this concise and comprehensive document provides practical and ready to use implication of knowledge of vaccination schedule of dogs and cats. vaccination brands and their their administeration with respect to the animal's age is mentioned. see the.
Hemorrhagic septicemia is a bacterial disease of cattle and buffaloes caused by Pasteurella multocida. It is characterized by high fever, swelling of the throat and neck, difficulty breathing, and high mortality. The disease spreads through direct or indirect contact with infected or carrier animals. Stressful conditions like malnutrition, transportation, or pre-existing viral infections predispose animals to the disease. Vaccination is the primary control method.
This document provides information on common illnesses in dogs and vaccine schedules. It discusses six illnesses: parvovirus, distemper, kennel cough, adenovirus, leptospirosis, and vomiting/diarrhea. For each, it describes symptoms, treatment, and recovery time. It also covers rabies in more depth, describing causes, types (paralytic and furious), symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccines. Vaccine schedules are provided for puppies and adult dogs for rabies, distemper, parvovirus, and adenovirus. Puppies receive an initial series between 6-16 weeks with boosters yearly or every 3 years thereafter depending on the vaccine.
Canine distemper is a highly contagious viral disease that affects multiple carnivore species. It is characterized by fever, respiratory and gastrointestinal issues, and neurological complications. While vaccination has reduced cases, it remains a major disease. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and infected bodily fluids. Puppies and unvaccinated dogs are most at risk. Treatment focuses on supportive care, though the virus can cause lasting issues in survivors. Widespread vaccination is important to control the disease.
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and relatively common cause of acute, infectious GI illness in young dogs. Although its exact origin is unknown, it is believed to have arisen from feline panleukopenia virus or a related parvovirus of nondomestic animals
Pneumonia in dogs and cats is an inflammation of the lung tissue, usually preceded by bronchitis. It is characterized by fever, coughing, difficulty breathing, and low oxygen levels in the blood. Pneumonia can be caused by viruses, parasites, bacteria, allergens, or fungi. Aspiration pneumonia may also occur secondary to other conditions like megaesophagus.
Clinical signs include rapid breathing, respiratory distress, coughing, fever, nasal discharge, lack of appetite, lethargy, weight loss, and abnormal lung sounds. Diagnosis involves case history, clinical signs, lab tests like a CBC and chest x-rays. Treatment consists of antibiotics, oxygen therapy, airway humidification,
Kennel cough, also known as canine infectious tracheobronchitis, is a highly contagious disease of the canine respiratory tract that causes sudden onset of a paroxysmal cough lasting several days. The two most common causes are canine parainfluenza virus and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Clinical signs include a dry, hacking cough that is more frequent during exercise or changes in temperature/humidity. Diagnosis is based on exposure history and cough, with radiography and cytology used in severe cases to check for pneumonia. Treatment involves antibiotics, cough suppressants, bronchodilators and supportive care. Prevention focuses on vaccination and sanitary kennel practices like isolation, disinfection and
Tetanus is an acute, often fatal disease caused by the bacteria Clostridium tetani found in soil. It commonly occurs after an injury where the bacteria enters the body. The bacteria produces a toxin called tetanospasmin which affects the central nervous system. Horses are highly susceptible and show signs like lockjaw, nervousness, and muscle spasms. Treatment involves antibiotics, antitoxin, sedatives, and nursing care in a quiet, dark environment. Prevention consists of vaccinating horses against tetanus toxoid which provides stable immunity, with boosters after injuries. While early diagnosis and treatment can help destroy the bacteria, severe cases often result in death.
Hemorrhagic septicemia is a bacterial disease of cattle and buffaloes caused by Pasteurella multocida. It is characterized by high fever, swelling of the throat and neck, difficulty breathing, and high mortality. The disease spreads through direct or indirect contact with infected or carrier animals. Stressful conditions like malnutrition, transportation, or pre-existing viral infections predispose animals to the disease. Vaccination is the primary control method.
This document provides information on common illnesses in dogs and vaccine schedules. It discusses six illnesses: parvovirus, distemper, kennel cough, adenovirus, leptospirosis, and vomiting/diarrhea. For each, it describes symptoms, treatment, and recovery time. It also covers rabies in more depth, describing causes, types (paralytic and furious), symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccines. Vaccine schedules are provided for puppies and adult dogs for rabies, distemper, parvovirus, and adenovirus. Puppies receive an initial series between 6-16 weeks with boosters yearly or every 3 years thereafter depending on the vaccine.
Canine distemper is a highly contagious viral disease that affects multiple carnivore species. It is characterized by fever, respiratory and gastrointestinal issues, and neurological complications. While vaccination has reduced cases, it remains a major disease. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and infected bodily fluids. Puppies and unvaccinated dogs are most at risk. Treatment focuses on supportive care, though the virus can cause lasting issues in survivors. Widespread vaccination is important to control the disease.
