This work presents a hybrid soft-computing methodology approach for intelligent maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques of a photovoltaic (PV) system under any expected operating conditions using artificial neural network-fuzzy (neuro-fuzzy). The proposed technique predicts the calculation of the duty cycle ensuring optimal power transfer between the PV generator and the load. The neuro-fuzzy hybrid method combines artificial neural network (ANN) to direct the controller to the region where the MPP is located with its reference voltage estimator and its block of neural order. After that, the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) with rule inference begins to establish the photovoltaic solar system at the MPP. The obtained simulation results using MATLAB/simulink software for the proposed approach compared to ANN and the perturb and observe (P&O), proved that neuro-fuzzy approach fulfilled to extract the optimum power with pertinence, efficiency and precision.
A Study of Shading Effect on Photovoltaic Modules with Proposed P&O Checking ...Yayah Zakaria
Sun irradiation levels and associated temperature changes are the main factors that influence the conversion of solar energy into electricity. Most energy is produced during a hot sunny day as the sun irradiation is at the maximum level and uniform throughout the solar photovoltaic (PV). However, most solar PV were frequently get shadowed, completely or partially, by the neighbouring buildings, trees and passing clouds. Consequently, the solar PV has lower voltage and current output, hence,
multiple maximum power points (MPP) are existed on the PV curve, which could cause confusion to the conventional Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) to track the true MPP for the PV system. Thus, it is important to examine the impacts of partial shading on the solar PV in order to extract the maximum possible power. This paper presents a MATLAB-based modelling for simulation and experimental setup to study the I-V and P-V characteristics of a solar module under a non-uniform irradiation due to partial shading condition (PSC). Furthermore, this study is also proposed an effective method (a variable step size of P&O with checking algorithm) that is low cost and higher tracking efficiency. Thus, this study is essential in improving and evaluating any new MPPT algorithm under the PSC.
This project is based on Construction and connection of photovoltaic module and related theories about it. To utilize maximum energy from the photovoltaic cell first of all understanding of it characteristics is very important because of this in starting of project we done proper study on characteristics of photo voltaic module and maximum power point. After got proper understanding of characteristics we try to use output of photo voltaic cell efficiently with help of Maximum power point tracker and cuk converter.
Control Strategy for Distributed Integration of Photovoltaic and Battery Ener...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The micro-grid deployments are growing with independently, power system designers,
manufacturers and researchers for the applications where the loads are more efficient association with
extra output sources such as Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and Photovoltaic (PV) systems.
Using renewable source as main sources for micro-grid system also can avoid from the pollution to occur.
Energy storage when combined with PV system can provide a stronger economic performance, as well as
an added benefit of backup power for critical loads. This project proposed control strategies for integration
of BESS and PV in a micro-grid. The operation enables the maximum PV and BESS utilization during
different operating condition of the micro-grid, grid connected, islanded mode or a process between these
two operations. The project will focus on analyzing the performance between photovoltaic system and
battery in the simulations of micro-grids system and validate the simulation result using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software. After the simulation was analyzed, the understanding of benefit in using
renewable energy source as main power supply with support from battery energy storage to supply the
power to the loads and power managements is realized in the different modes on micro-grid which is grid
connected or islanded states. When the power generation from PV system was not enough to
accommodate electric loads, the BESS or from secondary side of transformer will supply the insufficient
power.
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques are becoming useful in the current era due to the vast development of the current computer technologies. ANN has been used in various fields especially in the field of science and technology. One of the advantage that makes ANN so interesting is the ANN’s ability to learn the input and output relationship even though the relationship is non-linear. In addition, ANN is also useful for modelling, optimization, prediction, forecasting, and controlling systems. The main objective of this paper is to present a review of the ANN techniques for sizing a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system. The review in this paper shows the potential of ANN as a design tool for a stand-alone PV. In addition, ANN is very useful to improve the sizing process of the stand-alone PV system. The sizing process is of paramount importance to a stand-alone PV system in order to make sure the system can generate ample electrical energy to supply the load demand.
In photovoltaic (PV) systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are used to track the maximum power from the PV array under the change in irradiance and temperature conditions. The perturb and observe (P&O) is one of the most widely used MPPT techniques in recent times due to its simple implementation and improved performance. However, the P&O has limitations such as oscillation around the MPP during which time the P&O algorithm will become confused due to rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. To overcome the above limitation, this paper uses the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to track the maximum power from the PV system under different irradiance, integrates it with a DC-DC boost converter as a tracker. The result of the FLC performance is compared with the traditional P&O method and shows the MPPT algorithm based on FLC ensures continuous tracking of the maximum power within a short period compared with the traditional P&O method. Besides that, the proposed method (FLC) has a faster dynamic response and low oscillations at the operating point around the MPP under steady-state conditions and dynamic change in irradiance.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
This document is a project report on studying, analyzing, and simulating photovoltaic systems using MATLAB. It was submitted by three students - Ayodhya Nath Anil, Omar Abdelrahim, and Md Arif - in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. The project involved modeling and simulating a photovoltaic array connected to a DC motor in MATLAB. It also included studying the characteristics of photovoltaic modules and their construction. The report contains chapters on the introduction to solar energy and photovoltaics, a literature review on basic photovoltaic principles and methods, and the methodology used to model and simulate the photovoltaic
A Study of Shading Effect on Photovoltaic Modules with Proposed P&O Checking ...Yayah Zakaria
Sun irradiation levels and associated temperature changes are the main factors that influence the conversion of solar energy into electricity. Most energy is produced during a hot sunny day as the sun irradiation is at the maximum level and uniform throughout the solar photovoltaic (PV). However, most solar PV were frequently get shadowed, completely or partially, by the neighbouring buildings, trees and passing clouds. Consequently, the solar PV has lower voltage and current output, hence,
multiple maximum power points (MPP) are existed on the PV curve, which could cause confusion to the conventional Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) to track the true MPP for the PV system. Thus, it is important to examine the impacts of partial shading on the solar PV in order to extract the maximum possible power. This paper presents a MATLAB-based modelling for simulation and experimental setup to study the I-V and P-V characteristics of a solar module under a non-uniform irradiation due to partial shading condition (PSC). Furthermore, this study is also proposed an effective method (a variable step size of P&O with checking algorithm) that is low cost and higher tracking efficiency. Thus, this study is essential in improving and evaluating any new MPPT algorithm under the PSC.
This project is based on Construction and connection of photovoltaic module and related theories about it. To utilize maximum energy from the photovoltaic cell first of all understanding of it characteristics is very important because of this in starting of project we done proper study on characteristics of photo voltaic module and maximum power point. After got proper understanding of characteristics we try to use output of photo voltaic cell efficiently with help of Maximum power point tracker and cuk converter.
Control Strategy for Distributed Integration of Photovoltaic and Battery Ener...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The micro-grid deployments are growing with independently, power system designers,
manufacturers and researchers for the applications where the loads are more efficient association with
extra output sources such as Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and Photovoltaic (PV) systems.
Using renewable source as main sources for micro-grid system also can avoid from the pollution to occur.
Energy storage when combined with PV system can provide a stronger economic performance, as well as
an added benefit of backup power for critical loads. This project proposed control strategies for integration
of BESS and PV in a micro-grid. The operation enables the maximum PV and BESS utilization during
different operating condition of the micro-grid, grid connected, islanded mode or a process between these
two operations. The project will focus on analyzing the performance between photovoltaic system and
battery in the simulations of micro-grids system and validate the simulation result using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software. After the simulation was analyzed, the understanding of benefit in using
renewable energy source as main power supply with support from battery energy storage to supply the
power to the loads and power managements is realized in the different modes on micro-grid which is grid
connected or islanded states. When the power generation from PV system was not enough to
accommodate electric loads, the BESS or from secondary side of transformer will supply the insufficient
power.
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques are becoming useful in the current era due to the vast development of the current computer technologies. ANN has been used in various fields especially in the field of science and technology. One of the advantage that makes ANN so interesting is the ANN’s ability to learn the input and output relationship even though the relationship is non-linear. In addition, ANN is also useful for modelling, optimization, prediction, forecasting, and controlling systems. The main objective of this paper is to present a review of the ANN techniques for sizing a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system. The review in this paper shows the potential of ANN as a design tool for a stand-alone PV. In addition, ANN is very useful to improve the sizing process of the stand-alone PV system. The sizing process is of paramount importance to a stand-alone PV system in order to make sure the system can generate ample electrical energy to supply the load demand.
