The document describes a mini project report on modeling and simulation of a solar photovoltaic system with Perturb and Observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. The project involves designing models of the key system components including the solar PV panel, MPPT controller, DC-DC boost converter, three-phase three-leg inverter and 12-pulse auto-connected transformer. Simulations will then be carried out and results analyzed to study the performance of the system.
Its a comparison of performance of MPPT controllers in case of solar PV array under same working conditions. The MPPT controllers used are Artificial Neural Network and P&O based.
“MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF DC-DC CONVERTER FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM” Final...8381801685
This project portrays a comparative analysis of DC-DC Converters for Renewable Energy System. The electrolysis method which increases the hydrogen production and storage rate from wind-PV systems. It has been proved that DC-DC converter with transformer has the desirable features for electrolyser application. The converter operates in lagging PF mode for a very wide change in load and supply voltage variations, thus ensuring ZVS for all the primary switches. The peak current through the switches decreases with load current.This paper portrays a comparative analysis of DC-DC Converters for Renewable Energy System . The simulation and experimental results show that the power gain obtained by this method clearly increases the hydrogen production and storage rate from wind-PV systems. It has been proved that DC-DC converter with transformer has the desirable features for electrolyser application. Theoretical predictions of the selected configuration have been compared with the MATLAB simulation results. The simulation and experimental results indicate that the output of the inverter is nearly sinusoidal. The output of rectifier is pure DC due to the presence of LC filter at the output. It can be seen that the efficiency of DC-DC converter with transformer is 15% higher than the converter without transformer.
Phasor measurement unit and it's application pptKhurshid Parwez
The effective operation of power systems in the present and the future depends to a large extent on how well the emerging challenges are met today. Power systems continue to be stressed as they are operated in many instances at or near their full capacities. In order to keep power systems operating in secure and economic conditions, it is necessary to further improve power system protection and control system. Phasor measurement unit (PMUs), introduced into power system as a useful tool for monitoring the performance of power system, has been proved its value in the extensive applications of electric power system. In response, a research program that is specifically aimed at using PMU to improve the power system protection and control. To ensure that the proposed research program is responsive to particular industry needs in this area, and participants of the workshop identified two major research areas in which technological and institutional solutions are needed: 1) PMU implementation, 2) PMU applications. It’s recommends research, design, and development (RD&D) projects in this report. The objective of these projects is to improve the reliability of local and wide transmission grid by enabling and enhancing the system protection and control schemes by using PMU measurement data, reduce the economic burden of utilizes to implement PMUs.
Its a comparison of performance of MPPT controllers in case of solar PV array under same working conditions. The MPPT controllers used are Artificial Neural Network and P&O based.
“MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF DC-DC CONVERTER FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM” Final...8381801685
This project portrays a comparative analysis of DC-DC Converters for Renewable Energy System. The electrolysis method which increases the hydrogen production and storage rate from wind-PV systems. It has been proved that DC-DC converter with transformer has the desirable features for electrolyser application. The converter operates in lagging PF mode for a very wide change in load and supply voltage variations, thus ensuring ZVS for all the primary switches. The peak current through the switches decreases with load current.This paper portrays a comparative analysis of DC-DC Converters for Renewable Energy System . The simulation and experimental results show that the power gain obtained by this method clearly increases the hydrogen production and storage rate from wind-PV systems. It has been proved that DC-DC converter with transformer has the desirable features for electrolyser application. Theoretical predictions of the selected configuration have been compared with the MATLAB simulation results. The simulation and experimental results indicate that the output of the inverter is nearly sinusoidal. The output of rectifier is pure DC due to the presence of LC filter at the output. It can be seen that the efficiency of DC-DC converter with transformer is 15% higher than the converter without transformer.