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and relatively common cause of acute, infectious GI illness in young dogs. Although its exact origin is unknown, it is believed to have arisen from feline panleukopenia virus or a related parvovirus of nondomestic animals
Pneumonia in dogs and cats is an inflammation of the lung tissue, usually preceded by bronchitis. It is characterized by fever, coughing, difficulty breathing, and low oxygen levels in the blood. Pneumonia can be caused by viruses, parasites, bacteria, allergens, or fungi. Aspiration pneumonia may also occur secondary to other conditions like megaesophagus.
Clinical signs include rapid breathing, respiratory distress, coughing, fever, nasal discharge, lack of appetite, lethargy, weight loss, and abnormal lung sounds. Diagnosis involves case history, clinical signs, lab tests like a CBC and chest x-rays. Treatment consists of antibiotics, oxygen therapy, airway humidification,
Kennel cough, also known as canine infectious tracheobronchitis, is a highly contagious disease of the canine respiratory tract that causes sudden onset of a paroxysmal cough lasting several days. The two most common causes are canine parainfluenza virus and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Clinical signs include a dry, hacking cough that is more frequent during exercise or changes in temperature/humidity. Diagnosis is based on exposure history and cough, with radiography and cytology used in severe cases to check for pneumonia. Treatment involves antibiotics, cough suppressants, bronchodilators and supportive care. Prevention focuses on vaccination and sanitary kennel practices like isolation, disinfection and
Tetanus is an acute, often fatal disease caused by the bacteria Clostridium tetani found in soil. It commonly occurs after an injury where the bacteria enters the body. The bacteria produces a toxin called tetanospasmin which affects the central nervous system. Horses are highly susceptible and show signs like lockjaw, nervousness, and muscle spasms. Treatment involves antibiotics, antitoxin, sedatives, and nursing care in a quiet, dark environment. Prevention consists of vaccinating horses against tetanus toxoid which provides stable immunity, with boosters after injuries. While early diagnosis and treatment can help destroy the bacteria, severe cases often result in death.
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) causes two clinically distinct diseases: Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), seen predominantly in cattle aged 6-18 months as a primary infection, and Mucosal Disease (MD), a sporadic and fatal disease that occurs in persistently infected (PI) cattle. BVDV is transmitted from PI cattle that continuously shed large amounts of virus. Infection can cause reproductive losses, congenital defects, and respiratory/gastrointestinal disease. Diagnosis is done through virus isolation, antigen detection, PCR, and serology of paired samples. There is no treatment for BVDV infection.
This document discusses calf diarrhea, a major cause of economic loss in the cattle industry. It notes that infectious agents like viruses (rotavirus, coronavirus), bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella species, Clostridium perfringens), and protozoa (Eimeria, Cryptosporidium) are leading causes of neonatal calf diarrhea. Clinical signs can include anorexia, fever, depression, watery to bloody diarrhea. Diagnosis involves isolating and identifying the causal bacteria or virus through culturing fecal samples and performing biochemical tests. Management practices like ensuring adequate colostrum intake and hygiene can help prevent calf diarrhea.
> Vaccination schedule in Goat and sheep
> Important diseases in Caprine and ovine species
> fmd, ppr, enterotoxemia, etc
> Types of Vaccines
>Vaccines available in indian market
> prevention of diseases
This document summarizes common health problems affecting sheep and goats. It discusses the most prevalent parasitic, respiratory, hoof, reproductive, and metabolic diseases. For parasites, it describes the life cycles and symptoms of internal nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), trematodes (flukes), and protozoa. It provides treatment and prevention recommendations for each. For other diseases like pneumonia, footrot, abortion, mastitis, and pregnancy toxemia/milk fever, it discusses causes, clinical signs, and management strategies. The document is an extensive overview of the major health challenges sheep and goat producers may face.
This document discusses causes of abortion in large animals. It describes infectious causes such as bacterial (e.g. Brucella abortus, Campylobacter fetus, Listeria monocytogenes), fungal (e.g. Aspergillus sp.), and protozoal (e.g. Neospora caninum, Tritrichomonas foetus) agents. It also discusses non-infectious causes including genetic factors, nutritional deficiencies, heat stress, and various toxins. The document provides details on abortion rates, timing, lesion presentation, and samples needed for diagnosis for many of the common infectious causes. It emphasizes the importance of rapid and proper sample collection and handling for determining the etiology of abortion
BEF is an acute viral disease of cattle and water buffalo caused by the BEF virus, an RNA virus from the Rhabdoviridae family. It is transmitted by several species of biting midges and mosquitoes. Clinical signs include biphasic or polyphasic fever, depression, stiffness, and lameness. Affected animals typically recover rapidly within a few days, though relapses can occur. Treatment focuses on rest and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Bovine Ephemeral Fever (Three Day Sickness)Muhammad Avais
- BEF, also known as three-day sickness, is an acute viral disease affecting cattle and buffalos. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and biting flies.
- The disease causes economic losses due to reduced milk yield, loss of condition, and infertility. Clinical signs include fever, lameness, stiffness, and difficulty rising.
