of the subjects were aware of the evening rise of temperature inT.B., followed by blood in sputum(80%) and cough more than 3 weeks(42.5%).Regarding causes of T.B.,76.25% of the subjects said that T.B. was due to smoking, followed by alcohol consumption(42.5%). 85% of the subjects knew that T.B. was a communicable disease.70% of the subjects knew that the mode of transmission of T.B. was during coughing.50% of the subjects believed that tuberculosis could be transmitted by sharing of common materials with T.B. patients.70% of the subjects reported that BCG immunization prevented tuberculosis. More than half(55%) of the participants reported that the transmission of T.B. could be prevented by avoiding personal contact with the T.B. patient. Conclusion: The study showed that the knowledge of people relating to T.B. is insufficient in most of the aspects.TB awareness programs should focus on reduction of TB associated stigmas.We need to train our health workers and also educate our masses especially those living in rural areas
Jocelyn Keehner, MD
Infectious Disease Fellow
Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
Epidermiologic pattern of viral hepatitis in afghanistanIslam Saeed
Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis in Afghanistan. The presentation is prepared by Dr. Islam Saeed, Director for Surveillance/DEWS at Afghan National Public Health Institute (ANPHI), MoPH
ABSTRACT- Aim: The present study was to know the seroprevalence of Hepatitis C virus among indoor and outdoor patients of a teaching ter-tiary care hospital in North India. Study design: Place and duration of study: Department of Microbiology, Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS Rohtak, Haryana, India, between August 2013 to July 2014. Methodology: This is a retrospective study performed on blood samples collected from patients of all ages and both sexes. Commercially available Erba Lisa Hepatitis C ELISA kits were used which detects anti-HCV IgG antibodies. Statistical analysis was performed when two or more variables were needed to compare. SPSS version 17 was used to calculate P value. Results: The prevalence of HCV was 3.74% in our study. 72.7% were from males and 27.3% were from females. Highest number of positive sam-ples was from 11-20 years age group (5.6%). The positivity for anti-HCV antibodies was higher in indoor samples (7.8%) as compared to outdoor samples (2.3%). Conclusion: Strict need to follow universal precautions for HCV control and education of public so that high risk activities should be controlled. KEYWORDS: Hepatitis C virus, Seroprevalence, anti-HCV antibodies, Indoor, HCV control
Articulo que intenta demostrar en un modelo linear mixto de efectos al azar, que las variables edad, sexo y estado nutricional de un paciente coinfectado VIH/TB influyen en la recuperación del CD4
NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective ...IOSR Journals
A comparison analysis for different flow rates of urea-water selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has
been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. An optimum nozzle opening pressure of 250 bar and static
injection timing of 20°bTDC is considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions
and better performance. An engine set up with SCR is made to study the influence of SCR on reduction of
emissions from the diesel engine. The volume flow rate of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute have been used with a
mixture of 30% urea and 70% water as SCR for the entire experiment. From the test results, it could be noted
that, among all flow rates, the volume flow rate of3 ml/minute gives better performance, combustion and lowest
emissions. Among the blends, B100 gives lowest emissions of smoke density and hydrocarbon as compared to without SCR. But in the presence of SCR, there is a drastic reduction in NOx of 17.81% for B100 as compared
to without SCR at full load condition of the engine
Effect of Fly Ash Particles on the Mechanical Properties of Zn-22%Al Alloy vi...IOSR Journals
In the present investigation, a Zn-22%Al alloy is used as the matrix material and fly ash as the filler material. The composite is produced using powder metallurgy techniques. The fly ash is added in 2%, 4%, and 6% by wt% to the sintering metal. The composite is tested for hardness, density and tensile strength test. Microstructure examination is done using a high resolution optical microscope to obtain the distribution of fly ash in the Zn-Al matrix. Test results indicate that as fly ash content is increased, there is a considerable increase in hardness and tensile strength but decrease in density.
