The document discusses ozone depletion and the ozone hole over Antarctica. It describes how ozone depletion occurs through a catalytic process caused by chlorine and bromine compounds released by CFCs and other chemicals in the stratosphere. Increased UV radiation due to ozone depletion can cause skin cancer in humans, damage plants and plankton populations, and affect climate patterns globally. The Montreal Protocol banned CFCs and other ozone depleting substances to address the problem.
Ozone Layer (components, formation and depletion)Aneela Rafiq
ozone layer is a like a protection shield around earth. it protects living things from harmful radiation effect. but due to rapid urbanization and usage of lethal chemicals, it has some depletion.
this presentation elaborate the ozone layer and its components.
This is PPT was presented by Mr. Girishwar of 9th std, JNV Lepakshi, to the INOVIT-2015 organised by Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu on 24-25th Jan 2015.
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
This presentation is about Ozone Layer and chemicals known to cause its depletion.
It also covers information about Ozone Hole and Correlation between Ozone depletion and skin diseases due to Ultra Violet light.It also contains no. of ways to limit ozone deterioration.
Ozone Layer (components, formation and depletion)Aneela Rafiq
ozone layer is a like a protection shield around earth. it protects living things from harmful radiation effect. but due to rapid urbanization and usage of lethal chemicals, it has some depletion.
this presentation elaborate the ozone layer and its components.
This is PPT was presented by Mr. Girishwar of 9th std, JNV Lepakshi, to the INOVIT-2015 organised by Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu on 24-25th Jan 2015.
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
This presentation is about Ozone Layer and chemicals known to cause its depletion.
It also covers information about Ozone Hole and Correlation between Ozone depletion and skin diseases due to Ultra Violet light.It also contains no. of ways to limit ozone deterioration.
This slides includes all the topics about the ozone layer, ozone depletion, causes and effects. the significant of ozone layer.
This slide emphasize the purpose of ozone layer in our daily living.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
3. The ozone hole is the region
over Antarctica with total
ozone 220 Dobson Units or
lower. (The avg total column
ozone in the atmosphere is
about 300 DU.)
What is the “ozone hole?” When did it first appear? How does it form?
4. What is Ozone depletion?
Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related phenomena observed since the
late 1970s: a steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume
of ozone in Earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer)
A catalytic destruction of ozone by atomic halogens.
5. What is Ozone?
•Ozone or o3 is a highly reactive form
of oxygen.
•Unlike o2, it has a strong scent & is
blue in color.
•It exists both within the troposphere
& stratospheric zones of the earth’s
atmosphere
• In the troposphere, ground level
ozone is a major air pollutant as
primary constituent of photochemical
smog.
•In the stratosphere it acts as an
essential protector of life on earth as it
absorbs harmful uv radiation before it
reaches the earth.
7. The ozone layer is responsible for absorbing harmful ultraviolet rays, and
preventing them from entering the Earth's atmosphere. However, various factors
have led to the depletion and damage of this protective layer.
Ozone is formed when oxygen molecules absorb ultraviolet photons, and
undergo a chemical reaction known as photo dissociation or photolysis. In this
process, a single molecule of oxygen breaks down into two oxygen atoms. The
free oxygen atom (O), then combines with an oxygen molecule (O2), and forms
a molecule of ozone (O3). The ozone molecules, in turn absorb ultraviolet rays
between 310 to 200 nm (nanometers) wavelength, and thereby prevent these
harmful radiations from entering the Earth's atmosphere. The process of
absorption of harmful radiation occurs when ozone molecules split up into a
molecule of oxygen, and an oxygen atom. The oxygen atom (O), again combines
with the oxygen molecule (O2) to regenerate an ozone (O3) molecule. Thus, the
total amount of ozone is maintained by this continuous process of destruction,
and regeneration.
8.