Phasor measurement unit and it's application pptKhurshid Parwez
The effective operation of power systems in the present and the future depends to a large extent on how well the emerging challenges are met today. Power systems continue to be stressed as they are operated in many instances at or near their full capacities. In order to keep power systems operating in secure and economic conditions, it is necessary to further improve power system protection and control system. Phasor measurement unit (PMUs), introduced into power system as a useful tool for monitoring the performance of power system, has been proved its value in the extensive applications of electric power system. In response, a research program that is specifically aimed at using PMU to improve the power system protection and control. To ensure that the proposed research program is responsive to particular industry needs in this area, and participants of the workshop identified two major research areas in which technological and institutional solutions are needed: 1) PMU implementation, 2) PMU applications. It’s recommends research, design, and development (RD&D) projects in this report. The objective of these projects is to improve the reliability of local and wide transmission grid by enabling and enhancing the system protection and control schemes by using PMU measurement data, reduce the economic burden of utilizes to implement PMUs.
This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.
Major Project report "MPPT BASED BATTERY CHARGING USING SOLAR ENERGY" (or) so...ViJay ChouDhary
A Major Project Report on
MPPT BASED BATTERY CHARGING USING SOLAR
ENERGY
” in fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering
submitted in the Department of Electrical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal
Brief description of solar PV system and study of Maximum Power point tracking techniques. Here two methods has been discussed - 1) Perturbation and observation 2) Incremental conductance.
The electric power supplied by a photovoltaic power generation system depends on the solar radiation and temperature. Designing efficient PV systems heavily emphasizes to track the maximum power operating point.
This work develops a three-point weight comparison method that avoids the oscillation problem of the perturbation and observation algorithm which is often employed to track the maximum power point. Furthermore, a low cost control unit is developed, based on a single chip to adjust the output voltage of the solar cell array.
Includes Introduction, Derivation of power flow through transmission line, Single line diagram of three phase transmission, methods of finding the performance of transmission line. 1.Analytical Method 2.Graphical method (circle diagram)., circle diagram of receiving end side and sending end side.
GRID INTERCONNECTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AT DISTRIBUTION LEVEL WITH P...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This project presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/ Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
Large Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources - Way ForwardSpark Network
A detailed report on the recommended methodology for the effective integration of Renewable Energy Projects with the Grid has been published by Central Electricity Authority.
Load / Frequency balancing Control systems studyCAL
In this project, the load and frequency control problem on the power generator at 'Britannia sugar factory' is investigated under different governor action. The existing system employs a Mechanical-hydraulic governor. It is desired to improve the system's response to load disturbances on the interconnected power grid.
Modeling and Simulation of Fuzzy Logic based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MP...IJECEIAES
This paper presents modeling and simulation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) used in solar PV power systems. The Fuzzy logic algorithm is used to minimize the error between the actual power and the estimated maximum power. The simulation model was developed and tested to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed MPPT controller. MATLAB Simulink was employed for simulation studies. The proposed system was simulated and tested successfully on a photovoltaic solar panel model. The Fuzzy logic algorithm succesfully tracking the MPPs and performs precise control under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Simulation results indicate the feasibility and improved functionality of the system.
This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.
Major Project report "MPPT BASED BATTERY CHARGING USING SOLAR ENERGY" (or) so...ViJay ChouDhary
A Major Project Report on
MPPT BASED BATTERY CHARGING USING SOLAR
ENERGY
” in fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering
submitted in the Department of Electrical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal
Brief description of solar PV system and study of Maximum Power point tracking techniques. Here two methods has been discussed - 1) Perturbation and observation 2) Incremental conductance.
The electric power supplied by a photovoltaic power generation system depends on the solar radiation and temperature. Designing efficient PV systems heavily emphasizes to track the maximum power operating point.
This work develops a three-point weight comparison method that avoids the oscillation problem of the perturbation and observation algorithm which is often employed to track the maximum power point. Furthermore, a low cost control unit is developed, based on a single chip to adjust the output voltage of the solar cell array.