In photovoltaic (PV) systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are used to track the maximum power from the PV array under the change in irradiance and temperature conditions. The perturb and observe (P&O) is one of the most widely used MPPT techniques in recent times due to its simple implementation and improved performance. However, the P&O has limitations such as oscillation around the MPP during which time the P&O algorithm will become confused due to rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. To overcome the above limitation, this paper uses the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to track the maximum power from the PV system under different irradiance, integrates it with a DC-DC boost converter as a tracker. The result of the FLC performance is compared with the traditional P&O method and shows the MPPT algorithm based on FLC ensures continuous tracking of the maximum power within a short period compared with the traditional P&O method. Besides that, the proposed method (FLC) has a faster dynamic response and low oscillations at the operating point around the MPP under steady-state conditions and dynamic change in irradiance.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
This document is a project report on studying, analyzing, and simulating photovoltaic systems using MATLAB. It was submitted by three students - Ayodhya Nath Anil, Omar Abdelrahim, and Md Arif - in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. The project involved modeling and simulating a photovoltaic array connected to a DC motor in MATLAB. It also included studying the characteristics of photovoltaic modules and their construction. The report contains chapters on the introduction to solar energy and photovoltaics, a literature review on basic photovoltaic principles and methods, and the methodology used to model and simulate the photovoltaic
A Novel Approach on Photovoltaic Technologies for Power Injection in Grid Usi...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the simulation of the Solar Photovoltaic module using Matlab Simulink. This model is based on mathematical equations and is described through an equivalent circuit including a photocurrent source, a diode, a series resistor and a shunt resistor. This paper presents integration of the grid distribution network in Indian scenario with solar power technology to meet the additional electrical energy demand of urban as well as rural sectors which are both rapidly expanding. First of all the data of a real life power plant having 24V, 230W Power PV module has been compared and analyzed with that of matlab program output for identical module and it has been find out that a variation in temperature affects the parameters values as well as the performance of the solar module. After the above analysis the design and Simulink implementation for single phase power grid connected PV system has been done. The system includes the PV array model, the integration of the MPPT with boost dc converter , dc to ac inverter, single phase series load connected to ac grid. It is demonstrated that the model works well at different temperature conditions and predicting the General behavior of single-phase grid- connected PV systems .
Ijaems apr-2016-3 A Study of nature of the Photovoltaic modules under the inf...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The behaviour of the solar photovoltaic array will be rapidly changing under the influence of partial shading phenomenon. When two (or) more photovoltaic modules are embedded in series, then the total output voltage and the net output power obtained from the series connected photovoltaic modules will mainly depends upon the solar insolation which is being projected upon each and every module respectively. Small perturbation in solar irradiation levels will lead to large considerable change in the output parameters. This paper mainly focuses on observing the effect of partial shading on photovoltaic modules which are connected in series. The main objective of this paper is to examine about the mismatching phenomenon that occurs while tracking the global maxima point which plays a vital role in extracting maximum power from solar photovoltaic array in an effective manner.
The document describes a mini project report on modeling and simulation of a solar photovoltaic system with Perturb and Observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. The project involves designing models of the key system components including the solar PV panel, MPPT controller, DC-DC boost converter, three-phase three-leg inverter and 12-pulse auto-connected transformer. Simulations will then be carried out and results analyzed to study the performance of the system.
This document presents a modeling of a 185W mono-crystalline solar panel using MATLAB/Simulink. Meteorological data on temperature and irradiance from August to December 2017 at a location in Johor, Malaysia is used as inputs. Equations for photovoltaic modeling are implemented in subsystems representing the single diode circuit model. The output is current-voltage and power-voltage curves which are compared to the panel specifications to analyze performance. The modeling provides a tool to evaluate the efficiency of the solar panel under varying weather conditions.
Electric Vehicle as an Energy Storage for Grid Connected Solar Power SystemIAES-IJPEDS
In the past few years the growing demand for electricity and serious concern
for the environment have given rise to the growth of sustainable sources like
wind, solar, tidal, biomass etc. The technological advancement in power
electronics has led to the extensive usage of solar power. Solar power output
varies with the weather conditions and under shading conditions. With the
increasing concerns of the impacts of the high penetration of Photovoltaic
(PV) systems, a technical study about their effects on the power quality of
the utility grid is required. This paper investigates the functioning of a gridtied
PV system along with maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
algorithm. The effects of varying atmospheric conditions like solar irradiance
and temperature are also taken into account. It is proposed in this work that
an Electric Vehicle (EV) can be used as an energy storage to stabilize the
power supplied to the grid from the photovoltaic resources. A coordinated
control is necessary for the EV to obtain desired outcome. The modeling of
the PV and EV system is carried out in PSCAD and the proposed idea is
verified through simulation results utilizing real field data for solar irradiance
and temperature.
This project proposes a simplified PV module simulator with MPPT. The PV model is designed in Matlab/Simulink based on various mathematical equations. This paper explains the use of MPPT technique in a photovoltaic system. The MPPT is implemented by incremental conductance or perturbation and observation methods. The overall system is designed, developed and validated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK
Simulation of grid connected photovoltaic system using MATLAB/ SimulinkIJAEMSJORNAL
In this paper, a whole simulation model of grid connected PV system with the practically of harmonics compensation is introduced during the simulation. The simulation model of grid connected PV system embrace a PV array, a dc to dc buck boost converter and a dc to ac inverter. Grid connected PV system is electricity generating solar system that is connected to the utility grid. Within the world, energy sources just like fossil fuels and nuclear reaction area unit wide used for electrical power generation. However burning fossil fuels and nuclear area unit wide used for electrical power generation. we tend to get I-V & P-V characteristics of the model. These are often desired by mathematical equation that is nonlinear.
IRJET- A Fuzzy Logic Control Method for MPPT to Improve Solar System EfficiencyIRJET Journal
This document presents a fuzzy logic control method for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to improve the efficiency of solar photovoltaic systems. It proposes using a fuzzy logic controller connected to a boost converter to dynamically adjust the duty cycle based on voltage, current, and power levels from the solar panel. This allows the system to operate at the peak power point despite changing weather conditions. The fuzzy logic controller uses error and change in error as inputs and duty cycle as the output. Simulation results showed this MPPT method can track the maximum power point accurately and outperforms traditional perturbation and observation methods in terms of tracking efficiency and response time.
A New Simulation Approach of 3-Φ Transformer-less Grid Connected PV Inverter ...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes a simulation of a 3-phase grid-connected photovoltaic inverter system using hysteresis current control.
2) It uses a two-stage conversion process with a boost converter to maximize solar panel output and regulate the DC bus voltage, followed by an inverter with hysteresis current control to generate AC power for the grid.
3) Simulation results show the inverter is able to generate sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms that are synchronized to the grid, with total harmonic distortion below 5% using hysteresis current control.
This document proposes a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in solar photovoltaic systems that can operate under partial shading conditions. It begins by reviewing existing MPPT methods and their limitations in partial shading scenarios. It then models the photovoltaic system and designs a boost converter for interfacing solar panels with the grid. The proposed PSO-based MPPT algorithm modifies the standard PSO to track the global maximum power point under non-uniform irradiance. Simulation results show the algorithm can reach the maximum power point in fewer iterations compared to other methods.
Performance Investigation of Grid Connected Photovoltaic System Modelling Bas...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are normally modeled by employing accurate equations dealing with a behavior the PV system. This model has Characteristic of PV array cells, which are influenced by both irradiation and temperature variations. Grid-connected PV system is considered as electricity generated solar cell system which is connected to the grid utilities. This paper characterizes an exhibiting and simulating of PV system that executed with MATLAB /Simulink. The impact of solar irradiances as well as ambient temperature performances of PV models is investigated and noted that a lower temperature provides maximum power higher so that the open circuit voltage is larger. Furthermore, if the temperature is low, then a considerably short circuit current is low too.
Optimal Control Strategy for a Solar Photovoltaic Power System using MATLAB S...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an improved incremental conductance (InC) algorithm for maximum power point tracking in solar photovoltaic systems. The paper presents simulations comparing the improved InC algorithm to traditional perturb and observe and InC algorithms under varying solar irradiation and temperature conditions. The results show the improved InC algorithm more accurately tracks the maximum power point and maintains higher output power compared to the other algorithms under different operating conditions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
Mathematical Modelling of PV Module With multilevel 3-Ø inverter using SPWM t...IOSR Journals
1. The document presents a mathematical model of a photovoltaic (PV) module and grid-connected system using a three-phase multistring inverter with sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) control scheme.
2. The PV module is modeled using equations that account for factors like photocurrent, saturation current, series and shunt resistances, and temperature. The model is implemented in Simulink.
3. A three-phase multistring five-level inverter topology is proposed consisting of three PV strings connected to a common DC bus through DC-DC converters. SPWM control is used to generate switching signals and produce a five-level output voltage to reduce harmonics.
Energy Storage Management in Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic SystemIJERA Editor
The penetration of renewable sources in the power system network in the power system has been increasing in the recent years. One of the solutions being proposed to improve the reliability and performance of these systems is to integrate energy storage device into the power system network. This paper discusses the modeling of photo voltaic and status of the storage device such as lead acid battery for better energy management in the system. The energy management for the grid connected system was performed by the dynamic switching process.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
Standalone photovoltaic array fed induction motor driven water pumping system IJECEIAES
Due to the absence of energy transmission lines connected to the water pumping sites in remote areas, problems related to the electrical power outages and the environmental degradation caused by fossil fuel. For this one of the most conceived solutions is the photovoltaic water pumping technology which has the advantage of being sustainable and respectful of the environment to supply water to rural areas. To ensure the need of water, especially for domestic use and small communities, in this article, the photovoltaic energy system for autonomous water pumping using the induction motor was presented, particularly adapted to the isolated regions. Pumping system consists of four photovoltaic (PV) panels, boost converter, inverter, induction motor, centrifugal pump and a storage tank. In this study, the output power of a PV solar cell is fully used by proposing the P&O algorithm, where it is used to follow a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. The recommended system is designed, modeled and simulated on the MATLAB / Simulink platform. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is observed with variable solar sunshine.