- Diagnosis is based on clinical signs during outbreaks and confirmed with serology or PCR testing. Control relies on vaccination, vector control, and farm hygiene measures.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria entering the body through wounds and releasing a neurotoxin. The toxin travels up motor nerves to the spinal cord, causing painful muscle spasms. Symptoms include lockjaw, difficulty walking, and spasms triggered by noise or movement. Treatment involves antitoxin, antibiotics, sedation, and supportive care. Vaccination provides protection and is especially important for animals at high risk of exposure through injuries.
Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where incisions are made through a woman's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, obstructive dystocia, rupture of the uterus, animal in compromised condition, twin pregnancy in mares, and incomplete cervical dilation. The ideal conditions for surgery include a clean area with minimal airborne contamination to prevent post-operative complications. The incision site varies by species, with dogs receiving a ventral midline incision and cattle receiving a left lower flank incision. During the procedure, the fetus is removed, the umbilical cord is ligated and
Uterine prolapse occurs when the uterus slips from its normal position into the vaginal canal. It has four stages based on how far the cervix protrudes. Causes include difficult births, weak pelvic muscles, surgery, and excessive calf size. Treatment involves manually pushing the uterus back into place, applying disinfectants, sutures to prevent reoccurrence, and antibiotics. The condition has a better prognosis if treated early, and survival rates depend on the cow's posture and presence of other complications like milk fever. Fertility can be impacted after uterine prolapse.
Milk fever, also known as parturient paresis or hypocalcemia, is a metabolic disorder of dairy animals that occurs around calving due to low blood calcium levels. Multiparous, high producing cows and buffaloes fed lush green fodders like alfalfa before calving are most susceptible. Clinical signs include anorexia, muscle shivering, depression, staggering, and recumbency. Treatment involves intravenous calcium injections, while prevention focuses on feeding a low calcium diet before calving and prophylactic calcium supplementation around calving.
This document describes the procedure for ovariohysterectomy (spaying) in dogs. It discusses the indications for spaying, including birth control, uterine diseases, and reducing risks of certain cancers. It outlines the pre-anesthetic drugs commonly used like atropine, xylazine, ketamine and diazepam. The steps of the surgical technique are explained, including making a midline incision, exteriorizing the uterus, clamping and ligating the ovarian pedicles, and closing in layers. The required equipment is also listed.
Common dog diseases can be prevented through regular vaccinations which protect against distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, kennel cough, parvo, corona, and rabies. Dogs are also susceptible to internal and external parasites like tapeworms, roundworms, fleas, ticks, and mites which can cause illness. Routine veterinary care including deworming and parasite prevention is important for dogs' overall health and well-being.
Pregnancy diagnosis in dogs is important for owners and veterinarians to allow appropriate care and scheduling. The most reliable methods are abdominal palpation between 24-35 days, ultrasound from 24 days which is 99% accurate by 28 days, and radiography after 45 days when bones have mineralized. Less reliable methods include hormone assays, metabolic changes, and physical exams. Ultrasound allows assessment of viability while radiography determines fetal positioning and number. Hormonal relaxin assays confirm pregnancy but not litter size.
The document summarizes traumatic reticular perforation (TRP) in cattle. TRP occurs when a sharp foreign body penetrates the wall of the reticulum, causing acute local peritonitis. Clinical signs include abdominal pain, anorexia, and fever. Diagnosis involves abdominal ultrasound or laparoscopy to detect foreign bodies. Treatment involves surgical removal of foreign bodies via rumenotomy. Complications can include peritonitis, abscesses, and traumatic pericarditis if the foreign body penetrates the diaphragm. Prognosis is poor if complications like pericarditis develop.
Post-parturient hemoglobinuria, also known as hypophosphatemia, is a metabolic disease that affects high-lactating cows 2-6 weeks after giving birth. It is characterized by the hemolysis of red blood cells, hemoglobinuria, and anemia. The cause is not fully understood but may be due to a severe drop in serum phosphorus levels from its secretion in milk during intensive milk production. Affected cows show signs of inappetance, decreased milk yield, hemoglobin in the urine, fever, and diarrhea. The disease is diagnosed based on clinical signs and low serum phosphorus and red blood cell levels in laboratory tests. Treatment involves intravenous sodium hypophosphate
This document discusses three common calf diseases in Jamaica: calf scours, calf pneumonia, and tick fever. Calf scours is diarrhea with many potential causes including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Affected calves show dehydration, fever, and bloody diarrhea. Treatment involves fluid therapy and antibiotics. Calf pneumonia is a respiratory disease caused by bacteria and viruses. Calves display nasal discharge, cough, and reduced appetite. Preventive measures include vaccination and improving ventilation. Tick fever causes fever and weakness transmitted by tick bites. Affected cattle are treated and vaccination helps prevent the disease.