Includes Introduction, Derivation of power flow through transmission line, Single line diagram of three phase transmission, methods of finding the performance of transmission line. 1.Analytical Method 2.Graphical method (circle diagram)., circle diagram of receiving end side and sending end side.
GRID INTERCONNECTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AT DISTRIBUTION LEVEL WITH P...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This project presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/ Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
Large Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources - Way ForwardSpark Network
A detailed report on the recommended methodology for the effective integration of Renewable Energy Projects with the Grid has been published by Central Electricity Authority.
Load / Frequency balancing Control systems studyCAL
In this project, the load and frequency control problem on the power generator at 'Britannia sugar factory' is investigated under different governor action. The existing system employs a Mechanical-hydraulic governor. It is desired to improve the system's response to load disturbances on the interconnected power grid.
Modeling and Simulation of Fuzzy Logic based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MP...IJECEIAES
This paper presents modeling and simulation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) used in solar PV power systems. The Fuzzy logic algorithm is used to minimize the error between the actual power and the estimated maximum power. The simulation model was developed and tested to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed MPPT controller. MATLAB Simulink was employed for simulation studies. The proposed system was simulated and tested successfully on a photovoltaic solar panel model. The Fuzzy logic algorithm succesfully tracking the MPPs and performs precise control under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Simulation results indicate the feasibility and improved functionality of the system.
Real Time Implementation of Variable Step Size Based P&O MPPT for PV Systems ...IJPEDS-IAES
Nowadays Solar energy is an important energy source due to the energy crisis and environment pollution. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm improves the utilization efficiency of a photovoltaic systems. In this paper an improved P&O MPPT algorithm is developed and simulated using MATLAB / SIMULINK to control the DC/DC buck converter. The obtained simulink model is also verified using dspace tool. Both the simulated and experimental results are validated by also comparing them with conventional MPPT methods. The performance measures show the increase in the efficiency of PV system by the proposed model.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic Systemijtsrd
Solar energy is a vital untapped resource in a tropical country like ours. The main hindrance for the penetration and reach of solar PV systems is their low efficiency and high capital cost. The efficiency of solar PV is very low. In order to increase the efficiency, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques are to be undertaken to match the source and load property. These techniques are employed in PV systems to make full utilization of PV array output power. Recently, many MPPT algorithms of PV system have been proposed which depends on solar irradiation and temperature, but perturb and observe (P&O) and Incremental conductance algorithms are basic and most widely used. This project firstly introduces a Mat lab Simulink of photovoltaic array. To achieve the maximum power point tracking the Incremental Conductance method and perturb and observed (P&O) method are used. These two algorithms are employed with PV model along with converter in Mat lab Simulink. Three different converter boost, buck boost and cuk converter are design according to requirement and used. Few comparisons such as voltage, current and power output for each different combination have been recorded. Irfan Khan | Ameen Uddin Ahmad"Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5743.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/5743/modeling-and-simulation-of-solar--photovoltaic-system/irfan-khan
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Simulation of various DC-DC converters for photovoltaic systemIJECEIAES
This work explains the comparison of various dc-dc converters for photovoltaic systems. In recent day insufficient energy and continues increasing in fuel cost, exploration on renewable energy system becomes more essential. For high and medium power applications, high input source from renewable systems like photovoltaic and wind energy system turn into difficult one, which leads to increase of cost for installation process. So the generated voltage from PV system is boosted with help various boost converter depends on the applications. Here the various converters are like boost converter, buck converter, buck-boost converter, cuk converter, sepic converter and zeta converter are analysed for photovoltaic system, which are verified using matlab / simulink.