Several algorithms have been offered to track the Maximum Power Point when we have one maximum power point. Moreover, fuzzy control and neural was utilized to track the Maximum Power Point when we have multi-peaks power points. In this paper, we will propose an improved Maximum Power Point tracking method for the photovoltaic system utilizing a modified PSO algorithm. The main advantage of the method is the decreasing of the steady state oscillation (to practically zero) once the Maximum Power Point is located. moreover, the proposed method has the ability to track the Maximum Power Point for the extreme environmental condition that cause the presence of maximum multi-power points, for example, partial shading condition and large fluctuations of insolation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, MATLAB simulations are carried out under very challenging circumstance, namely step changes in irradiance, step changes in load, and partial shading of the Photovoltaic array. Finally, its performance is compared with the perturbation and observation” and fuzzy logic results for the single peak, and the neural-fuzzy control results for the multi-peaks.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
A Study of Shading Effect on Photovoltaic Modules with Proposed P&O Checking ...IJECEIAES
Sun irradiation levels and associated temperature changes are the main factors that influence the conversion of solar energy into electricity. Most energy is produced during a hot sunny day as the sun irradiation is at the maximum level and uniform throughout the solar photovoltaic (PV). However, most solar PV were frequently get shadowed, completely or partially, by the neighbouring buildings, trees and passing clouds. Consequently, the solar PV has lower voltage and current output, hence, multiple maximum power points (MPP) are existed on the PV curve, which could cause confusion to the conventional Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) to track the true MPP for the PV system. Thus, it is important to examine the impacts of partial shading on the solar PV in order to extract the maximum possible power. This paper presents a MATLAB-based modelling for simulation and experimental setup to study the I-V and P-V characteristics of a solar module under a non-uniform irradiation due to partial shading condition (PSC). Furthermore, this study is also proposed an effective method (a variable step size of P&O with checking algorithm) that is low cost and higher tracking efficiency. Thus, this study is essential in improving and evaluating any new MPPT algorithm under the PSC.
A Novel Approach on Photovoltaic Technologies for Power Injection in Grid Usi...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the simulation of the Solar Photovoltaic module using Matlab Simulink. This model is based on mathematical equations and is described through an equivalent circuit including a photocurrent source, a diode, a series resistor and a shunt resistor. This paper presents integration of the grid distribution network in Indian scenario with solar power technology to meet the additional electrical energy demand of urban as well as rural sectors which are both rapidly expanding. First of all the data of a real life power plant having 24V, 230W Power PV module has been compared and analyzed with that of matlab program output for identical module and it has been find out that a variation in temperature affects the parameters values as well as the performance of the solar module. After the above analysis the design and Simulink implementation for single phase power grid connected PV system has been done. The system includes the PV array model, the integration of the MPPT with boost dc converter , dc to ac inverter, single phase series load connected to ac grid. It is demonstrated that the model works well at different temperature conditions and predicting the General behavior of single-phase grid- connected PV systems .
Ijaems apr-2016-3 A Study of nature of the Photovoltaic modules under the inf...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The behaviour of the solar photovoltaic array will be rapidly changing under the influence of partial shading phenomenon. When two (or) more photovoltaic modules are embedded in series, then the total output voltage and the net output power obtained from the series connected photovoltaic modules will mainly depends upon the solar insolation which is being projected upon each and every module respectively. Small perturbation in solar irradiation levels will lead to large considerable change in the output parameters. This paper mainly focuses on observing the effect of partial shading on photovoltaic modules which are connected in series. The main objective of this paper is to examine about the mismatching phenomenon that occurs while tracking the global maxima point which plays a vital role in extracting maximum power from solar photovoltaic array in an effective manner.
The document describes a mini project report on modeling and simulation of a solar photovoltaic system with Perturb and Observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. The project involves designing models of the key system components including the solar PV panel, MPPT controller, DC-DC boost converter, three-phase three-leg inverter and 12-pulse auto-connected transformer. Simulations will then be carried out and results analyzed to study the performance of the system.
This document presents a modeling of a 185W mono-crystalline solar panel using MATLAB/Simulink. Meteorological data on temperature and irradiance from August to December 2017 at a location in Johor, Malaysia is used as inputs. Equations for photovoltaic modeling are implemented in subsystems representing the single diode circuit model. The output is current-voltage and power-voltage curves which are compared to the panel specifications to analyze performance. The modeling provides a tool to evaluate the efficiency of the solar panel under varying weather conditions.
Electric Vehicle as an Energy Storage for Grid Connected Solar Power SystemIAES-IJPEDS
In the past few years the growing demand for electricity and serious concern
for the environment have given rise to the growth of sustainable sources like
wind, solar, tidal, biomass etc. The technological advancement in power
electronics has led to the extensive usage of solar power. Solar power output
varies with the weather conditions and under shading conditions. With the
increasing concerns of the impacts of the high penetration of Photovoltaic
(PV) systems, a technical study about their effects on the power quality of
the utility grid is required. This paper investigates the functioning of a gridtied
PV system along with maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
algorithm. The effects of varying atmospheric conditions like solar irradiance
and temperature are also taken into account. It is proposed in this work that
an Electric Vehicle (EV) can be used as an energy storage to stabilize the
power supplied to the grid from the photovoltaic resources. A coordinated
control is necessary for the EV to obtain desired outcome. The modeling of
the PV and EV system is carried out in PSCAD and the proposed idea is
verified through simulation results utilizing real field data for solar irradiance
and temperature.
This project proposes a simplified PV module simulator with MPPT. The PV model is designed in Matlab/Simulink based on various mathematical equations. This paper explains the use of MPPT technique in a photovoltaic system. The MPPT is implemented by incremental conductance or perturbation and observation methods. The overall system is designed, developed and validated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK
Simulation of grid connected photovoltaic system using MATLAB/ SimulinkIJAEMSJORNAL
In this paper, a whole simulation model of grid connected PV system with the practically of harmonics compensation is introduced during the simulation. The simulation model of grid connected PV system embrace a PV array, a dc to dc buck boost converter and a dc to ac inverter. Grid connected PV system is electricity generating solar system that is connected to the utility grid. Within the world, energy sources just like fossil fuels and nuclear reaction area unit wide used for electrical power generation. However burning fossil fuels and nuclear area unit wide used for electrical power generation. we tend to get I-V & P-V characteristics of the model. These are often desired by mathematical equation that is nonlinear.
IRJET- A Fuzzy Logic Control Method for MPPT to Improve Solar System EfficiencyIRJET Journal
This document presents a fuzzy logic control method for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to improve the efficiency of solar photovoltaic systems. It proposes using a fuzzy logic controller connected to a boost converter to dynamically adjust the duty cycle based on voltage, current, and power levels from the solar panel. This allows the system to operate at the peak power point despite changing weather conditions. The fuzzy logic controller uses error and change in error as inputs and duty cycle as the output. Simulation results showed this MPPT method can track the maximum power point accurately and outperforms traditional perturbation and observation methods in terms of tracking efficiency and response time.
A New Simulation Approach of 3-Φ Transformer-less Grid Connected PV Inverter ...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes a simulation of a 3-phase grid-connected photovoltaic inverter system using hysteresis current control.
2) It uses a two-stage conversion process with a boost converter to maximize solar panel output and regulate the DC bus voltage, followed by an inverter with hysteresis current control to generate AC power for the grid.
3) Simulation results show the inverter is able to generate sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms that are synchronized to the grid, with total harmonic distortion below 5% using hysteresis current control.
This document proposes a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in solar photovoltaic systems that can operate under partial shading conditions. It begins by reviewing existing MPPT methods and their limitations in partial shading scenarios. It then models the photovoltaic system and designs a boost converter for interfacing solar panels with the grid. The proposed PSO-based MPPT algorithm modifies the standard PSO to track the global maximum power point under non-uniform irradiance. Simulation results show the algorithm can reach the maximum power point in fewer iterations compared to other methods.
Performance Investigation of Grid Connected Photovoltaic System Modelling Bas...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are normally modeled by employing accurate equations dealing with a behavior the PV system. This model has Characteristic of PV array cells, which are influenced by both irradiation and temperature variations. Grid-connected PV system is considered as electricity generated solar cell system which is connected to the grid utilities. This paper characterizes an exhibiting and simulating of PV system that executed with MATLAB /Simulink. The impact of solar irradiances as well as ambient temperature performances of PV models is investigated and noted that a lower temperature provides maximum power higher so that the open circuit voltage is larger. Furthermore, if the temperature is low, then a considerably short circuit current is low too.
Optimal Control Strategy for a Solar Photovoltaic Power System using MATLAB S...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an improved incremental conductance (InC) algorithm for maximum power point tracking in solar photovoltaic systems. The paper presents simulations comparing the improved InC algorithm to traditional perturb and observe and InC algorithms under varying solar irradiation and temperature conditions. The results show the improved InC algorithm more accurately tracks the maximum power point and maintains higher output power compared to the other algorithms under different operating conditions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
Mathematical Modelling of PV Module With multilevel 3-Ø inverter using SPWM t...IOSR Journals
1. The document presents a mathematical model of a photovoltaic (PV) module and grid-connected system using a three-phase multistring inverter with sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) control scheme.
2. The PV module is modeled using equations that account for factors like photocurrent, saturation current, series and shunt resistances, and temperature. The model is implemented in Simulink.
3. A three-phase multistring five-level inverter topology is proposed consisting of three PV strings connected to a common DC bus through DC-DC converters. SPWM control is used to generate switching signals and produce a five-level output voltage to reduce harmonics.
