This document is a project report on studying, analyzing, and simulating photovoltaic systems using MATLAB. It was submitted by three students - Ayodhya Nath Anil, Omar Abdelrahim, and Md Arif - in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. The project involved modeling and simulating a photovoltaic array connected to a DC motor in MATLAB. It also included studying the characteristics of photovoltaic modules and their construction. The report contains chapters on the introduction to solar energy and photovoltaics, a literature review on basic photovoltaic principles and methods, and the methodology used to model and simulate the photovoltaic

1. A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
STUDY, ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC
SYSTEMS USING MATLAB
Submitted in partial Fulfllment for award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNNOLOGY
IN
ELECETRIC & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
By
Ayodhya Nath Anil BT11/002
Omar Abdelrahim BT11/005
Md Arif BT11/004
Under guidance of
Mr.Dileep Kumar
(Assistant Professor)
DEPARTMENTOF ELECTRIC ENGINEERING
NIMS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
NIMS UNIVERSITY,
JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN,
INDIA
May-2015

2. ii
CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the B.Tech Minor Project Report
entitled “STUDY, ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF
PHOTOVOLTAICSYSTEMS USING MATLAB”, in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of the Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering/ Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering and submitted to the
Department of Electrical Engineering of NIMS Institute of Engineering & Technology,
NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan(India) is an authentic record of my own work carried out
during a period of 8th
semester,under the supervision of Dileep Kumar, Assistant Professor
and HOD, Department of Electrical Engineering.
The matter presented in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the award of any other
degree elsewhere.
Signature of Candidate
1.AYODHYA NATH ANIL 2.OMAR ABDELRAHIM 3.MD ARIF
BT11/002 BT11/005 BT11/004
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.
Date: Signature of Supervisor(s)

3. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our deep sense of gratitude and immense respect to our
revered guide Mr. Dileep Kumar, Head of Department, Department of Electrical
Engineering for suggesting the problems and his invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement and successful completion of work. We have proud privilege to
accomplish this entire work. The sincerity integrity and punctuality which he has
incorporated in us will take us a long way in life.
It is an organization which inculcates a sense of responsibility towards
society. We would therefore thank all the teachers of NIET especially Electrical
Engineering Department, who are always ready to provide help and assistance
regarding any matter.

4. iv
ABSTRACT
All life on the earth depends on solar energy. Green plants make food by
means of photosynthesis. Light is essential from in this process to take place. This
light usually comes from sun. Animal get their food from plants or by eating other
animals that feed on plants. Plants and animals also need some heat to stay alive. Thus
plants are store houses of solar energy. The solar energy that falls on India in one
minute is enough to supply the energy needs of our country for one day. Man has
made very little use of this enormous amount of solar energy that reaches the earth.
Energy from the sun is called solar energy. The Sun’s energy comes from nuclear
fusion reaction that takes place deep in the sun. Hydrogen nucleus fuses into helium
nucleus. The energy from these reactions flow out from the sun and escape into space.
Solar energy is sometimes called radiant energy. These are different kinds of radiant
energy emitted by sun. The most important are light infrared rays. Ultra violet rays,
and X- Rays.
Basically photovoltaic effect can be observed in nature in a variety of
materials, but the materials that are capable to achieve best performance in sunlight
are the semi-conductors because when photon from the sun are absorbed in a
semiconductor, they create free electron with higher energies than the electron which
provide the bonding in the base crystal. Once these electrons created, there must be an
electric field to induce these higher energy electrons to flow out of the semi-conductor
to do useful work. The electric field in most solar cells is provided by a junction of
materials which have different electrical properties.
This project is based on Construction and connection of photovoltaic module
and related theories about it. To utilize maximum energy from the photovoltaic cell
first of all understanding of it characteristics is very important because of this in
starting of project we done proper study on characteristics of photovoltaic module and
maximum power point. After got proper understanding of characteristics we try to use
output of photovoltaic cell efficiently with help of Maximum power point tracker and
cuk converter.

5. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………….i
CERTIFICATE…………………………………………………………………….ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………..…………….….……iii
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………….iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………....….v
LIST OF FIGURES……………………..……………..…………………………..vi
LIST OF GRAPH………………………………………………………………….vii
CHAPTERS…………………………………………………………………....…..viii