9. • Ultraviolet radiations (UVR), are high energy electromagnetic waves
emitted from the Sun. UV radiation includes UV-A, the least dangerous
form of UV radiation, UV-B, and UV-C, which is the most dangerous. UV-
C is unable to reach the Earth's surface due to stratospheric ozone's ability
to absorb it. The real threat comes from UV-B, which can enter the Earth's
atmosphere, and has adverse effects.
Ozone layer depletion first captured the attention of the whole world in the
latter half of 1970, and since then, a lot of research has been done to find its
possible effects and causes. Various studies have also been undertaken to
find out a possible solution. We’ll later on take a look at some of the causes
and effects of ozone layer depletion.
10. The most pronounced decrease in ozone has been in the lower stratosphere.
However, the ozone hole is most usually measured not in terms of ozone
concentrations at these levels (which are typically of a few parts per million)
but by reduction in the total column ozone, above a point on the Earth's
surface, which is normally expressed in Dobson units, abbreviated as "DU".
Marked decreases in column ozone in the Antarctic spring and early
summer compared to the early 1970s and before have been observed using
instruments such as the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS).[6]
11.
12. • CFCs and other contributory substances are referred
to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS). Since
the ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB
wavelengths (280–315 nm) of ultraviolet light (UV
light) from passing through the Earth's atmosphere,
observed and projected decreases in ozone have
generated worldwide concern leading to adoption of
the Montreal Protocol that bans the production of
CFCs, halons, and other ozone-depleting chemicals
such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane. It
is suspected that a variety of biological consequences
such as increases in skin cancer,cataracts,damage to
plants, and reduction of plankton populations in the
ocean's photic zone may result from the increased
UV exposure due to ozone depletion.
13. Since the ozone layer absorbs UVB ultraviolet light from the sun, ozone layer
depletion is expected to increase surface UVB levels, which could lead to
damage, including increase in skin cancer. This was the reason for the Montreal
Protocol. Although decreases in stratospheric ozone are well-tied to CFCs and
there are good theoretical reasons to believe that decreases in ozone will lead to
increases in surface UVB, there is no direct observational evidence linking ozone
depletion to higher incidence of skin cancer and eye damage in human beings.
This is partly because UVA, which has also been implicated in some forms of
skin cancer, is not absorbed by ozone, and it is nearly impossible to control
statistics for lifestyle changes in the populace.
16. • Even minor problems of ozone depletion can have major effects. Every time even a
small amount of the ozone layer is lost, more ultraviolet light from the sun can reach
the Earth.
• Every time 1% of the ozone layer is depleted, 2% more UV-B is able to reach the
surface of the planet. UV-B increase is one of the most harmful consequences of
ozone depletion because it can cause skin cancer.
• The increased cancer levels caused by exposure to this ultraviolet light could be
enormous. The EPA estimates that 60 million Americans born by the year 2075 will
get skin cancer because of ozone depletion. About one million of these people will die.
• In addition to cancer, some research shows that a decreased ozone layer will increase
rates of malaria and other infectious diseases. According to the EPA, 17 million more
cases of cataracts can also be expected.
17.
18. • The environment will also be negatively affected by ozone
depletion. The life cycles of plants will change, disrupting the food
chain. Effects on animals will also be severe, and are very difficult to
foresee.
• Oceans will be hit hard as well. The most basic microscopic
organisms such as plankton may not be able to survive. If that
happened, it would mean that all of the other animals that are above
plankton in the food chain would also die out. Other ecosystems such
as forests and deserts will also be harmed.
• The planet's climate could also be affected by depletion of the ozone
layer. Wind patterns could change, resulting in climatic changes
throughout the world.
20. • Ozone is a triatomic form of oxygen (O3), found in the Earth's atmosphere. A combination of
low temperatures, elevated chlorine and bromine concentrations in the upper stratosphere are
responsible for the destruction of ozone. The production and emission of chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs), is the leading cause of ozone layer depletion. CFC's accounts for almost 80% of the total
depletion of ozone.