Energy Storage Management in Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic SystemIJERA Editor
The penetration of renewable sources in the power system network in the power system has been increasing in the recent years. One of the solutions being proposed to improve the reliability and performance of these systems is to integrate energy storage device into the power system network. This paper discusses the modeling of photo voltaic and status of the storage device such as lead acid battery for better energy management in the system. The energy management for the grid connected system was performed by the dynamic switching process.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
Standalone photovoltaic array fed induction motor driven water pumping system IJECEIAES
Due to the absence of energy transmission lines connected to the water pumping sites in remote areas, problems related to the electrical power outages and the environmental degradation caused by fossil fuel. For this one of the most conceived solutions is the photovoltaic water pumping technology which has the advantage of being sustainable and respectful of the environment to supply water to rural areas. To ensure the need of water, especially for domestic use and small communities, in this article, the photovoltaic energy system for autonomous water pumping using the induction motor was presented, particularly adapted to the isolated regions. Pumping system consists of four photovoltaic (PV) panels, boost converter, inverter, induction motor, centrifugal pump and a storage tank. In this study, the output power of a PV solar cell is fully used by proposing the P&O algorithm, where it is used to follow a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. The recommended system is designed, modeled and simulated on the MATLAB / Simulink platform. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is observed with variable solar sunshine.
Several algorithms have been offered to track the Maximum Power Point when we have one maximum power point. Moreover, fuzzy control and neural was utilized to track the Maximum Power Point when we have multi-peaks power points. In this paper, we will propose an improved Maximum Power Point tracking method for the photovoltaic system utilizing a modified PSO algorithm. The main advantage of the method is the decreasing of the steady state oscillation (to practically zero) once the Maximum Power Point is located. moreover, the proposed method has the ability to track the Maximum Power Point for the extreme environmental condition that cause the presence of maximum multi-power points, for example, partial shading condition and large fluctuations of insolation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, MATLAB simulations are carried out under very challenging circumstance, namely step changes in irradiance, step changes in load, and partial shading of the Photovoltaic array. Finally, its performance is compared with the perturbation and observation” and fuzzy logic results for the single peak, and the neural-fuzzy control results for the multi-peaks.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
A Study of Shading Effect on Photovoltaic Modules with Proposed P&O Checking ...IJECEIAES
Sun irradiation levels and associated temperature changes are the main factors that influence the conversion of solar energy into electricity. Most energy is produced during a hot sunny day as the sun irradiation is at the maximum level and uniform throughout the solar photovoltaic (PV). However, most solar PV were frequently get shadowed, completely or partially, by the neighbouring buildings, trees and passing clouds. Consequently, the solar PV has lower voltage and current output, hence, multiple maximum power points (MPP) are existed on the PV curve, which could cause confusion to the conventional Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) to track the true MPP for the PV system. Thus, it is important to examine the impacts of partial shading on the solar PV in order to extract the maximum possible power. This paper presents a MATLAB-based modelling for simulation and experimental setup to study the I-V and P-V characteristics of a solar module under a non-uniform irradiation due to partial shading condition (PSC). Furthermore, this study is also proposed an effective method (a variable step size of P&O with checking algorithm) that is low cost and higher tracking efficiency. Thus, this study is essential in improving and evaluating any new MPPT algorithm under the PSC.
Adaptive maximum power point tracking using neural networks for a photovoltai...Mellah Hacene
Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Neural Networks for a Photovoltaic Systems According Grid
Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, (5), 57–66, 2021. https://doi.org/10.20998/2074-272X.2021.5.08
Modeling and Simulation of Fuzzy Logic based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MP...IJECEIAES
This paper presents modeling and simulation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) used in solar PV power systems. The Fuzzy logic algorithm is used to minimize the error between the actual power and the estimated maximum power. The simulation model was developed and tested to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed MPPT controller. MATLAB Simulink was employed for simulation studies. The proposed system was simulated and tested successfully on a photovoltaic solar panel model. The Fuzzy logic algorithm succesfully tracking the MPPs and performs precise control under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Simulation results indicate the feasibility and improved functionality of the system.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Charge Controller for Standalone PV SystemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The depletion of conventional energy sources and global warming has raised worldwide
awareness on the usage of renewable energy sources particularly solar photovoltaic (PV). Renewable
energy sources are non-polluting sources which can meet energy demands without causing any
environmental issues. For standalone PV systems, a low conversion efficiency of the solar panel and high
installation cost due to storage elements are the two primary constraints that limit the wide spread use of
this system. As the size of the system increases, the demand for a highly efficient tracking and charging
system is very crucial. Direct charging of battery with PV module will results in loss of capacity or
premature battery degradation. Furthermore, most of the available energy generated by the PV module or
array will be wasted if proper tracking technique is not employed. As a result, more PV panels need to be
installed to provide the same output power capacity. This paper presents selection, design and simulation
of maximum power point tracker (MPPT) and battery charge controller for standalone Photovoltaic (PV)
system. Contributions are made in several aspects of the whole system, including selection of suitable
converter, converter design, system simulation, and MPPT algorithm. The proposed system utilizes direct
duty cycle technique thus simplifying its control structure. MPPT algorithm based on scanning approach
has been applied by sweeping the duty cycle throughout the I -V curve to ensure continuous tracking of the
maximum power irrespective of any environmental circumstances. For energy storage, lead acid battery is
employed in this work. MATLAB/Simulink® was utilized for simulation studies. Results show that the
propose strategy can track the MPPs and charge the battery effectively.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Simulation of incremental conductance mppt with direct control method using c...eSAT Journals
Abstract PV Module Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is a photovoltaic system that uses the photovoltaic array as a source of electrical power supply. Every photovoltaic (PV) array has an optimum operating point, called the maximum power point, which varies depending on cell temperature, the insulation level and array voltage. The function of MPPT is needed to operate the PV array at its maximum power point. The design of a Maximum Peak Power Tracking (MPPT) is proposed utilizing a cuk converter topology. Solar panel voltage and current are continuously monitored by a MPPT, and the duty cycle of the cuk converter continuously adjusted to extract maximum power. The design consists of a PV array, DC-DC cuk converter and many such algorithms have been proposed. However, one particular algorithm, the Incremental Conductance method, claimed by many in the literature to be inferior to others, continues to be by far the most widely used method in commercial PV MPPT’s. The general model was implemented on Mat lab, and accepts irradiance and temperature as variable parameters and outputs the I-V characteristic and P-V characteristic Index Terms: PV system; Maximum power point tracking (MPPT); Incremental conductance (Inccond); digital signal processor (dsp)
This document summarizes a simulation study comparing the performance of three maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms - incremental conductance, perturb and observe, and fuzzy logic control - for a 100 kW photovoltaic system connected to the electrical grid. The system was simulated in MATLAB/Simulink under varying irradiance conditions. Graphs of solar irradiance, PV voltage, duty cycle, modulation index, DC link voltage, grid voltage, grid current, and output power are presented for each MPPT algorithm to analyze and compare their performance.
Improved strategy of an MPPT based on the sliding mode control for a PV system IJECEIAES
The energy produced using a photovoltaic (PV) is mainly dependent on weather factors such as temperature and solar radiation. Given the high cost and low yield of a PV system, it must operate at maximum power point (MPP), which varies according to changes in load and weather conditions. This contribution presents an improved maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers of a PV system in various climatic conditions. The first is a sliding mode MPPT that designed to be applied to a buck converter in order to achieve an optimal PV array output voltage. The second MPPT is based on the incremental conductance algorithm or Perturb-and-Observe algorithm. It provides the output reference PV voltage to the sliding mode controller acting on the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter. Simulation is carried out in SimPower toolbox of Matlab/Simulink. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the sliding mode control MPPT under the parameter variation environments and shown that the controllers meet its objectives.
A Reliable Tool Based on the Fuzzy Logic Control Method Applying to the DC/DC...phthanh04
Solar energy performs an important role in electric energy based on renewable energy generation systems when referring to
clear energy. Systems for harvesting renewable energy frequently use DC/DC converters, especially solar photovoltaic systems. The
DC/DC boost converter has been used for converting the output voltage from the solar PV system to the required voltage rating of the
utility grid under the disturbance in the photovoltaic temperature and irradiation level. Because of that, a new maximum power point
tracking based on the fuzzy logic controller (MPPT-FLC) algorithm applying the DC/DC boost converter is developed. The proposed
approach aims toward improving the PV system's performance and tracking effectiveness. This aim can be achieved by adjusting the
DC/DC boost converter's duty cycle to ensure that the PV system operates close to its MPP under varying environmental conditions. The
effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in the off-grid PV system under conditions of the change of irradiation and temperature,
and the comparison of between the proposed method, the incremental conductance (INC), perturb and observe (P&O), and modified P&O
methods is also made. The obtained simulation results show that the MPPT capability significantly improved and achieved the highest
MPPT efficiency of 99.999% and an average efficiency of 99.98% in total when applying the proposed method.
This document presents a study on modeling a photovoltaic system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control using neural networks. It discusses modeling the photovoltaic module and cell using equations. An artificial neural network model with three layers (input, hidden, output) is proposed to identify the maximum power point. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show the effectiveness of the neural network technique in improving photovoltaic system performance and maximizing power extraction compared to conventional MPPT methods. The document also analyzes how temperature and solar radiation influence the current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics of the photovoltaic module.