Intrusion Detection System Based on K-Star Classifier and Feature Set ReductionIOSR Journals
Abstract: Network security and Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS’s) is an important security related research
area. This paper applies K-star algorithm with filtering analysis in order to build a network intrusion detection
system. For our experimental analysis and as a case study, we have used the new NSL-KDD dataset, which is a
modified dataset for KDDCup 1999 intrusion detection benchmark dataset. With a split of 66.0% for the
training set and the remainder for the testing set a 2 class classifications has been implemented. WEKA which is
a java based open source software consists of a collection of machine learning algorithms for Data mining tasks
has been used in the testing process. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is very accurate
with low false positive rate and high true positive rate and it takes less learning time in comparison with other
existing approaches used for efficient network intrusion detection.
Keywords: Information Gain, Intrusion Detection System, Instance-based classifier, K-Star, Weka.
Improving the Heat Transfer Rate for Multi Cylinder Engine Piston and Piston ...IOSR Journals
The four stroke otto engine uses just one of the four strokes to perform work. This causes various
problems: The engine runs jerkily, and this can only be prevented by a large flywheel, which needs a lot of
space and weights pretty much in addition. In this thesis, thermal loads and pressures produced in the multi
cylinder petrol engine Toyota 86 Car by varying compression ratios 14:1, 15:1, 18:1, 20:1 and 25:1 are
calculated by mathematical correlations And also calculating the effect of these thermal loads on piston and
piston rings by varying materials Cast Iron, Aluminum Alloy 6061 for piston and Cast Iron and Steel for piston
rings.FEA transient thermal analysis is performed on the parametric model to validate the effect of thermal
loads on piston and piston rings for different materials. The optimum value of compression ratio and the better
material is determined by analysis results to improve the heat transfer rate of multi cylinder engine piston and
piston rings. Dynamic analysis is done on the piston by applying the pressures developed and also static
analysis by applying the maximum pressure.
To study the effect of low velocity impacts on composite material buy using F...IOSR Journals
During the life of a structure impact by foreign objects can be expected to occur during manufacturing, service and maintenance operations. An example of in service impact occurs during aircrafts takeoffs and landing. During the manufacturing process or during maintenance tools can be dropped on the structure, in this case the impact energy is small, laminated structures are more susceptible to impact damage often cannot be detected by visual inspection. This internal damage can severe reductions in strength and further reductions occur under the load. Therefore the effects of foreign object impact on composite structure must be understood and proper measures should be taken in the design process to account for expected events. Concerns about the effects of impact on the performance of composite structures have been a factor in limiting the use of composite materials. For these reasons the problem of impact has received considerable attention in the literature. The process of impact damage initiation and growth, and identify the governing parameters are important for the formulation of numerical models for damage prediction, for designing impact resistant structures and for developing improved material systems. An important aspect of a model for predicting the impact dynamics is to accurately describe the behavior of the target under impact loading conditions. For some simple cases the structural loading can be modeled by a simple spring-mass system or by using the quasi-static behavior and considering the energy balance for a system. But in general more sophisticated beam, plate or shell theories are required to model the structure. .Keywords: FEA, Low-velocity impact, LS DYNA, Modeling, Simulation
Effect of Process Parameters on Micro Hardness of Mild Steel Processed by Sur...IOSR Journals
Surface grinding process can be utilized to create flat shapes at a high production rate and low
cost.. In this investigation, indigenously designed set up were used for evaluating the surface grinding process
was established. An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of surface grinding process
parameters i.e. Inlet pressure of coolant, grinding wheel speed, work-piece speed, and nozzle angle on the micro
hardness of the mild steel specimen. In the present study Horizontal spindle and reciprocating table type
surface grinding machine fitted with test rig is used and cutting fluid is applied through the convergent nozzle to
throw the cutting fluids at the cutting zone. In order to evaluate the effect of selected process parameters, one
variable approach has been used in the present study. Plots of various Micro Hardness responses have been
used to determine the relationship between the output response and the input parameters. The value of