The reproductive cycle of female dogs (bitches) consists of four stages: proestrus, estrus, diestrus, and anestrus. Proestrus lasts around 9 days as estrogen levels rise, followed by estrus which lasts 9 days when the bitch will accept mating. Ovulation occurs 2-3 days after the LH surge, with fertilization possible 4-7 days later. Diestrus then lasts around 2 months as progesterone levels rise. Finally, anestrus is when the bitch is not receptive to mating until hormone levels change to start the cycle again.
This is the case study of pyometra in bitch encountered in Central Veterinary Hospital.You will find the complete detail about the pyometra and related literature.
This presentation is a part 2/4 of series of presentation on Paediatric immunization.This presentation aims at helping the pediatric trainees and practitioners to brush up their knowledge in Immunization. The schedule is based on the Universal Immunisation Programme. I have tried to cover as much as possible in terms of individual vaccines and hope it is beneficial to the reader.
This document discusses rabies, including its incubation period, mortality rate, available vaccines, and immunoglobulin. It provides details on pre-exposure prophylaxis schedules, post-exposure management of bites, and guidelines on administering vaccines and immunoglobulin depending on exposure risk and time since exposure. Management of rabies aims to prevent fatality through thorough wound cleansing, vaccine administration, and immunoglobulin injection when indicated based on established WHO exposure categories.
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) causes two clinically distinct diseases: Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), seen predominantly in cattle aged 6-18 months as a primary infection, and Mucosal Disease (MD), a sporadic and fatal disease that occurs in persistently infected (PI) cattle. BVDV is transmitted from PI cattle that continuously shed large amounts of virus. Infection can cause reproductive losses, congenital defects, and respiratory/gastrointestinal disease. Diagnosis is done through virus isolation, antigen detection, PCR, and serology of paired samples. There is no treatment for BVDV infection.
This document discusses calf diarrhea, a major cause of economic loss in the cattle industry. It notes that infectious agents like viruses (rotavirus, coronavirus), bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella species, Clostridium perfringens), and protozoa (Eimeria, Cryptosporidium) are leading causes of neonatal calf diarrhea. Clinical signs can include anorexia, fever, depression, watery to bloody diarrhea. Diagnosis involves isolating and identifying the causal bacteria or virus through culturing fecal samples and performing biochemical tests. Management practices like ensuring adequate colostrum intake and hygiene can help prevent calf diarrhea.
> Vaccination schedule in Goat and sheep
> Important diseases in Caprine and ovine species
> fmd, ppr, enterotoxemia, etc
> Types of Vaccines
>Vaccines available in indian market
> prevention of diseases
This document summarizes common health problems affecting sheep and goats. It discusses the most prevalent parasitic, respiratory, hoof, reproductive, and metabolic diseases. For parasites, it describes the life cycles and symptoms of internal nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), trematodes (flukes), and protozoa. It provides treatment and prevention recommendations for each. For other diseases like pneumonia, footrot, abortion, mastitis, and pregnancy toxemia/milk fever, it discusses causes, clinical signs, and management strategies. The document is an extensive overview of the major health challenges sheep and goat producers may face.
This document discusses causes of abortion in large animals. It describes infectious causes such as bacterial (e.g. Brucella abortus, Campylobacter fetus, Listeria monocytogenes), fungal (e.g. Aspergillus sp.), and protozoal (e.g. Neospora caninum, Tritrichomonas foetus) agents. It also discusses non-infectious causes including genetic factors, nutritional deficiencies, heat stress, and various toxins. The document provides details on abortion rates, timing, lesion presentation, and samples needed for diagnosis for many of the common infectious causes. It emphasizes the importance of rapid and proper sample collection and handling for determining the etiology of abortion
BEF is an acute viral disease of cattle and water buffalo caused by the BEF virus, an RNA virus from the Rhabdoviridae family. It is transmitted by several species of biting midges and mosquitoes. Clinical signs include biphasic or polyphasic fever, depression, stiffness, and lameness. Affected animals typically recover rapidly within a few days, though relapses can occur. Treatment focuses on rest and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Bovine Ephemeral Fever (Three Day Sickness)Muhammad Avais
- BEF, also known as three-day sickness, is an acute viral disease affecting cattle and buffalos. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and biting flies.
- The disease causes economic losses due to reduced milk yield, loss of condition, and infertility. Clinical signs include fever, lameness, stiffness, and difficulty rising.
- Diagnosis is based on clinical signs during outbreaks and confirmed with serology or PCR testing. Control relies on vaccination, vector control, and farm hygiene measures.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria entering the body through wounds and releasing a neurotoxin. The toxin travels up motor nerves to the spinal cord, causing painful muscle spasms. Symptoms include lockjaw, difficulty walking, and spasms triggered by noise or movement. Treatment involves antitoxin, antibiotics, sedation, and supportive care. Vaccination provides protection and is especially important for animals at high risk of exposure through injuries.
Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where incisions are made through a woman's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, obstructive dystocia, rupture of the uterus, animal in compromised condition, twin pregnancy in mares, and incomplete cervical dilation. The ideal conditions for surgery include a clean area with minimal airborne contamination to prevent post-operative complications. The incision site varies by species, with dogs receiving a ventral midline incision and cattle receiving a left lower flank incision. During the procedure, the fetus is removed, the umbilical cord is ligated and
Uterine prolapse occurs when the uterus slips from its normal position into the vaginal canal. It has four stages based on how far the cervix protrudes. Causes include difficult births, weak pelvic muscles, surgery, and excessive calf size. Treatment involves manually pushing the uterus back into place, applying disinfectants, sutures to prevent reoccurrence, and antibiotics. The condition has a better prognosis if treated early, and survival rates depend on the cow's posture and presence of other complications like milk fever. Fertility can be impacted after uterine prolapse.
Milk fever, also known as parturient paresis or hypocalcemia, is a metabolic disorder of dairy animals that occurs around calving due to low blood calcium levels. Multiparous, high producing cows and buffaloes fed lush green fodders like alfalfa before calving are most susceptible. Clinical signs include anorexia, muscle shivering, depression, staggering, and recumbency. Treatment involves intravenous calcium injections, while prevention focuses on feeding a low calcium diet before calving and prophylactic calcium supplementation around calving.
This document describes the procedure for ovariohysterectomy (spaying) in dogs. It discusses the indications for spaying, including birth control, uterine diseases, and reducing risks of certain cancers. It outlines the pre-anesthetic drugs commonly used like atropine, xylazine, ketamine and diazepam. The steps of the surgical technique are explained, including making a midline incision, exteriorizing the uterus, clamping and ligating the ovarian pedicles, and closing in layers. The required equipment is also listed.
Common dog diseases can be prevented through regular vaccinations which protect against distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, kennel cough, parvo, corona, and rabies. Dogs are also susceptible to internal and external parasites like tapeworms, roundworms, fleas, ticks, and mites which can cause illness. Routine veterinary care including deworming and parasite prevention is important for dogs' overall health and well-being.
Pregnancy diagnosis in dogs is important for owners and veterinarians to allow appropriate care and scheduling. The most reliable methods are abdominal palpation between 24-35 days, ultrasound from 24 days which is 99% accurate by 28 days, and radiography after 45 days when bones have mineralized. Less reliable methods include hormone assays, metabolic changes, and physical exams. Ultrasound allows assessment of viability while radiography determines fetal positioning and number. Hormonal relaxin assays confirm pregnancy but not litter size.
The document summarizes traumatic reticular perforation (TRP) in cattle. TRP occurs when a sharp foreign body penetrates the wall of the reticulum, causing acute local peritonitis. Clinical signs include abdominal pain, anorexia, and fever. Diagnosis involves abdominal ultrasound or laparoscopy to detect foreign bodies. Treatment involves surgical removal of foreign bodies via rumenotomy. Complications can include peritonitis, abscesses, and traumatic pericarditis if the foreign body penetrates the diaphragm. Prognosis is poor if complications like pericarditis develop.
Post-parturient hemoglobinuria, also known as hypophosphatemia, is a metabolic disease that affects high-lactating cows 2-6 weeks after giving birth. It is characterized by the hemolysis of red blood cells, hemoglobinuria, and anemia. The cause is not fully understood but may be due to a severe drop in serum phosphorus levels from its secretion in milk during intensive milk production. Affected cows show signs of inappetance, decreased milk yield, hemoglobin in the urine, fever, and diarrhea. The disease is diagnosed based on clinical signs and low serum phosphorus and red blood cell levels in laboratory tests. Treatment involves intravenous sodium hypophosphate
This document discusses three common calf diseases in Jamaica: calf scours, calf pneumonia, and tick fever. Calf scours is diarrhea with many potential causes including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Affected calves show dehydration, fever, and bloody diarrhea. Treatment involves fluid therapy and antibiotics. Calf pneumonia is a respiratory disease caused by bacteria and viruses. Calves display nasal discharge, cough, and reduced appetite. Preventive measures include vaccination and improving ventilation. Tick fever causes fever and weakness transmitted by tick bites. Affected cattle are treated and vaccination helps prevent the disease.
The reproductive cycle of female dogs (bitches) consists of four stages: proestrus, estrus, diestrus, and anestrus. Proestrus lasts around 9 days as estrogen levels rise, followed by estrus which lasts 9 days when the bitch will accept mating. Ovulation occurs 2-3 days after the LH surge, with fertilization possible 4-7 days later. Diestrus then lasts around 2 months as progesterone levels rise. Finally, anestrus is when the bitch is not receptive to mating until hormone levels change to start the cycle again.
This is the case study of pyometra in bitch encountered in Central Veterinary Hospital.You will find the complete detail about the pyometra and related literature.
This presentation is a part 2/4 of series of presentation on Paediatric immunization.This presentation aims at helping the pediatric trainees and practitioners to brush up their knowledge in Immunization. The schedule is based on the Universal Immunisation Programme. I have tried to cover as much as possible in terms of individual vaccines and hope it is beneficial to the reader.