Study and Simulation of Inccond Based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Alg...paperpublications3
Abstract: The entire world is facing a challenge to overcome the hurdle of energy crisis. It is fairly evident that a need exist for developing alternative energy sources. Amongst all the available renewable energy sources, solar energy appears to be a viable option as it is easily and widely available. If used in a proper way, it has a capacity to fulfill numerous energy needs of the world. Hence there is great scope of work in field of solar photovoltaic aiming at improved and efficient performances. Solar PV modules convert solar energy into electrical form but are having high non-linear current-voltage relationship which implies that they can operate at only one single point for maximum power. So extraction of maximum power in itself becomes a challenge under varying set of conditions of irradiation and temperature. A step by step approach is followed to analyze and address the problem with high frequency switching DC-DC converters that act as an interface between the module and the load and adjust the switching duty ratio so as to match the load line with that of Maximum Power Point load line. Further there exist various control algorithms to modify duty ratio. Their study is done and one such technique Incremental Conductance (IncCond) is used to process current and voltage of PV array to get the duty ratio. The results are obtained for changing radiation as well. In the present study, a review of Hill Climbing MPPT techniques, has been carried out with detailed flowcharts of algorithms and includes latest research papers published on MPPT techniques.
This document presents a sliding mode control based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method for solar PV systems. It discusses modeling of the PV system using a single diode model and the components of the system including the PV array, DC-DC boost converter, and sliding mode controller (SMC). The SMC algorithm tracks the maximum power point by adjusting the duty cycle of the boost converter based on a switching function defined as the slope of the PV characteristics. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the effectiveness of the SMC MPPT approach under varying irradiance conditions.
This paper presents a simulation of a DC/DC buck-boost converter for integrating a solar PV generation system into a DC nano-grid. The simulation models an MPPT algorithm to extract maximum power from the solar PV module and regulate the output voltage of the buck-boost converter at 12V and 24V using PI control. The proposed system directly feeds the maximum available DC power from the solar PV module to the DC nano-grid loads, improving efficiency by reducing conversion stages. The simulation results demonstrate the buck-boost converter maintaining a constant voltage on the DC bus regardless of variations in solar PV generation.
This article presents the system design and prediction performance of a 1kW capacity grid-tied photovoltaic inverter applicable for low or medium-voltage electrical distri-bution networks. System parameters, for instance, the longitude and latitude of the solar plant location, panel orientation, tilt and azimuth angle calculation, feasibility testing, optimal sizing of installment are analyzed in the model and the utility is sim-ulated precisely to construct an efficient solar power plant for residential applications. In this paper, meteorological data are computed to discuss the impact of environmen-tal variables. As regards ensuring reliability and sustenance, a simulation model of the system of interest is tested in the PVsyst software package. Simulation results yield that the optimum energy injected to the national grid from the solar plant, specific pro-duction, and performance ratio are 1676kWh/year, 1552kWh/kWp/year, and 79.29% respectively. Moreover, the predicted carbon footprint reduction is 23.467 tons during the 30 years lifetime of the system. Therefore, the performance assessments affirm the effectiveness of the proposed research.
IRJET- Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV System by Particle Swarm Optimi...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to track the maximum power point of a photovoltaic (PV) system. PSO is used to optimize the output power of a PV module by defining an objective function that represents power with constraints. A DC-DC boost converter is used in the PV system for maximum power point tracking. Simulation results show that PSO can effectively track the global maximum power point under varying conditions and the boost converter is able to boost the output voltage and deliver regulated power. The research demonstrates that PSO and a boost converter can maximize efficiency and power generation from a PV system.
This paper describes the Grid connected solar photovoltaique system using DC-DC boost converter and the DC/AC inverter (VSC) to supplies electric power to the utility grid. The model contains a representation of the main components of the system that are two solar arrays of 100 kW, boost converter and the grid side inverter. The paper starts with a system description, in this part we have given a definition and a short overview of every component used in this system and they are taken separately. The PV cell model is easy, accurate, and takes external temperature and solar radiation into consideration. It also proposes a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The algorithm incorporated in a DC/DC converter is used to track the maximum power of PV cell. Finally, the DC/AC inverter (VSC) of three- level is used to regulate the ouput voltage of DC/DC converter and connects the PV cell to the grid. Simulation results show how a solar radiation’s change can affect the power output of any PV system, also they show the control performance and dynamic behavior of the grid connected photovoltaic system.
This document provides a summary of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technology for photovoltaic systems. It discusses modeling of solar cells and how their output is affected by irradiation and temperature. It also describes the basic operation of a boost converter used in MPPT systems. Several common MPPT algorithms are examined, including perturb and observe, incremental conductance, and other methods. Flow charts are provided to illustrate the perturb and observe and incremental conductance algorithms. The conclusion is that the incremental conductance method provides better performance than other methods under varying conditions.
Maximum power point tracking based on improved spotted hyena optimizer for s...IJECEIAES
The conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method such as perturb and observe (P&O) under partial shading conditions with non-uniform irradiation, can get trapped on local maximum power point (LMPP) and cannot reach global maximum power point (GMPP). This study proposes a bio-inspired metaheuristic algorithm spotted hyena optimizer (SHO) and improved SHO as a new MPPT technique. The proposed SHO-MPPT and improved SHO-MPPT are used to extract GMPP from solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays operated under uniform irradiation and non-uniform irradiation. Simulation with Powersim (PSIM) and experimental with the emulated PV source were presented. Furthermore, to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, SHO-MPPT is compared with P&O-MPPT and particle swarm optimization (PSO)-MPPT. The SHO-MPPT has an accuracy of 99% and has the good capability, but there are power fluctuations before reaching MPP. Therefore, improved SHO-MPPT was developed to get better results. The improved SHO-MPPT proved high accuracy of 99% and faster than SHO-MPPT and PSO-MPPT in tracking the maximum power point (MPP). Furthermore, there are minor power fluctuations.
Similar to A neuro-fuzzy approach for tracking maximum power point of photovoltaic solar system (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
The document presents a new method for fault classification and direction discrimination in transmission lines using 1D convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs). A 132kV transmission line model is simulated to generate training and testing data for the 1D-CNN algorithm. The proposed 1D-CNN approach directly uses the voltage and current signals from one end as input, merging feature extraction and classification into a single learning process. Testing shows the 1D-CNN method accurately classifies and discriminates fault direction with higher accuracy than conventional neural network and fuzzy neural network methods under different fault conditions.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a battery energy storage system (BESS) with droop control to reduce frequency fluctuations in a multi-machine power system connected to a large-scale photovoltaic (PV) plant. The paper develops a droop control strategy for the BESS that incorporates a frequency error signal and dead-band. Simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC software show that the proposed droop control-based BESS can efficiently curtail frequency oscillations caused by fluctuations in PV power injection due to changing solar irradiance.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The document describes a proposed modified bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter (NSFCL) for distribution networks. The NSFCL consists of a bridge rectifier, two DC reactors (one small in series and one large in parallel), and an IGBT semiconductor switch controlled by a command circuit. During normal operation, the IGBT is on and the parallel reactor is bypassed, making the NSFCL invisible. During a fault, the IGBT turns off, inserting the parallel reactor to limit fault current. Simulation results showed the design effectively limits fault current while minimally affecting normal operation.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
This paper presents a new simplified cascade multiphase DC-DC buck power converter suitable for low voltage and large current applications. Cascade connection enables very low voltage ratio without using very small duty cycles nor transformers. Large current with very low ripple content is achieved by using the multiphase technique. The proposed converter needs smaller number of components compared to conventional cascade multiphase DC-DC buck power converters. This paper also presents useful analysis of the proposed DC-DC buck power converter with a method to optimize the phase and cascade number. Simulation and experimental results are included to verify the basic performance of the proposed DC-DC buck power converter.
A new bidirectional multilevel inverter topology with a high number of voltage levels with a very reduced number of power components is proposed in this paper. Only TEN power switches and four asymmetric DC voltage sources are used to generate 25 voltage levels in this new topology. The proposed multilevel converter is more suitable for e-mobility and photovoltaic applications where the overall energy source can be composed of a few units/associations of several basic source modules. Several benefits are provided by this new topology: Highly sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms, low Total Harmonic Distortion, very low switching losses, and minimum cost and size of the device. For optimum control of this 25-level voltage inverter, a special Modified Hybrid Modulation technique is performed. The proposed 25-level inverter is compared to various topologies published recently in terms of cost, the number of active power switches, clamped diodes, flying capacitors, DC floating capacitors, and the number of DC voltage sources. This comparison clearly shows that the proposed topology is cost-effective, compact, and very efficient. The effectiveness and the good performance of the proposed multilevel power converter (with and without PWM control) are verified and checked by computational simulations.
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A neuro-fuzzy approach for tracking maximum power point of photovoltaic solar system
1. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)
Vol. 12, No. 2, Jun 2021, pp. 1252~1264
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i2.pp1252-1264 1252
Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com
A neuro-fuzzy approach for tracking maximum power point of
photovoltaic solar system
Aouatif Ibnelouad1
, Abdeljalil Elkari2
, Hassan Ayad3
, and Mostafa Mjahed4
1,2
Department of Applied Physics. Laboratory of Electrical Systems and Telecommunications, Cadi Ayyad University,
Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Marrakech, Morocco.
3,4
Department of Mathematics and Systems, Royal School of Aeronautics, Marrakech, Morocco.
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Nov 30, 2020
Revised Mar 15, 2021
Accepted Apr 20, 2021
This work presents a hybrid soft-computing methodology approach for
intelligent maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques of a
photovoltaic (PV) system under any expected operating conditions using
artificial neural network-fuzzy (neuro-fuzzy). The proposed technique
predicts the calculation of the duty cycle ensuring optimal power transfer
between the PV generator and the load. The neuro-fuzzy hybrid method
combines artificial neural network (ANN) to direct the controller to the
region where the MPP is located with its reference voltage estimator and its
block of neural order. After that, the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) with rule
inference begins to establish the photovoltaic solar system at the MPP. The
obtained simulation results using MATLAB/simulink software for the
proposed approach compared to ANN and the perturb and observe (P&O),
proved that neuro-fuzzy approach fulfilled to extract the optimum power
with pertinence, efficiency and precision.