microhardness of grinded mild steel work-piece varies from 292.63 to 370.73 HV
A Comparative Study Establishing the Importance of Physiotherapeutic Principl...IOSR Journals
This research proposal for PhD studies in Physiotherapy aims towards healthy, happy and independent
geriatric life style. In the past few years the interest in body composition, nutritional status and physical
independence in elderly people has markedly increased because of the increasing number of elderly people in
the general population and its implication for geriatric health care 1-2
. Advancing age results in body
composition changes such as decrease in fat free mass 3-4
, and increase in fat mass 4-6
. Also, the amount of
minerals in the fat free mass changes 7
; as does the ratio of total body water in form of intercellular to
intracellular water 8-12. Geriatric ageing is usually characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass and function,
termed as sarcopenia13. Both physical inactivity and inadequate nutritional intake are the main contributing
factors to sarcopenia and reduction in fat free mass 14-15. These changes have been associated with dramatic
functional decline, physical frailty, falls in elderly and a bad quality of geriatric life 16-18.Until now very few
studies have investigated both the effects of (a) nutritional supplementation and (b) exercises on nutritional
status, body composition and muscular function among geriatric population 19-21.
Video Encryption and Decryption with Authentication using Artificial Neural N...IOSR Journals
Abstract :Multimedia data security is becoming important with the continuous increase of digital communications on internet. With the rapid development of various multimedia technologies, more and more multimedia data are generated and transmitted in the medical, commercial, and military fields, which may include some sensitive information which should not be accessed by or can only be partially exposed to the general users. . The encryption algorithms developed to secure text data are not suitable for multimedia application because of the large data size and real time constraint. Therefore, there is a great demand for secured data storage and transmission techniques. Information security has traditionally been ensured with data encryption and authentication techniques. The secrecy of communication is maintained by secret key exchange. In effect the strength of the algorithm depends solely on the length of the key. The presented work aims at secure video transmission using randomness in encryption algorithm, thereby creating more confusion to obtain the original data. The security of the original cipher has been enhanced by addition of impurities to misguide the cryptanalyst. Since the encryption process is one way function, the artificial neural networks are best suited for this purpose as they possess features like high security, no distortion and its ability to perform for non linear input-output characteristics, In the presented work the need for key exchange is also eliminated, which is otherwise a perquisite for most of the algorithms used today. The proposed work finds its application in medical imaging systems, military image database communication and confidential video conferencing, and similar such application. The results are obtained through the use of MATLAB 7.14.0 Keywords: Artificial Neural networks, Back propagation algorithm, video encryption and decryption, cipher and decipher.
Evaluation of the Awareness about Hepatitis among Ardabil Medical University ...asclepiuspdfs
Introduction: Hepatitis is one of the five infectious diseases in the world that yearly one million people die and nearly 2 million sufferers from it. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most important cause of liver disease and the major cause of death from hepatitis in Iran. The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge about hepatitis among medical students of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences in 2016. Methodology: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study that has been done on 150 students were selected randomly from Ardabil University of Medical Sciences students in 2016. The data collected by a questionnaire consisted of 25 questions. The collected data were analyzed using statistical methods in SPSS version 16. P < 5% was considered significant. Results: Of all students, 56% were female, and the rest of them were male with an average age of 20 years. The average of student knowledge was 11.06. Nursing and health students had the highest and IT students had the lowest level of knowledge. 61.3% of students referred to the use of a common syringe as an agent for the transmission of hepatitis and 62% believed that the level of knowledge of people in the community could prevent the transmission of HBV infection to individuals. Conclusion: The results present study showed that students’ knowledge about HBV was moderate and because of medical personnel is at high risk of infection due to their occupational status. Hence, promoting their level of knowledge about HBV is essential.