This document discusses rabies, including its incubation period, mortality rate, available vaccines, and immunoglobulin. It provides details on pre-exposure prophylaxis schedules, post-exposure management of bites, and guidelines on administering vaccines and immunoglobulin depending on exposure risk and time since exposure. Management of rabies aims to prevent fatality through thorough wound cleansing, vaccine administration, and immunoglobulin injection when indicated based on established WHO exposure categories.
This document provides information about inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and its introduction into immunization programs. It discusses that IPV was developed in 1955 and provides excellent immunity without risk of vaccine-derived polio. The World Health Organization's polio endgame strategic plan for 2013-2018 aims to eradicate all wild and vaccine-related polioviruses by introducing at least one dose of IPV, switching from trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine to bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine, and eventually withdrawing all oral poliovirus vaccines. Introducing IPV at 14 weeks of age boosts immunity against poliovirus type 2 and facilitates the global withdrawal of the type 2 component of oral poliovirus
Vaccine Issues and the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Guid...Yotam Copelovitz
Vaccination practices worldwide are changing. Various associations and organisations are updating their advice for vaccination best practices in dogs and cats upon an evidence-based research, and here is a recent update written by the honourable Dr. Jean Dodds.
Immunization is single most important step towards control and elimination of infectious disease.
With regards to epidemiology and population demographics, various changes are made from time to time in Immunization Schedule of the National Health Programme.
This slide show encompasses the recent changes made by National Health Commission with regards to Immunization Schedule.
Knowing the essential vaccinations for dogs is crucial in preserving its life and giving it quality care. Vaccination is important for preventing your dog from contacting dangerous diseases which could be fatal. There are 5 low cost vaccines for dogs which must be given to them by a Pearland pet hospital to protect them against certain diseases.
If you want to get more information about Safari Veterinary Care Centers - Pearland services. Please visit our website https://www.safarivet.com/pearland/ and you can also reach us by phone at 346-688-7678.
Dr. Richard Ford wrote this article to help fellow practitioners to "maintain a level of vaccine awareness" without the interference of different marketing brochures.
The article includes the current recommendation for the vaccination of dogs and it also addresses various controversial questions about vaccine titers.
This document provides national guidelines for rabies prophylaxis in India. It discusses post-exposure prophylaxis, including wound management, use of rabies immunoglobulin, and anti-rabies vaccination schedules. It classifies rabies exposure into three categories and provides recommendations for treatment based on exposure category. The guidelines aim to bring uniformity to rabies post-exposure practices in India.
This document summarizes the WHO's position on vaccination recommendations for children. It includes:
1) A table outlining the recommended ages, doses, and intervals for various routine childhood vaccines.
2) Footnotes providing details on booster considerations, co-administration, and catch-up schedules.
3) Clarification that national immunization schedules should be based on local epidemiological factors in addition to these guidelines. The document is intended to help countries develop appropriate vaccination schedules.
This document provides vaccination schedules and guidelines for children from various health organizations. It begins by outlining the vaccination schedule for children in India from birth through age 18-19 months. It then discusses vaccination schedules from UNICEF and provides details on specific vaccines such as BCG, DTwP/DTaP, polio, hepatitis B, and others. The document discusses administration of vaccines, contraindications, side effects of the HPV vaccine, and more. It provides comprehensive information on vaccination of children.
This document contains a screening checklist for contraindications to vaccines for adults. It includes 10 yes or no questions about the patient's health conditions and history that could preclude them from receiving certain vaccines. The questions address issues like allergies, previous adverse reactions, chronic illnesses, immunosuppression, recent medications/treatments, seizures, transfusions, pregnancy status, and timing of prior vaccinations. Answering yes to any question requires further discussion with the healthcare provider to determine vaccine eligibility or appropriate vaccines.
This document contains a screening checklist for contraindications to vaccines for children and teens. It includes 12 yes or no questions about the patient's health conditions and history that could preclude certain vaccinations. The questions cover topics like whether the patient is sick, has allergies, has had adverse reactions to previous vaccines, or has various health problems or risk factors. Answering yes to any question requires further discussion with a healthcare provider to determine vaccine eligibility and safety. The form is meant to help identify potential contraindications or precautions for vaccination.
This document discusses vaccination against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in chickens. It covers hyperimmunizing breeder chickens to provide maternal antibodies to offspring, different types of IBD vaccines including live attenuated and inactivated vaccines. The document recommends choosing more invasive live vaccines when field viruses are very virulent and outlines factors to consider for optimal vaccination timing against IBDV. Characteristics of good live vaccines include early protection and minimal immunosuppression.
The document provides guidelines on the introduction of pentavalent vaccine in India. It discusses the diseases prevented by the vaccine - diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B and Hib. Hib is an important cause of pneumonia and meningitis in children under 5. The pentavalent vaccine will replace the separate DPT, hepatitis B and Hib vaccines currently in use. It recommends storage of the pentavalent vaccine between 2-8 degrees Celsius and describes the revised immunization schedule and operational guidelines for its introduction including vaccine stock management and training of healthcare workers.