Other ozone depletion substances (ODS), include hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and
volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These are often found in vehicle emissions, byproducts of
industrial processes, refrigerants, and aerosols. ODS are relatively stable in the lower atmosphere
of the Earth, but in the stratosphere, they are exposed to ultraviolet radiation and thus, they
break down to release a free chlorine atom.
• This free chlorine atom reacts with an ozone molecule (O3), and forms chlorine monoxide
(ClO), and a molecule of oxygen. Now, ClO reacts with an ozone molecule to form a chlorine
atom, and two molecules of oxygen. The free chlorine molecule again reacts with ozone to form
chlorine monoxide. The process continues, and this results in the depletion of the ozone layer.
21.
22. Possible Effects of Ozone Depletion
As ozone depletes in the stratosphere, it forms a 'hole' in the layer. This hole enables harmful ultraviolet rays to
enter the Earth's atmosphere. Ultraviolet rays of the Sun are associated with a number of health related, and
environmental issues. Let us take a look at how ozone depletion effects different life forms.
Impact on Humans
Skin cancer: Exposure to ultraviolet rays poses an increased risk of developing several types of skin cancers,
including malignant melanoma, basal and squamous cell carcinoma. Eye damage: Direct exposure to UV
radiations can result in photokeratitis (snow blindness), and cataracts.
Immune system damage: Effects of UV rays include impairment of the immune system. Increased exposure to
UV rays weakens the response of the immune system.
Accelerated aging of skin: Constant exposure to UV radiation can cause photo allergy, which results in the
outbreak of rash in fair-skinned people.
Other effects: Ozone chemicals can cause difficulty in breathing, chest pain, throat irritation, and hamper lung
functioning.
23.
24. Effects on Amphibians
Ozone depletion is listed as one of the causes for the declining numbers of amphibian species.
Ozone depletion affects many species of amphibians at every stage of their life cycle. Some of
the effects are mentioned below.
Hampers growth and development in larvae
Changes behavior and habits
Causes deformities in some species
Decreases immunity. Some species have become more vulnerable to diseases and death
Retinal damage and blindness in some species
Effects on Marine Ecosystems
In particular, plankton (phytoplankton and bacterioplankton) are threatened by increased UV
radiation. Marine phytoplankton play a fundamental role in both the food chain as well as the
oceanic carbon cycle. Plankton play an important role in converting atmospheric carbon dioxide
into oxygen. Ultraviolet rays can influence the survival rates of these microscopic organisms, by
affecting their orientation and mobility. This eventually disturbs and affects the entire
ecosystem.
25.
26.
27. . Impact on Plants
In some species of plants, UV radiation can alter the time of flowering, as well as the
number of flowers.
Plant growth can be directly affected by UV-B radiation. Despite mechanisms to
reduce or repair these effects, physiological and developmental processes of plants are
affected
Observation: Another observation is an increase in the ozone present in the
lower atmosphere due to the decrease in the ozone in the stratosphere. Ozone
present in the lower atmosphere is mainly regarded as a pollutant and a
greenhouse gas, that can contribute to global warming and climate change.
However, researches have pointed out that the lifespan of lower atmospheric
ozone is quite less, compared to stratospheric ozone. At the same time,
increase in the level of ozone in the lower atmosphere can enhance the ability
of sunlight to synthesize vitamin D, which can be regarded as an important
beneficial effect of ozone layer depletion.
28.
29. Growing concern for ozone depletion led to the adoption of the Montreal
Protocol in 1987, in order to reduce and control industrial emission of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Such international agreements have succeeded to a
great extent in reducing the emission of these compounds. However, more
cooperation and understanding among all the countries of the world is required to
mitigate the problem. You too can do your bit to save the ozone. Use/buy more
recycled products, save energy, take public transport, and, most importantly,
spread awareness. Our individual efforts can go a long way in saving the Earth's
blanket.