Background & Objective: Worldwide, nearly 350 and125 million persons have chronic hepatitis B &C virus (HBV& HCV) infections, respectively. This study aimed to bridge the gap between knowledge of HBV & HCV infections and theirs prevalence among pregnant women, through assessing the impact of an educational intervention on knowledge of pregnant women toward HBV & HCV infections.
Methods: The study was a quasi-experimental one, 100 pregnant women were enrolled in the study they were in third trimester. Structured interviewing sheet, laboratory investigations, educational interventions and pre & posttest formats were utilized for the study.
Profile of Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students of tertiary ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Prevalence of Malaria Infection and Malaria Anaemia among Children Attending ...theijes
Malaria associated anaemia represent a major public health problem. Thestudy considered Out-Patient children at Emergency Paediatric Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Yola aged 6 months-15 years from June to November 2015. Questionnaires were used to collect information relating to gender, age and parents/guardians sociodemographic characteristics. Microscopic examination of Thick and Thin blood films a technique was employed, Pack Cell Volumewas used to screen for anaemia. Of the 168 children sampled, the prevalence of malaria infection and malaria anaemia was 29.2% and 26.2% respectively and it was associated with P. falciparum. Malaria infection in relation to anaemia, children with mild anaemia (47.6%) had the highest infection rate. It was observed that malaria infection was higher among males (32.2%) than the females (25.6%), age group 5-9 years (34.2%) had the highest malaria infection and least was ≥15 years (20.0%) but these were statistically insignificant within gender and age of the children and malaria infection (p˃0.05). Higher malaria infection among children whose parents/guardians were unemployed (38.5%), attended primary education (52.6%) and reside in village setting (31.4%). Malaria anaemia in relation to children epidemiological data, males (31.6%), 5-9 years (31.6%) recorded with high prevalence rate while sociodemographic characteristics of parents/guardians, children whose parents/guardians were civil servant (18.9%), attended tertiary education (13.8%) and live in quarters (11.1%) had the least prevalence rate of malaria anaemia. Children gender, parents/guardians occupation and educational qualification were significantly associated with malaria anaemia (p˂0.05). Therefore, parents/guardians sociodemographic factors such as better occupation, higher educational qualification and well layout and refined area of residence reduces the prevalence of malaria infection and malaria anaemia in children. There is need to sensitized public on the importance of management of malaria and the possible effects of malaria anaemia on children in order to circumvent the menace.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen among Undergraduate Students of Gombe State University, Gombe
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 6, Issue 6 (Jul. – Aug. 2013), PP 24-27
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 24 | Page
Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen among Undergraduate
Students of Gombe State University, Gombe
Wasa A. A1
and Maigana A.2
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Gombe State University, P. M. B 127 Gombe
Abstract: Incidence of Hepatitis B virus among healthy asymptomatic students in Gombe State University was
determined, this was in an effort of providing baseline data on the diseases burden, and the possible risk factors
associated with the infection in the study population. A total of 100 serum samples were collected from
volunteers and screened using rapid immune chromatographic test kits for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).
The study revealed that 14% were HBsAg positive. The highest incidence rate of 18.2% (12) was recorded
among the age group of 16-25 years, and males recorded the highest incidence rate of 20% (12), indicating that
gender but not age might have greater influence on the infection (P= 0.05).
Key words: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag), Incidence, Seropositivity, Seroprevalence, Age group, Gender
I. Introduction
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver as a result of a variety of causes, which are both infectious and
non-infectious. The infectious agents that cause hepatitis include virus, bacteria and parasites, while the non-
infectious substances include certain drugs and toxic agents (Rice and Dobuission, 1996). Hepatitis B virus
(HBV) is the most prevalent, most predominant cause of viral hepatitis and the leading cause of hepatocellular
carcinoma (Hollinger et al., 2001). It can be found in serum, vaginal secretions, breast milk and of low
concentration in the saliva of infected persons (Lindsley et al., 1990). Approximately 240,000 new cases occur
each year and as many as 1-6% of infected adults become carriers of the disease (Nester et al., 2007). The
World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 350 million people in the world are carriers in endemic areas
such as Sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia and South America, most of who were reported to have acquired it
prenatally (Hadler et al., 1991).