The document discusses SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. It states that SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus surrounded by a nucleoprotein and matrix protein capsid. It has at least six open reading frames in its genome that encode for structural and accessory proteins. The two large overlapping ORFs encode for the four main structural proteins: spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid.
Consideration for the Titer Testing of Core Canine VaccinesYotam Copelovitz
The document discusses titer testing for core canine vaccines using the Canine VacciCheck kit. It notes that core vaccines for distemper, parvovirus, and adenovirus provide immunity for 3 or more years, but are often administered more frequently than needed. The Canine VacciCheck allows for inexpensive, rapid titer testing in veterinary clinics to determine if revaccination is required or not. Veterinarians should consider sending annual health check reminders instead of automatic revaccination reminders, and use titer testing to avoid giving unnecessary vaccines when immunity is still present.
Classical FMD Vaccines: What can they achieve? How straightforward would it b...EuFMD
The 2018 Open Session of the EuFMD Standing Technical Committee was held in Borgo Egnazia - Italy, 29-31 October 2018 . The session theme was on global vaccine security
The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), one of FAO’s oldest Commissions, came into being on the 12th June 1954, with the pledge of the sixth founding member state to the principles of a coordinated and common action against Foot-and-mouth Disease.
This document discusses different types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed whole organism, subunit, combination, toxoid, protein, recombinant protein, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines. It provides examples of commonly used vaccines that fall under each category and describes characteristics and production methods of several specific vaccines such as cholera, typhoid, pertussis, plague, polio, and influenza vaccines.
There are several types of vaccines in development for COVID-19 because having multiple approaches increases the chances of success. The document discusses live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit, viral vector, and nucleic acid vaccines. Each uses different technologies to prompt an immune response through exposure to part or all of the virus or by delivering genetic instructions for the body to make viral proteins. Understanding the variety of vaccine types being studied can help explain why there are so many candidates under evaluation.
Similar to Vaccination schedule for dogs and cats (20)
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Treat Blocked Fallopian Tubes.pptxFFragrant
There are many traditional Chinese medicine therapies to treat blocked fallopian tubes. And herbal medicine Fuyan Pill is one of the more effective choices.
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
“Environmental sanitation means the art and science of applying sanitary, biological and physical science principles and knowledge to improve and control the environment therein for the protection of the health and welfare of the public”.The overall importance of sanitation are to provide a healthy living environment for everyone, to protect the natural resources (such as surface water, groundwater, soil ), and to provide safety, security and dignity for people when they defecate or urinate .Sanitation refers to public health conditions such as drinking clean water, sewage treatment, etc. All the effective tools and actions that help in keeping the environment clean come under sanitation. Sanitation refers to public health conditions such as drinking clean water, sewage treatment. All the effective tools and actions that help in keeping the environment clean and promotes public health is the necessary in todays life.
CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE
TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE,
LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)GeorgeKieling1
Home
Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
As the world population is aging, Health tourism has become vitally important and will be increased day by day. Because
of the availability of quality health services and more favorable prices as well as to shorten the waiting list for medical
services regionally and internationally. There are some aspects of managing and doing marketing activities in order for
medical tourism to be feasible, in a region called as clustering in a region with main stakeholders groups includes Health
providers, Tourism cluster, etc. There are some related and affecting factors to be considered for the feasibility of medical
tourism within this study such as competitiveness, clustering, Entrepreneurship, SMEs. One of the growth phenomenon
is Health tourism in the city of Izmir and Turkey. The model of five competitive forces of Porter and The Diamond model
that is an economical model that shows the four main factors that affect the competitiveness of a nation and its industries
in this study. The short literature of medical tourism and regional clustering have been mentioned.
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Vaccination schedule for dogs and cats
1. VACCINATION SCHEDULE
OF DOGS AND CATS
Brand Names of these Vaccines
Nabeelahmad@mail.com
Nabeel Ahmad
2016-ag-7172
E2
2. Vaccination of Dogs
Guidelines and recommendations for core (recommended), non-core (optional) and not
recommended vaccines for the general veterinary practice are given. The VGG (Vaccination
guidelines group) considers that a core vaccine is one that all dogs throughout the world
must receive, at recommended intervals, in order to provide life-long protection against
infectious diseases of global significance. The core vaccines for the dog are those that
confer protection against infection by canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus
(CAV; types 1 and 2) and canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) and its variants. The VGG
recognizes that particular countries will identify additional vaccines that they consider
core. A particular example of a vaccine that may be considered core in only some countries
is that against rabies virus.