Keywords:
Artificial neural networks
Fuzzy logic controller
Maximum power point tracking
Neuro-fuzzy
Photovoltaic system
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Aouatif Ibnelouad
Department of Applied Physics, Laboratory of Electrical Systems and Telecommunications
Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies
112 Boulevard Abdelkrim Al Khattabi, Marrakech 40000, Morocco
Email: aouatif.ibnelouad@ced.uca.ma
1. INTRODUCTION
Energy production is a challenge of great importance for the years to come. The energy needs of
industrialized societies as well as developing countries are steadily increasing. This production has tripled
since the 1960s to the present day. All global energy production comes from fossil sources. The consumption
of these sources gives rise to greenhouse gas emissions and therefore an increase in pollution. In addition, the
excessive consumption of natural resource stocks reduces the reserves of this type of energy in a dangerous
way for future generations. Renewable energies such as wind power, solar energy, biomass energy and
hydropower are promising solutions to compete with mass energy sources such as fossil and nuclear energy.
Renewable energy means energy from the sun, wind, earth heat, water or biomass. Unlike fossil fuels,
renewable energies are energies with unlimited resources. Solar radiation is distributed over the entire surface
of the earth; its density is not great and causes no conflict between countries unlike oil. Among these
resources, solar energy is considered today as one of the most reliable renewable energies, daily and
respectful of the environment the source [1], [2]. Photovoltaic energy has nowadays an increased importance
in electrical power applications, since it is considered as an essentially inexhaustible and broadly available
energy resource [3].
2. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
A neuro-fuzzy approach for tracking maximum power point of photovoltaic solar system (Aouatif Ibnelouad)
1253
Photovoltaic (PV) cells are usually manufactured of semiconductor materials capable of converting
the energy of sunlight at certain wavelength to DC electricity. When sunlight hits the surface of a PV cell, the
semiconductor material allowing electrons to move from the valence band to the conduction band absorbs
some of the photons’ energy. The electrons are then ready to flow in a closed-path circuit carrying electrical
energy to the load. Cells are usually connected in series to form a PV module. The modules are connected in
different series and parallel topologies to reach the desired voltage and current level [4]. The photovoltaic
system consists of a photovoltaic panel with a power interface and a load. A simple DC / DC converter
circuit (Boost) is used as interface between photovoltaic panel PV and load. This DC/DC converter intended
to transfer maximum energy from photovoltaic panel PV to load and to ensure our load closer to the MPP. In
order to improve the efficiency of the photovoltaic generator (PV), in other words maximize the power
delivered to the load connected to the terminals of the generator, several criteria for optimizing the efficiency
of the photovoltaic system were applied and techniques were followed for good adaptation and high
efficiency [5], [6]. Among these techniques is the technique of Pursuit of the Power Point Maximal or
"Maximum Power Point Tracker, MPPT" [7, 8], several methods are mentioned in the bibliography: the P&O
method is a widely used in practice due to its simplicity and requires only measures voltage and current of
the PV module [9]. However, this algorithm can oscillate around the Maximum Power Point (MPP) under
sudden sunlight changes [10]-[12]. Recently, several researchers for photovoltaic systems track the maximum
power by intelligent MPPT techniques such as artificial neural network (ANN) and Fuzzy logic controller.
The artificial neural network (ANN) techniques are being utilized for photovoltaic applications, principally
because of their symbolic reasoning, flexibility and explanation capabilities that are useful to deal with strong
nonlinearities and complex systems [13]. The use of artificial neural network (ANN) in photovoltaic systems
has been considered by several researchers [14]-[16]. Fuzzy logic controller has been considered as an
efficient and effective tool in managing uncertainties and nonlinearities of systems [17]. A fuzzy logic
controller is generally designed in the light of experience and expert knowledge [17]-[20].
This paper presents a novel MPPT methodology based on a hybrid model between two important
intelligent MPPT methods. This hybrid model: Neuro-fuzzy approach defines of multi-layered feed
forwarded artificial neuron network and the inference-based table of the fuzzy logic controller. The
architecture of the artificial neural network composed of three layers: inputs, hidden and output layers. The
proposed intelligent MPPT method artificial neural network is to direct the controller to the region where the
MPP is located with its reference voltage estimator and its block of neural order. After that, the fuzzy logic
with rule inference begins to establish the photovoltaic solar system at the maximum power point (MPP). The
hybrid model: Neuro-fuzzy approach aims to decrease the complexity of the photovoltaic solar system and to
extract the maximum power at the minimum time with pertinence and efficiency under any weather
conditions compared to the single ANN and conventional MPPT method P&O. To develop the Neuro-Fuzzy
approach method, this work is structured as follows: Section 2 overview of photovoltaic solar system by
making a focus on the model, the characteristics of a PV module and presents the goal of DC/DC converter.
Section 3 describes a classical MPPT method is widely used at the literature P&O. Section 4 presents the
proposed approach Neuro-Fuzzy. Section 5 describes the detail simulation results comparing the novel
approach with the single ANN and the P&O MPPT method after that it presents the comparison of novel
MPPT methodology neuro-fuzzy in state of the art, followed by the conclusion in Section 6.
2. OVERVIEW OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR SYSTEM
The global of the studied system shows in Figure 1, composed of a 305W photovoltaic solar
generator connected to a power electronic element. This element consists of a DC–DC converter that assures
impedance adaptation between the photovoltaic solar generator and the load resistive by tracking the
maximum power by the neuro-fuzzy approach network. In the following paragraphs, all the blocks of the
photovoltaic solar PV system are described in detail.
3. ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 2, June 2021 : 1252 – 1264
1254
Figure 1. Overview of the neuro-fuzzy approach network MPPT photovoltaic solar PV system
2.1. Photovoltaic solar module
The PV solar module used in this study consists of polycrystalline silicon solar cells electrically. Its
main electrical specifications are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Technical data of the model manufacturer sunpower SPR-305E.
Maximum Power (W) 305
Open circuit voltage Voc (V) 64.2
Short-circuit current Isc (A) 5.96
Current at maximum power point Imp(A) 5.58
Voltage at maximum power point Vmp (V) 54.7
2.2. Simulation model of a PV generator
The mathematical models of the PV generator are defined in the following equations. Figure 2
shows the equivalent circuit of a solar cell using a single diode model due to accuracy for photovoltaic (PV)
studies. A solar panel is composed of several photovoltaic cells employing series or parallel or series–parallel
external connections.
Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of solar cell
The following equations describe the I–V characteristic of a solar cell [21]:
𝐼𝑝ℎ = 𝐼𝑑 + 𝐼𝑅𝑝 + 𝐼𝑝𝑣 (1)
𝐼𝑑 = 𝐼𝑜[𝑒
(𝑉𝑝𝑣+
𝐼𝑃𝑉𝑅𝑠
𝑎𝑉𝑇
)
− 1] (2)
𝑉𝑇 =
𝑁𝑠𝑘𝑇
𝑞
(3)
𝐼𝑅𝑝 =
(𝑣𝑝𝑣+(𝐼 𝑅
𝑝𝑣 𝑠))
𝑅𝑝
(4)
4. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
A neuro-fuzzy approach for tracking maximum power point of photovoltaic solar system (Aouatif Ibnelouad)
1255
𝐼𝑝ℎ = (
𝐺
𝐺𝑛
)(𝐼𝑠𝑐 + (𝑘𝑖𝛥𝑇)) (5)
After combination of the equations above, the generalize current voltage equation of a photovoltaic
(PV) model is:
𝐼𝑝𝑣 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝐼𝑜(𝑒
(𝑣𝑝𝑣+
𝐼𝑝𝑣𝑅𝑠
𝑎𝑉𝑇
)
− 1) − (𝑉
𝑝𝑣 +
𝐼𝑝𝑣𝑅𝑠
𝑅𝑝
) (6)
Where:
Ipv: The PV current; Iph: has a linear relationship with light intensity and varies with temperature variations;
Id: The Shockley diode equation (A); Io: The saturated reverse current; “a”: the constant known as the diode
ideality factor; VT: The thermal voltage associated with the cells; Ns: The number of cells connected in series;
“q”: The charge of the electron; K: The Boltzmann constant; T: The absolute temperature of the p–n junction;
Isc: The short circuit current; Ki: The coefficient of short-circuit current variation with temperature; G: The
light intensity. Rs and Rp: are the series and parallel equivalent resistances of the solar panel respectively;
∆T=T-Tn: The deviation from standard temperature.
2.3. Influence of temperature and irradiation on PV operating
For various values of the irradiation G, and cells’ temperature T, the I-V characteristics of the
analysed PV panel are shown respectively in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
Figure 3. Influence of temperature with
constant irradiation
Figure 4. Influence of irradiation with constant
temperature
Depending on weather conditions, a PV generator connected to a load can operate in a large margin
of current and voltage [22]. Figure 3 and Figure 4 show that the open circuit voltage Vco is increasing with
the irradiation and decreasing slightly as the cell temperature increases. On the one hand, the short circuit
current Isc is linearly depending on the ambient irradiation in direct proportion, while the open circuit voltage
decrease slightly as the cell temperature increases. Therefore, the maximum power that could be generated by
a PV system is slightly depending on the temperature and irradiation variations: the maximum power
increases as the irradiation increases and vice versa, on the other hand a PV generator performs better for low
temperature than raised one [12].