A study carried out on the prevalence of anti-HBs antibody among 427 six year old children 223
(52.2%) females and 204 (47.8%) males in Ahvaz, Iran. 5 year after vaccination, revealed that non-responders
have peak anti-HBs levels of <10mlv/mi, low responders have peak anti-HBs levels of 10-100mlv/mi and good
responders have peaked anti-HBs levels of >100mlv/mi.
There was no any significant statistical difference between females and males in low responders groups
(Ahmad, 2011).
In Nigeria reports on serum carrier rate of the surface antigen of Hepatitis B virus (HBs Ag) showed
that the infection is prevalent and endemic. Surveys conducted among blood donors in various locations
revealed the following prevalence rate; 13% in Ibadan (Ayoola and Adejala, 1998), 13.3% in Lagos (Nasidi et
al., 1991), 22% in Maiduguri (Harry et al., 1994) and a prevalence rate of 8.3% was also reported for a study
conducted in Zaria (Ibrahim, 2005).
Global widespread Hepatitis B seropositivity among healthy asymptomatic persons and lack of proper
information on prevalence rates among undergraduates who are mostly at risk due to their nature and life style
necessitated this research.
This study was carried out among healthy asymptomatic undergraduate students of Gombe State
University to determine the incidence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) by age groups and gender and
make appropriate recommendations based on the findings.
II. Materials and Methods
2.1 Study population and site
The study population comprises of about one hundred volunteer undergraduate students of all levels
from all faculties in Gombe State University within the age group of 15-35 years.
2.2 Sample collection
The consent of volunteers for this research was sought and approval from the University authorities
was received before sample collection. A trained nurse in the University clinic aseptically collected two (2) ml
Submitted date 12 June 2013 Accepted Date: 17 June 2013
2. Prevalence Of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Among Undergraduate Students Of Gombe State
www.iosrjournals.org 25 | Page
of blood samples from each of the 100 volunteers into sterile EDTA bottles and transported immediately from
the clinic to the laboratory for analysis (Cheesbrough, 2006)
2.3 Sample processing and screening for HBsAg
Blood samples were screened for presence of HBsAg using Global one step HBs Ag test strips
(serum/plasma) package inserts, by immersing the test strip vertically in to the serum for 10 seconds and placing
on a non adsorbent surface for a period of 10 minutes after which the result is interpreted according to
manufacturer’s instructions as follows: presence of colored line indicates a positive result, while absence of a
colored line indicates a negative result.
III. Results
From the analysis conducted, Table. 1 shows 14 (14%) incidence, 4 (4%) invalid result and 82 (82%)
negative result for HBsAg among the students investigated. The incidence according to age is shown in Table
.2. The highest incidence of 18.2 % was observed among the age group 16-25years, while the lowest 5.9% was
observed in the 26-35 years age group. The age group has no influence on the infection i.e. there is no
association between HBsAg and age after chi square (X2
) test (Table.3).
