The document discusses different types of poisoning including human and cattle poisoning. Human poisoning can be suicidal, homicidal, accidental, or for stupefying purposes. Common poisons used vary based on intent. Accidental poisoning can occur due to carelessness in storage or use of remedies. Many factors influence toxicity of poisons including composition, dose, route of administration, health of the person, age, nutrition, sex, and environment. The route of administration impacts time of onset and severity of effects. A person's health, age, nutrition, and environment all modify response to poisons.

1. Poisoning

2. “Poisoning means intake of toxic
dose of a poison.”
Poisoning may be,
1.Human Poisoning
2.Cattle Poisoning

3. HUMAN POISONING
1.Suicidal
2.Homicidal
3.Accidental
4.Stupifying

4. Suicidal Poisoning
IT is self killing by poisons and for
this many poisons are used eg.
Cyanide, Opium, Barbiturates,
Organo-phosphorus and other
insecticides.

6. Homicidal Poisoning
It is to kill other person and
poisons used for this commonly are
Arsenic, Aconite, Organo-
phosphorus, etc.,

7. Stupifying Poisons
They are used for purpose of
robbery, they are also called as
road poisons. Persons becomes
disoriented, confused, vertigo,
vomiting,
Commonly used poisons for this
purpose are Dhatura, Belladona,
Hyoscymus, Canabis indica, etc.

8. Accidental Poisoning
It is due to result of carelessness
with which poisonous and non-
poisonous materials are stored
together. It also occurs from the
remedies used by quacks, who
claims to cure all diseases from
common cold to cancer. Bites by
poisonous animals like snakes, may
cause accidental poisoning.

9. Accidental and intentional
poisonings are among the major
causes of morbidity and mortality.
Poisoning is one of the leading
causes of accidental deaths in
children.

10. Causes of Poisoning
1. Plants
2. House-hold Products
3.Drugs

11. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
TOXICITY

12. That are,
1. Composition of Toxic agent
2. Dose and Concentration
3. Routes of Administration
4. Metabolism of Toxic Agent
5. State of Health
6. Age and Maturity
7. Nutritional State and Dietary
Factors
8. Genetics
9. Sex
10. Environmental Factors

13. 1.COMPOSITION OF TOXIC AGENT
When we refer to a toxic episode, basic
problem is the view that the drug
responsible is in a pure form.
We expect that there are no contaminants
present.
This situation is met in laboratory but are
rare in real world
So we must always consider the possibility
that the toxic episode results from one or
more agents.

14. A. Physio -chemical composition
This is helpful in predicting the
risk involved in exposure to a
particular compound.
Generally solids are less likely
swallowed than liquids. Bulky
and low density solids are more
difficult to consume.

15. B. The particle size of the toxic
compound is especially important,
particularly in exposure by
inhalation. Only particles less than
1 micron or less reaches the
alveoli.

16. C. The Ph
If the chemical is strong acid or
base, the toxic effects occur with
only limited exposure. Where as
mild compounds may cause only
little irritation.

17. Sometimes a compound which was
pure when packaged undergo a
chemical change to produce
entirely different composition
capable of causing toxic symptoms,
which are not related to original
compound.

18. Eg. Paraldehyde which is a
hypnotic but on exposure to
sunlight and air changes to
Acetaldehyde which causes nausea,
redness of skin, cough and
pulmonary oedema.

19. When the displayed symptoms do
not match those expected from a
particular product.
Then what is wrong?

20. Most obvious thing is that,
>Bottle contains different
substance than the label,
>Or an insignificant amount is
ingested.

21. 2. Dose and Concentration
One of the
major factors influencing the toxic
effects of a chemical is the dose
and concentration.
Anything can be toxic if taken
enough, and conversely the most
toxic substance may not be harmful
when taken in low concentration.

22. The distilled water and isotonic
saline are not generally considered
toxic but at a high volume or dose
their toxicity becomes evident.

