very easy and best ppt on ozone layer..
you ca understand easily about ozone layer..
it will be some what helpful for you..
i have describe about each basic points accoring to me..
very easy and best ppt on ozone layer..
you ca understand easily about ozone layer..
it will be some what helpful for you..
i have describe about each basic points accoring to me..
45 Days C Language Training In Ambala! Batra Computer Centrejatin batra
Are you in search of Computer Training in Ambala? Now your search ends here... BATRA COMPUTER CENTRE provides you best training in Basics of Computer, C, C++, HTML, PHP, Web Designing, Web Development, S.E.O, S.M.O and training in so many other courses also provided here.
The sanctuary arcata and engineering 215 fall 2016 final projectsLonny Grafman
The Fall 2016 semester of ENGR215 Introduction to Design partnered with The Sanctuary Arcata to design and build sustainable infrastructure at their community space in Arcata, CA.
Ozone is the one and only layer to protect our earth from harmful UV radiation. There are a lot of initiatives taken by many countries to save the ozone layer. Ozone depletion is nowadays one of the hot topics in conferences and seminars. In this presentation, I have briefed on the cause and side effects of ozone depletion. The students from school to master's may take advantage of this presentation
This slides includes all the topics about the ozone layer, ozone depletion, causes and effects. the significant of ozone layer.
This slide emphasize the purpose of ozone layer in our daily living.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
The hemodynamic and autonomic determinants of elevated blood pressure in obes...
Newsletter the ozone
1. The definition The effects
of the ozone of ozone
layer Teamwork depletion
Resources
The main ozone-
The ozone depleting
analysis substances
The
importance of
the ozone
layer
2. The definition of the ozone layer:
The ozone layer is a layer in Earth's atmosphere which contains relatively high concentrations of
ozone (O3). This layer absorbs 97–99% of the Sun's high frequency ultraviolet radiation, which
damages the life forms on Earth. It is mainly located in the lower part of the stratosphere from
approximately 20 to 30 kilometers (12 to 19 mi) above Earth, though the thickness varies seasonally
and geographically. The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by the French physicists Charles Fabry
and Henri Buisson. Its properties were explored in detail by the British meteorologist G. M. B.
Dobson.
The ozone analysis (Chlorofluorocarbons and ozone):
Many people have heard that the ozone hole is caused by chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs.
CFCs spread into the atmosphere from refrigeration and propellant devices. In the lower atmosphere, they
are so stable that they last for years, even decades. This long lifetime allows some of the CFCs to reach the
stratosphere eventually. In the stratosphere, ultraviolet light breaks the bond holding chlorine atoms (Cl) to
the CFC molecule. A free chlorine atom goes on to participate in a series of chemical reactions that both
destroy ozone and return the free chlorine atom to the atmosphere unchanged, where it can destroy more
and more ozone molecules. While the chlorine atoms freed from CFCs do ultimately destroy ozone, the
destruction doesn’t happen immediately. Most of the roaming chlorine that gets separated from CFCs
actually becomes part of two chemicals that—under normal atmospheric conditions—is so stable that
scientists consider them to be long-term reservoirs for chlorine.
3. The importance of the ozone Layer:
The Ozone Layer acts as a shield for us from very harmful UV rays. If we damage the Ozone Layer any
more, we will put ourselves at an increasingly greater risk.
Without the Ozone Layer we wouldn't be able to survive. UV rays cause skin cancer, damage crops, and
harm ocean life. Without the Ozone Layer the risk of these things would greatly increase. An example of this
is in Australia, where a large amount of ozone has depleted. Around 97% of the citizens have or have had
skin cancer problems due to the exposure to harmful UV rays that leak through the Ozone layer. Another
risk is polar shifting; a complex event occurs when uneven melting of ice shelves occurs. A major hole is
now over Antarctica, where there are ice shelves. If these ice shelves melt, there could be increase coastal
flooding and the poles could shift, causing a violent shift in climate.
The Main Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS):
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
The most widely used, accounting for over 80% of total stratospheric ozone depletion.
Used as coolants in refrigerators, freezers and air conditioners in buildings and cars
manufactured before 1995.
Found in industrial solvents, dry-cleaning and hospital sterilizers.
Also used in foam products — such as soft-foam padding (e.g. cushions and mattresses) and
rigid foam (e.g. home insulation).
Halons (compound gases that damage the ozone layer)
Used in some fire extinguishers, in cases where materials and equipment would be destroyed by
water or other fire extinguisher chemicals. Halons cause greater damage to the ozone layer than do
CFCs.
Methyl Chloroform
Used mainly in industry: in vapor degreasing, cleaning, adhesives and chemical processing.
Carbon Tetrachloride
Used in solvents and some fire extinguishers.
Hydro fluorocarbons (HCFCs)
HCFCs have become major, ―transitional‖ substitutes for CFCs. They are less harmful to
stratospheric ozone than CFCs are. But HCFCs still cause some ozone destruction and are
potent greenhouse gases.
4. The effects of ozone depletion are:
1- The depletion of the ozone layer and the resulting increase in ultraviolet radiation may lead to accelerate
the rate of the smog, which remains suspended in the air for several days, as happened in London in 1952,
when there was haze atmosphere of this city, during days to nights over a few days, and led to heavy loss of
life, It got to about 4 thousand deaths.
2- Perhaps the most affected areas are the tropical region, a result of high temperature, and the power of
the sun. As some research suggests that half of the plants exposed to radiation UVB, reduced production
and smaller size of their leaves, affecting the production of agricultural crops.
3- As it is explained in some reports, that there is potential for soybean production decreased by 23% as a
result of exposure to this type of radiation. Add to that the chemical compositions, for some types of plants,
may change because of this situation, to the detriment of their content of minerals and nutritional value.
4- The ultraviolet rays of the type of UVB, plays a major role in the formation of skin diseases, and that
means an almost 300 thousand cases of skin cancer every year.
5- Some disease such as: cataracts in the lens of the eye, in addition to injuring the eye disease glaucoma,
in which the eye is unable to resist these rays, and that weakens the effectiveness of the immune system in
humans, and this is what makes people more susceptible to infectious diseases, caused by viruses such as
scabies, as well as the resulting Tuberculosis as a disease by bacteria.
6- Do not stop the negative effects of reducing the ozone layer on humans alone, Contributes destruction of
the ozone layer and the widening hole in this layer to increase the temperature of the earth's surface, and
thus lead to the so-called global warming.
7- On the other hand, there are fears of a weakening of clusters of micro-organisms in the seas and oceans,
known as plankton plant, because of exposure to UV radiation. These objects are an important basis for the
food chain in ecosystems in fresh and salt water, primarily fish.