2.4. The changes on temperature and irradiation
It is known that temperature may be high despite the very little presence of any irradiation clouds. It
is also known that the temperature change and the irradiation disposed relatively, the irradiation increases,
more heat traditionally increased, and vice versa.
5. ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 2, June 2021 : 1252 – 1264
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2.5. DC/DC boost converter
A DC/DC converter the transfer of maximum energy from photovoltaic panel PV to load. A DC/DC
converter is the interface that regulates the adaptation between the photovoltaic PV panel and the load to
ensure our load closer to the MPP. Figure 5 shows the electrical circuit of the DC-DC converter Boost type.
The Boost type converter is a voltage booster. In this converter, the value of the output voltage is always
greater than that of the input. The inductance currently stores energy. When the switch is off (the ideal switch
is open), the load receives this energy in addition to the GPV energy. In this type of converter, if we consider
that Vin is the voltage of the GPV, Vout is the voltage of the load and D is the duty cycle, then the relationship
between these voltages and the load results in the (7):
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
1
(1−𝐷)
𝑉𝑖𝑛 (7)
Figure 5. Boost converter DC/DC
3. MPPT USING (P&O) METHOD
The principle of this type of control is based on the disturbance of the value of the voltage of the
GPV and the observation of the behaviour of the resulting power [23]. Figure 6 shows the algorithm
associated with a P&O command. We note that we need two sensors to measure the power of the GPV as a
function of time. Today, the P&O algorithm is widely used because of its simplicity and ease of
implementation. In another sense, it has some disadvantages. For example, according to the characteristic
curve P-V of PV panel we can never reach ΔP = 0. Each time V increases or decreases the power will be
changed which makes the implementation of the step Ppvk+1=Ppvk in the algorithm without profit. This
instability in the value of P will lead to instability around the optimal value of the power. However, this
instability can be reduced by minimizing the increment value of the search algorithm.
Figure 6. Flowchart of the algorithm of a P&O
6. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
A neuro-fuzzy approach for tracking maximum power point of photovoltaic solar system (Aouatif Ibnelouad)
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4. NEURO-FUZZY MAXIMUM POWER POINT APPROACH
The Neuro-Fuzzy approach consists of two stages; the first one is composed of multi-layered feed
forwarded artificial neural network. The architecture composed of three layers: inputs, hidden and output
layers while the second one is a fuzzy-rule-based.
Figure 7 show the proposed structure of the neuro-fuzzy approach. The hybrid model is composed
of a neural model and a fuzzy logic controller.
The role of the neural model is to search for the region where MPP is located and the fuzzy
controller helps to find and establish the MPP in that region. This approach consists the same MPPT Fuzzy
logic controller, but we will decrease the pace of the duty cycle because we need a high degree of precision,
on the one hand. On the other hand, the role of the neural network is to direct the controller to the region
where the MPP is located. Therefore, we must first build the neural network that is preparing a learning base
and learn the network, then implement this neural network in the control circuit, followed by fuzzy logic
controller.
Figure 7. The proposed structure of the neuro-fuzzy approach
4.1. The MPPT controller with ANN controller
The new technique, which chooses the pursuit of the maximum power point, is the neural method.
We will apply it to approximate the output, which is the voltage that corresponds to this power, as a function
of irradiation changes, and temperature, is the tracking of the variation of the maximum power point. Where
our system needs to evolve, quickly and efficiently.
4.1.1. Mathematical modelling of an artificial neuron
The mathematical model of an artificial neuron is illustrated in Figure 8. A neuron consists
essentially of an integrator that performs the weighted sum of its inputs. The result n of this sum is then
transformed by a transfer function f, which produces the output D of the neuron. The R inputs of the neurons
correspond to the vector P = [ p1 p2……pR]T
, while W= [W1,1 W1,2 .... W1,R ]T
, represents the vector of the
weights of the neuron. The output n of the integrator is given by the following equation [15], [24]:
𝑛 = ∑ (𝑤1,𝑗
𝑅
𝑗=1 𝑝𝑗) − 𝑏; 𝑛 = [(𝑤1,1𝑝1) + (𝑤1,2𝑝2)+. . . . . +(𝑤1,𝑅𝑝𝑅)] − 𝑏 (8)
This can also be written in matrix form:
𝑛 = (𝑤𝑇
𝑝) − 𝑏 (9)
𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑓((𝑤𝑇
𝑝) − 𝑏) (10)
This output corresponds to a weighted sum of weights and inputs minus what is called the bias b of
the neuron. The result n of the weighted sum is called the activation level of the neuron. The bias b is also
called the activation threshold of the neuron. When the activation level reaches or exceeds the threshold b,
then the argument of becomes positive (or zero). Otherwise, it is negative [15], [24]. There is an obvious
analogy with biological neurons as shown in Table 2.
Under MATLAB/simulink, the role of the neural network is to direct the controller to the region
where the MPP is located. Thus, it is necessary to build the neural network, i.e. to prepare a learning base and
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to learn the network, and then implement this neural network in the control circuit. The activation function
makes it possible to define the internal state of the neuron according to its total input. There are several types
of activation functions [25]. The activation function used in our neural network, which is a neural network
multilayer is the sigmoid function for the hidden layer and the linear function for the output layer.
Figure 8. The artificial neuron models
Table 2. Analogy between the biological neuron and the formal
neuron
Biological
neuron
Formal neuron
Synapse Weight of connections
Dendrites Connections of other neurons to neuron K
Axon
Connections from neuron k to other neurons in the
network
Core Activation function
4.1.2. Multilayer network (multilayer perceptron MLP)
An MLP is made up of several layers: an input layer, one or more hidden or intermediate layers, and
an output layer. Two successive layers are fully connected, and all connections are unidirectional. In such a
network, there are no connections between two neurons of the same layer. An MLP has therefore:
1) An input layer that receives the data to be processed;
2) One or more intermediate or hidden layers performing the specific processing of the network;
3) An output layer that presents the network responses.
The purpose of learning is to estimate network parameters by minimizing an error function.
Learning is supervised. The error function thus represents the distance that exists between the calculated
response of the network and its desired response. The learning consists in applying to the network pairs of
inputs and outputs (desired outputs), and then applying a learning algorithm to modify the various parameters
of the network. The learning algorithm used for this type of network is the gradient back propagation (GBP)
[23].
The structure of the neural network used in the control system. This network has an input layer
containing two inputs (Irradiation and Temperature), a hidden layer of 9 neurons and an output layer
containing a single neuron (the voltage V).
At the end of the learning phase, we obtain the final neural network implementation, which gives us
a value very close to the exact value of the MPP. It admits as inputs the irradiation and temperature and as
output, the voltage close to the MPP [26].
4.2. The MPPT Controller with Fuzzy Logic
A Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) is used to work as an MPPT controller that tracks the optimal
operating point of a PV panel. Fuzzy Logic Control is one of the most used techniques in different
engineering challenges of its multi-rule-based characteristics [27]. Fuzzy logic control has a simple and clear
procedure because exact mathematical modelling and technical quantities of a system are not required for this
controller [28]. The fuzzy controller consists of three blocks: the first block fuzzification which numerical
input variables (Vpv, Ppv) are converted into linguistic variable (E, DE) based on a membership function.
The second block is devoted to inference rules, while the last block is the defuzzification for returning to the
real domain (D). This last operation uses the centre of mass to determine the value of the output [29]. Figure
9 shows the basic structure of the used MPPT Fuzzy controller [29].
Figure 9. Block diagram of the FLC “SUPRIME”
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For the MPPT controller with fuzzy logic, the inputs are taken as a change in power and voltage as
well. There is a block for calculating the error (E) and the change of the error (DE) at sampling instants k:
𝐸(𝑘) =
𝑃𝑝𝑣(𝑘)−𝑃𝑝𝑣(𝐾−1)
𝑉𝑝𝑣(𝑘)−𝑉𝑝𝑣(𝑘−1)
(11)
𝐷𝐸 = 𝐸(𝑘) − 𝐸(𝑘 − 1) (12)
Where, Ppv(k) is the power delivered by PV panel and Vpv(k) is the terminal voltage of the module
at sample k.
Fuzzification: The resulting linguistic variables have been used for the MPPT fuzzy controller: PB
(positive big), PS (positive small), ZE (zero), NS (negative small) and NB (negative big) for expressing the
reel inputs and output variables. Figure 10a, Figure 10b and Figure 11 illustrate the membership functions of
five fuzzy subsets for the input’s variables E and DE and the output variable D.
(a) (b)
Figure 10. Membership functions (a) the error E (b) the change of the error DE
Figure 11. Membership functions of output variables D
Inference rules: Table 3 shows the rules table of the fuzzy controller where all inputs in the matrix
are [E, DE] [30]. Defuzzification: The process of defuzzification converts the inferred fuzzy control action
into a numerical value at the output (D) by making the combination of the outputs resulting from each rule. In
this paper the centre of gravity defuzzifier, which is the most common one, is adopted. In the Figure 12 is
shown the surface output D= f (E, DE) of the MPPT controller.