23. Idiosyncrasy
Intolerance exhibited by certain
people for certain drugs & some of
the diets.
“Idiosyncrasy may be defined as
inherent personal
hypersensitivity to any agent”
.Previous exposure is not
necessary. Drugs like cocaine,
aspirin, quinine & foods like
mushrooms, egg, shell-fish etc.,

24. Allergy or Hypersensitivity
The
allergy or hypersensitivity is as a
result of previous exposure of the
agent or induced by simultaneous
presence of another poison, eg.
Penicillin, anti-tetanus serum.

25. Habit of taking certain drugs
diminishes the effects of certain
drugs, eg. Sedatives, morphine,
alcohol, etc.
Tolerance develops for certain
drugs

26. Tolerance It means the capacity of
the body to sustain certain drugs
without any immediate apparent
harms eg. Opium, alcohol.
It is due to comparative immunity
from their toxic effects.

27. Synergism means final response is
greater than the sum of their
individual actions, eg.
Alcohol and Barbiturates in non-
toxic dose cause toxic symptoms
1+1 = 3.

28. Cumulative Effect
(accumulate in tissues)
Repeated administration even in
small quantities might cause toxic
manifestation or chronic poisoning
by cumulative effect, eg. Arsenic,
lead, Mercury

29. 3. Route Of Administration
The
route of administration can
influence the time of onset,
intensity and duration of toxic
effects of a poison. The route of
administration may also predict the
degree of toxicity and possibility of
target system.

30. Administration by all routes in
descending order of toxicity is,
Intravenous > Inhalation >
Intraperitoneal > Sub-cutaneous >
Intramuscular > Oral > Topical

31. Absorption from stomach is less but
the intestinal absorption is
extensive because of large surface
area.
Several Factors modify the
absorption of drugs and chemicals
after oral administration

32. The Type of Food in stomach can
modify absorption of a compound.
A meal rich in proteins and fat
delays absorption. Carbonated
beverages increase the rate of
absorption by increasing gastric
emptying time. Concentrated
chemicals decrease absorption due
to gastric irritation and pyloric
sphincter constriction.

33. 5. State of Health of the Person
In healthy individual chances of
survival are more favourable. But if
the person suffering from Hepatitis
or renal disease, it affects the
pharmacokinetics of toxic agent.
Hypertensive persons respond
more to Sympathomymetics.
Opiates cause respiratory
depression in a person having
Head-injury.

34. 6. Age:
In small children less than 5
yrs of age where the toxic events
are more common, but at the same
time hepatic enzymes are not well
developed, present lethal effects.
Young can fight well against
poisoning.

35. Old people toxic effects are
reduced because of generalised
reduction in blood supply but on
the other hand due to old age,
there is greater incidence of
hepatic, renal and cardio-vascular
diseases reduces ability to detoxify.

36. 6.Nutritional State & dietary Factors
Certain dietary factors like
contents of stomach, acidic or
alkaline, hot or cold and viscosity is
important for absorption.
Drugs taken empty stomach
achieve high blood level.
Calcium in milk reduce absorption
of certain drugs like Tetracycline's.

37. 8. Sex:
There is difference in
pharmacological effects to different
drugs & chemicals in males and
females.
As a general rule men weigh more
than women, hence will require
more dose to produce effects.
Males having more muscle mass
and fat mass, so quick absorption
in them.

38. 9. Environmental Factors
A. Temperature, when low
response of a biological system to a
toxic agent is decreased. High
temperature increases effects.

39. B. Occupation, Individuals working
in industries where hydro-carbons
or volatile substances are used,
may increase ability to metabolise
drugs & chemicals. Their liver
enzymes activity is increased.

40. C. Living Conditions: It has been
seen in experimental animals that
LD-50 dose of various drugs is
decreased in animals which were
placed in isolation than in
overcrowded envoironment.

41.  Sleep
 Metabolism is slowed
 Diarrhea
 Quickly washed out poison without its
absorbtion