Non-core vaccines are those for which use is determined on the basis of the geographical
and lifestyle exposure risks of the individual and an assessment of risk–benefit ratios
Schedule For Dogs
Deworming
For Puppies
☐ At the age of 18 days
For Adults
☐ At Day 0 (start of protocol)
Schedule for puppies
☐ At the age of 18 days De-worming
☐ At the age of 21 days 1St Shot (PrimaDog= Parvo)
☐ After 21 days 2nd Shot (PrimaDog=Parvo)
☐ After 21 days 3rd Shot (HexaDog/Euricane LR)
☐ After 21 days 4th Shot (HexaDog/Euricane LR)
Annual booster
Most puppies are protected by MDA in the first weeks of life. In most puppies, passive
immunity will have waned by 8–12 weeks of age to a level that allows active immunization.
Puppies with poor MDA may be vulnerable (and capable of responding to vaccination) at an
earlier age, while others may possess MDA at such high titres that they are incapable of
responding to vaccination until ≥12 weeks of age (Friedrich & Truyen 2000). No single
primary vaccination policy will therefore cover all possible situations. The recommendation
of the VGG is for initial core vaccination at 6–8 weeks of age, then every 2–4 weeks until 16
weeks of age or older .The Canine Parvo vaccination is recommended at the age 4-8 weeks
old, Thereforethenumber ofpuppy primarycore vaccinations will be determined by the age
3. at which vaccination is started and the selected interval between vaccinations. Possible
schedule is outlined .By this recommendation, when vaccination is started at 6 or 7 weeks of
age, a course of four primary core vaccines would be administered with a 4-week interval,
but only three would be required with an 8- or 9-week start and a similar 4-week interval.
Schedule for adults
☐ At Day 0 (start of protocol) Deworming
☐ At Day 7 1st shot (HexaDog/Euricane LR)
☐ At Day 21 2nd Shot (HexaDog/Euricane LR)
Annual booster
Dewormer brands
1. Zentel
Cost’s just Rs. 19/-
Active ingredient is Albendazole
Suspension 10ml 200mg/5ml
Tablet 200mg
Dose = 25-50mg/kg
2. Vermox
Tablet cost’s just Rs. 27/- per strip
Suspension 30ml 100mg/5ml
Tablet 100mg 500mg
Dose = 50-100mg/kg
Vaccine brands
1. Primodog
Core vaccine
5. 7. Rabisin
Monovalent (Rabies)
Vaccination of Cats
Guidelines and recommendations for core (recommended), non-core (optional) and not
recommended vaccines for cats visiting the general veterinary practice are given below. The
core vaccines for the cat are those that protect against feline panleukopenia (FPV), FHV-1
and FCV. A particular example of a vaccine that may be considered core in only some
countriesis that against rabies virus. In terms offeline core vaccines it is important to realize
that the protection afforded by the FCV and FHV-1 vaccines will not match the immunity
provided by FPV vaccines. Thus the feline core respiratory disease vaccines should not be
expected to give the same robust protection, nor the duration of immunity, that is seen with
canine core vaccines. FCV vaccines have been designed to produce cross-protective
immunity against multiple strains of FCV; however, it is still possible for infection and
disease to occur in vaccinated adult animals. The VGG recommends that annual
revaccination of cats against FHV-1/FCV be carried out in higher-risk situations. The VGG
regards FeLV as a noncore vaccine.
Deworming
For kitten
☐ At the age of 2 months
For Adults
☐ At Day 0 (start of protocol)
6. Schedule for kitten
☐ At the age of 2 Months De-worming
☐ After 10 days 1st Shot (Rabisin+FeloVac)
☐ After 21 days 2nd Shot (Rabisin+FeloVac)
Annual booster
Schedule for adults
☐ At Day 0 (start of protocol) Deworming
☐ After 10 days 1st Shot (Rabisin+FeloVac)
☐ After 21 days 2nd Shot (Rabisin+FeloVac)
Annual booster
Typically, core vaccines (especially FPV) are currently administered triennially with
respiratory virus vaccines given according to risk and chosen non-core products being given
annually. An adult cat that received a complete course of vaccination for FPV, FHV-1 and FCV
as a kitten (including the 6- or 12-month booster), but may not have been regularly
vaccinated as an adult requires only a single dose of MLV core vaccine to boost immunity. An
adopted adult cat (or kitten over 16 weeks of age) of unknown vaccination history requires
only a single dose of MLV FPV core vaccine to engender a protective immune response to
that virus. In contrast, an adopted adult cat of unknown vaccination history should receive
two doses of MLV FHV-1/FCV vaccine (2–4 weeks apart) to establish an adequate immune
response.
Dewormer Brands
Same as of mentioned earlier.
Vaccine brands
1. Rabisin
Monovalent (Rabies)
7. 2. Fel – o – Vax
Multivalent (Feline rhinotracheitis + Feline
calcivirus + Feline panleukopenia + Feline
leukemia virus)
3. Biofel
Multivalent (Feline Panleukopenia + Feline Herpes virus + Feline
Calcivirus)
Note: Due to Lockdown, Getting prices of vaccines from the retailers were not an
option, but still tried to mention some.