Table 3. The fuzzy logic controller inference rule
DE E
NB NS ZE PS PB
NB NB NM NS PM NB
NS NB NS PS ZE NM
ZE NM ZE PM PS NS
PS NS PS PB PM ZE
PB ZE ZE PB PB PS
Figure 12. The surface d = f (E, DE) of the MPPT
controller output
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5. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figure 1 represent the general diagram of the whole system, which composed of the PV array, block
of DC/DC Boost converter, block of the novel neuro-fuzzy method and the resistive load. In the present
study, a hybrid model, neuro-fuzzy, looking for to extract the maximum power for PV solar system in
minimum time and a high degree of precision. The role of MPPT fuzzy logic controller is to choose the
corresponding area region, which finds the MPP with decreasing the pace of the duty cycle. Then the neural
network is to direct the controller to the region where the MPP is located. Several performance criteria are
reported in the ANN literature as: the response time, learning base and learn the network. Thereby, the
estimation performances of the neuro-fuzzy approach and the single ANN will be evaluated only in term of
estimation time for extract the maximum power of PV solar system. The same thing was compared with the
conventional algorithm (P&O) regarding to the maximum power extracted under MATLAB/simulink. The
theoretical and simulation results acquired with Neuro-Fuzzy, artificial neural network Controller and P&O,
in checking the MPP of the analysed PV module, for various values of solar irradiation G and cells’
temperature T are given in Table 4. Therefore, this table confirms that the neuro-fuzzy gives a quick response
with stability around MPP than the conventional ANN and the P&O. It also extracts the maximum power in
short time with efficiency and pertinence. Nevertheless, this table expresses the most effort method between
the conventional ANN and classical P&O methods, these methods are limited around a small value especially
of the maximum power with long time to response the P&O but the proposed Neuro-Fuzzy method overcome
these limitations through a better definition of the model complexity based on the fuzzy rules. There are
several performance criteria in the literature of the ANN method as mentioned before. In this study, after
evaluated methods only in term of estimation. We have based on the calculation of the error between the
measured values and the theoretical values of each method treated in this article P&O, ANN and neuro-fuzzy
approach. This calculation reveals the minimal error of the neuro-fuzzy approach compared to the other
methods P&O and ANN, on the one hand. On the other hand, we will calculate the efficiency to have the
performance, speed and ability to respond to the PV system in a relevant and effective way.
Table 4. Simulation results of Pmax checking for different considered control
G [w/m²] T [° C]
Pmax(W)
Perturb & observe Artificial neural networks Neuro-fuzzy approach Theoretical
1000 25 100,3 100,4 108 108,2
900 22 90,53 91,06 97,61 97,80
800 20 80,91 81,31 86,73 86,97
700 19 70,66 71,13 75,69 75,81
600 15 61,55 61,63 65,66 65,95
500 12 51,58 51,61 55,94 56,95
400 10 41,35 41,25 44,84 44,97
Figure 13 and Figure 14 respectively shows the PV output Power for different considered control at
STC weather conditions and low weather conditions. At STC weather conditions mean under the solar
irradiation G = 1000 W/m2 and PV cells’ temperature TC = 25°C, we can see that the proposed hybrid model
Neuro-Fuzzy approach achieved the most accurate estimation comparing to the ANN and P&O methods. At
time 0.48s, the proposed hybrid model extracts the maximum power of the system equal Pout=108W, while
the ANN method extract Pout=100,4W and P&O extract Pout=100,3W with oscillation around MPP. At low
conditions, mean under the solar irradiation G = 600 W/m2 and PV cells’ temperature TC = 15°C, the
simulation results that the Neuro-Fuzzy hybrid model gives the best results of the maximum power at time
0.5s, although during evolution, the two MPPT methods are beginning before the hybrid model Neuro-Fuzzy.
However, the last one contributes the best value of Power in short time with long steady regime without
oscillation around the MPP.
Figure 15 presents the simulation output of the PV system (extracted power) during variation
weather conditions using the Neuro-Fuzzy approach and the single ANN compared to conventional MPPT
method P&O. The Neuro-Fuzzy MPPT methodology accomplished better performances then the single ANN
or the P&O algorithms that can fail to track the MPP or oscillates around it under rapidly changing climatic
conditions. The performance of the MPPT can be detected according to the efficiency [31]-[34]. The
efficiency calculated by the following (13):
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 1 −
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
(13)
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Figure 13. PV output Power for different considered
control at G=1000W/m² and T=25°C
Figure 14. PV output Power for different considered
control at G =600W/m² and T=15°C
Figure 15. PV output Power for different considered control under variation of irradiation and temperature
The efficiency of P&O, ANN and Neuro-Fuzzy controllers shows that the Neuro-Fuzzy controller
can generate up to 99% of the actual maximum power compared to the ANN controller can generate up to
93% and P&O can generate up to 92% of it [14] as shown in Figure 16. In fact, the proposed Neuro-Fuzzy
approach-based method attained the highest power efficiency with 6% of extra-generated power comparing
to the single ANN and more than 3% to the P&O algorithm because of its oscillations around the MPP.
To develop the new Neuro-Fuzzy controller approach, we relied on several articles in the literature
among them [12], [30]. A kind of comparison in state of the art between our approach and two references
[12], [30] in tabular format. In Table 5, a summary of the power efficiency between our approach and the
reference [30], which is based on Toolbox ANFIS under MATLAB/simulink, in one hand. In the other hand,
summarizes the error estimate between our approach and the reference [12]. This table shows that the power
efficiency of the ANFIS method reaches 100% under the STC conditions and our approach reaches a value
up to 99%. Under the variations of atmospheric conditions, the power efficiency of our approach always
remains up to 99%, which shows the relevance of our neuro-fuzzy approach compared to the ANFIS method,
which is already predefined in the MATLAB/simulink toolbox. After that, it illustrates that our new approach
has higher percentages of errors for P&O or ANN methods, compared to the comparative method. In other
words, the percentage of the error is large in our approach that the error is minimal compared to the other
reference.
Table 5. The percentage estimation neuro-fuzzy approach methods
References Efficiency (%) Error P&O Error ANN
This study 99.82, 99.81, 99.72, 99.86, 99.71 3.74% 6%
Chaouachi et al., 2010 - 2.73% 5.86%
Aymen Jemaa et al. 2016 100, 99.99, 99.95, 99.78, 99.68 - -
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Figure 16. The efficiency of P&O, ANN and Neuro-Fuzzy controllers
6. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a new MPPT methodology was applied to photovoltaic system based on a proposed
Neuro-Fuzzy hybrid model. The whole system was simulated under MATLAB/simulink environment. In this
study, we started by modelling the nonlinear system, which is the photovoltaic solar module, was
demonstrated using the single-diode electrical model and simulated in different weather conditions. After
that, learning about DC/DC converter has for role adapting the duty cycle to extract the maximum power, and
transfer this energy from the photovoltaic solar to the load. Then, the most important part is the hybrid
model: Neuro-Fuzzy approach. The developed Neuro-Fuzzy approach consists of two stages; the first one is
composed of Inputs, one hidden layer with 9 neurons and one output feed forwarded ANN and the second
one is a fuzzy-rule-based simulating under MATLAB/simulink. The proposed neuro-fuzzy approach showed
the ability to faithfully emulate the dynamic and nonlinear behaviour of a photovoltaic generator under a
large wide of climatic conditions. The completely photovoltaic solar system performance was tested with
constant and several rapid irradiation and temperature variations. The accuracy of our proposed model
Neuro-fuzzy approach can generate up to 99% of the actual maximum power, which is more than the other
algorithm such as P&O and ANN.
Therefore, the simulation results proved that the proposed Neuro-Fuzzy approach of the system
performances, in terms of efficiency of power, precision and speed, was not degraded, as the MPPT
dispositive was capable to track the maximum power point an optimal operating condition under any rapid
changing meteoric conditions.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Aouatif Ibnelouad was born in 1987, received the Engineer’ degree of state in Electrical
Engineering and Telecommunication from the Faculty of Science and Technology of
Marrakech (FSTM) Morocco. She is currently a Ph.D. student at the Electrical Systems
and Telecommunications Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University of Marrakech, Morocco. His
research focuses on intelligent control of nonlinear systems such as photovoltaic systems,
implementation, automatic and industrial data processing.
Abdeljalil El Kari obtained his doctorate thesis in 1993 form University of Bordeaux I.
Since 1994, he is a professor at the Faculty of Science and Technology of Marrakesh,
responsible of electrical engineering master. In 2002, he obtained the PhD degree from
Cadi Ayyad University and Reims Champagne-Ardenne University. He is a researcher
member of the Electric Systems and Telecommunications Laboratory. His research
interests concern automatic, robotics and artificial Intelligence.
Hassan AYAD obtained his doctorate thesis in 1993 form University of Le Havre –
FRENSH. Since 1993, he is a professor at the Faculty of Science and Technology of
Marrakesh, Responsible of the Physical department. In 2007, he obtained the PhD degree
from Cadi Ayyad University. He is a researcher member of the Electric Systems and
Telecommunications Laboratory. He has participated in and led several research and
cooperation projects and he is the author of more than 20 international communications
and publications.
Mostafa MJAHED received his 3ème cycle Doctorate in HEP from the University of
Clermont Ferrand, France, in 1987, and a Ph.D. degree in Control and Artificial
Intelligence from the University of Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, in 2003. In 1989, he joined
the Ecole Royale de l’Air, Marrakech, Morocco, as an associate professor in the
Department of Mathematics and Systems. From 2003, he has been a professor in the same
institute and department. His current research interests are conventional, and AI based
flight control, pattern recognition and classification (GA, PSO, NN).