6. vi
LIST OF FIGURE
Fig-1.1:- Solar Isolation in India............................................................03
Fig-1.2:- Figure of Photo Voltaic Cell...................................................05
Fig-1.3:- Energy Output Vs. Tilt
Angle...................................................07
FIG-3.1:- Equivalent Circuit Photo Voltaic Cell....................................11
Fig-3-2:- I-V & P-V characteristics of Photovoltaic Cell and MPP...... 12
Fig-3.3-Series Connection of PV Cell....................................................13
Fig-3.4-Series Connection of 10 PV Cell...............................................13
Fig-3-5:-Series Connected PV Cells Output Voltage & Current...........14
Fig-3-6:-Parallel Connected PV Cells Output Voltage & Current.........15
Fig-3.7- PV Module................................................................................15
Fig-3.8- Bypass Diode............................................................................16
Fig-3.9:-Working Of Bypass Diode.......................................................16
Fig-3.10- Constructed PV Module Using MATLAB.............................17
Fig-3.11- PV Module connected with variable load and constant.........18
Fig-3.12:- I-V characteristics of Photovoltaic Module using
MATLAB.................................................................................................19
Fig-3.13:- P-V characteristics of Photovoltaic Module using
MATLAB..............................................................................................19
Fig-3.14:- I-V & P-V characteristics of Photovoltaic Module by four
level Irradiance and Maximum Power point saw by ‘*’ using
MATLAB.................................................................................................20
Fig-4.1:- Basic Diagram of System........................................................21
Fig-4.2:- Arrangement of PMDC Operated by PV Module Using
MATLAB...............................................................................................22

7. vii
Fig.4.3:- Irradiance and solver configuration.........................................22
Fig.4.4:- Connection of solar cell........................................................23
Fig.4.5:- Output device scope in MATLAB.......................................24
Fig-4.6:- Flow chart of the perturb & observe.......................................23
Fig-4.7:- Circuit Diagram of Cuck Converter.......................................29
Fig-5.1 Irradiance vs. Time.................................................................30
Fig-5.2:-Output IV characteristics When Irradiance vary A/C to Ramp
Signal.......................................................................................................30
Fig-5.3:- Output IV characteristics When Irradiance vary A/C to
Constant Signal ........................................................................................31
Fig-5.3:- Output PV characteristics When Irradiance vary A/C to
Constant Signal ........................................................................................31

8. viii
CHAPTERS
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1SolarEnergy......................................................................... 01
1.1.1General Introduction of Solar Energy ..........................................................01
1.1.2 Solar Energy applications.............................................................................01
1.1.3Basic ideas about the pre-historic way of using solar energy.......................02
1.1.4Solar Isolation in India..................................................................................02
1.1.5 In Rajasthan..................................................................................................02
1.2 Electricity from SolarEnergy.......................................................03
1.3 Introduction of Photo Voltaic Systems ........................................04
1.3.1 To Obtain A Useful Power Output From Photon Interaction in A Semi-
conductor three Process Are required...................................................................04
1.3.2 Photo Voltaic Cell Consist Of .....................................................................04
1.3.3History of Photovoltaic Cell..........................................................................04
1.3.4 How PV Cells Are Made............................................................................05
1.3.5 Type PV Panels...........................................................................................06
1.3.6 Operational system of a PV panel...............................................................07
1.4 ProjectContain...............................................................................08
1.4.1 Modeling and simulation of Photovoltaic Array with PMDC
Machine………………………………………………………………………..08
1.4.1 Study of Characteristic of PV Module......................................................08
1.4.1 Study of Construction PV Module............................................................08
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Basic Photovoltaic Principles and Methods.................................09
2.2 Connectionof solarcells and mismatch between, Packaging of
modules, Failure modes for modules S. Brenner..............................09

9. ix
2.3 “Renewableand Efficient Electric PowerSystem,” Gilbert M.
Masters..................................................................................................10
2.4 NeerajTiwari..................................................................................10
Chapter 3 Construction of PV Module and Its
Characteristics
3.1 Equivalent Circuit Photovoltaic Cell............................................11
3.1.1 I-V and P-V characteristics of Photovoltaic Cell and Maximum Power
Point......................................................................................................................12
3.2Connecting solarcells......................................................................13
3.2.1 Solar Cells in Series.....................................................................................13
3.2.2 Solar Cells in Parallel ..................................................................................14
3.3 Connectionfor a Module...............................................................15
3.3.1 Bypass Diode..............................................................................................16
3.4 Constructionof PV Module Using MATLAB..............................17
3.5 PV Cell V-I & P-V Characteristics using MATLAB...18
3.5.1 PV Cell V-I & P-V Characteristics with constant irradiance and variable
load........................................................................................................................18
3.5.2 Design of Other Module which has four level Irradiance and Maximum
Power point saw by ‘*’at its output.......................................................................20
Chapter 4 Simulation and modelling of the PV Array
4.1 Basic Arrangement PV Module....................................................21
4.2 Modelling of PV Array using MATLAB....................................22
4.2.1 Irradiance......................................................................................................22
4.2.2 Photovoltaic Module....................................................................................23
4.2.3 XY Plot Scope .............................................................................................24
4.2.4 Maximum Power Point Tracker Controller..................................................24
4.2.5 Cuk Converter ........................................................................................28

10. x
Chapter 5 RESULTS & DISCUSSION
5.1 Irradiance Vs Time.........................................................................30
5.2 Output When Irradiance vary A/C to ConstantSignal............30
5.3 Output PV characteristics When Irradiance vary A/C to
Constant Signal.............. ......................................................................31
CONCLUSION.....................................................................................32
REFERENCES.....................................................................................34