The incidence by gender showed incidence rate of 20% (12 positive cases) and 5% (2 positive cases)
for male and female students respectively as shown in Table. 4. Chi square (X2
) test (P=0.05) indicates that there
is a significant association between HBsAg infection and gender; with men more predisposed than females
TABLE 1: Total incidence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
+ − invalid Total
HBsAg
+ -
Total
Invalid
14 (14%) 82 (82%) 4 (4%) 100 (100%)
Key: + = positive, − = negative, %= percentage
TABLE 2: Incidence of Hepatitis b surface antigen (HBsAg) by age
Age(yrs) HBsAg infection (%) Total
+ − Invalid
16-25 12(18.2%) 52(78.8%) 2(3.0%) 66(100%)
26-35 2(5.9%) 30(88.2%) 2(5.9%) 34(100%)
Total 14(14.0%) 82(82.0%) 4(4.0%) 100(100%)
TABLE 3: Chi Square (X2
) Test (association between age and HBsAg infection among Undergraduate
students in Gombe State University)
Age(yrs) Observed frequency (O) Expected frequency (E) (O-E)2
E
16-25 12 9.33 0.76
26-35 2 4.66 1.52
Total 14 13.99 2.28
P=0.05
TABLE 4: Incidence of Hepatitis b surface antigen (HBsAg) by gender
Gender HBsAg infection (%) Total
+ − Invalid
Male 12(20.0%) 46(76.7%) 2(3.3%) 66(100%)
Female 2(5.0%) 36(90.0%) 2(5.0%) 40(100%)
Total 14(14.0%) 82(82.0%) 4(4.0%) 100(100%)
TABLE 5: Chi Square (X2
) Test (association between age and HBsAg infection among Undergraduate
students in Gombe State University)
Gender Observed frequency (O) Expected frequency (E) (O-E)2
E
Male 12 8.46 1.48
Female 2 5.54 2.26
Total 14 13.00 4.74
P=0.05
3. Prevalence Of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Among Undergraduate Students Of Gombe State
www.iosrjournals.org 26 | Page
IV. Discussion
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) seropositivity of 14% recorded among healthy asymptomatic
student volunteers in Gombe State University implies a high incidence of hepatitis B virus infection in the study
area.
In Nigeria, the prevalence ranges from 6-11% among blood donors (Lewkonia and Rowland, 1969).
The high incidence rate of 14% recorded in this study is reasonably higher than that obtained from a similar
study conducted by Tribedi (1994) in zaria, Northern Nigeria. His result revealed that 8.9% of about 1860 blood
donors tested positive.
Studies have also shown that the likelihood of chronicity after acute hepatitis virus infection varies and
is a function of age in both immune competent and immune compromised persons (Dienstag and Isselbaher,
1998). Another study conducted by Idris in 2010 among undergraduates in ABU Zaria revealed that high rate of
HBs Ag of 13% was found among the age group 19-29 years. This result concurs with the 14% (16-25 years)
prevalence rate observed in this study, similarly, higher prevalence of HBs Ag was observed in the younger age
group compared to the older age groups.
Awosere et al (1999) in Ibadan also observed that the infection is most prevalent among the young age
groups. This could be associated with sexual activity and intravenous drug use reported to be highest among
Nigerians in their second decade or mid-twenties of life.
However, from Chi square (X2
) analysis carried out there is no significant association between age
group and HBs Ag infection (P=0.005); that means age has no influence on the infection. However there was a
significant association between the HBs Ag and gender (P=0.05); that is gender has an influence on the infection
with males more predisposed to the infection than females.
V. Conclusion And Recommendation
This current study revealed high incidence rate of HBs Ag which implies that the infection is
reasonably high amongst students. Students between the ages 16-25 years were the most affected (18.2%) and
also the incidence was more among male students (20%). This emphasized the need for preventive and control
measures as follows:
i. Programs (health education) aimed at enlightening the public on the dangers of hepatitis B virus and factors
that could predispose them to the infection should be organized periodically
ii. Students should be properly screened before donation or acceptance of blood
iii. Awareness campaigns that are organized should be linked with that of HIV and AIDS since both Hepatitis
B virus and HIV have similar modes of transmission
iv. With the availability of effective treatment (lamivudine and interferone alpha) and vaccines (Recombivax
and evergerix B), Government and other relevant authorities should supplement cost and make it easily
accessible to the general public
Acknowledgments
We wish to acknowledge the management, staff and students of Gombe State University for actively
participating in this study. Not forgetting the Vice Chancellor Prof. Abdullahi Mahadi, Prof. A.G Ezra HOD
Department of Biological Sciences and Prof. M. D Mukhtar Deaprtment of Microbiology, Bayero University
Kano.
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