A Novel Approach on Photovoltaic Technologies for Power Injection in Grid Usi...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the simulation of the Solar Photovoltaic module using Matlab Simulink. This model is based on mathematical equations and is described through an equivalent circuit including a photocurrent source, a diode, a series resistor and a shunt resistor. This paper presents integration of the grid distribution network in Indian scenario with solar power technology to meet the additional electrical energy demand of urban as well as rural sectors which are both rapidly expanding. First of all the data of a real life power plant having 24V, 230W Power PV module has been compared and analyzed with that of matlab program output for identical module and it has been find out that a variation in temperature affects the parameters values as well as the performance of the solar module. After the above analysis the design and Simulink implementation for single phase power grid connected PV system has been done. The system includes the PV array model, the integration of the MPPT with boost dc converter , dc to ac inverter, single phase series load connected to ac grid. It is demonstrated that the model works well at different temperature conditions and predicting the General behavior of single-phase grid- connected PV systems .
The purpose of this article is to extract the maximum power point at which the photovoltaic system can operate optimally. The system considered is simulated under different irradiations (between 200 W/m2 and 1000 W/m2), it mainly includes the established models of solar PV and MPPT module, a DC/DC boost converter and a DC/AC converter. The most common MPPT techniques that will be studied are: "Perturbation and Observation" (P&O) method, "Incremental Conductance" (INC) method, and "Fuzzy Logic" (FL) control. Simulation results obtained using MATLAB/Simulink are analyzed and compared to evaluate the performance of each of the three techniques.
Simulation of incremental conductance mppt with direct control method using c...eSAT Journals
Abstract PV Module Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is a photovoltaic system that uses the photovoltaic array as a source of electrical power supply. Every photovoltaic (PV) array has an optimum operating point, called the maximum power point, which varies depending on cell temperature, the insulation level and array voltage. The function of MPPT is needed to operate the PV array at its maximum power point. The design of a Maximum Peak Power Tracking (MPPT) is proposed utilizing a cuk converter topology. Solar panel voltage and current are continuously monitored by a MPPT, and the duty cycle of the cuk converter continuously adjusted to extract maximum power. The design consists of a PV array, DC-DC cuk converter and many such algorithms have been proposed. However, one particular algorithm, the Incremental Conductance method, claimed by many in the literature to be inferior to others, continues to be by far the most widely used method in commercial PV MPPT’s. The general model was implemented on Mat lab, and accepts irradiance and temperature as variable parameters and outputs the I-V characteristic and P-V characteristic Index Terms: PV system; Maximum power point tracking (MPPT); Incremental conductance (Inccond); digital signal processor (dsp)
Development of a Novel Robust Differential Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT...IJSRP Journal
The use of photovoltaic (PV) systems is increasingly growing in importance since they involve an exploitation of solar radiation constituting an energy source which is renewable, available in most places, and pollution-free. Despite their numerous advantages, PV systems have two major drawbacks: low energy conversion efficiency and loss of energy due to variations in meteorological conditions; for this reason, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control techniques play a key role in exploiting the maximum energy caught by PV modules. The output characteristic of a photovoltaic array is nonlinear and changes with solar irradiation and the cell’s temperature. Therefore, a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique is needed to draw peak power from the solar array to maximize the produced energy. In this study we have analyzed the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method and finding out a new and easier way to track maximum power point (MPP) and also our study is focused to overcome the drawbacks of MPPT. This research paper presents a novel MPP tracking method for tracking exact Maximum Power Point (MPP) if the irradiation or load changes.
Human population of the world and its Electrical
power demand is increasing day by day. The available fossil
fuel energy resources are being depleted day by day. So it is a
wise decision to absorb the natural renewable energy
resources. Among the other natural resources, solar energy is
also a precious available energy source. In Pakistan abundance
solar energy can be easily extracted.
In this research work, impacts of solar generation system are
analyzed while integrated with 11kV radial distribution feeder.
PV system is integrated with feeder in three different ways by
using SINCAL software and its impacts in terms of the power
loss, voltage profile and short circuit level are analyzed. When
PV system is integrated with HT side it results negligible
increment in voltage, no change in LT losses, negligible
decrement in HT losses and no change in short circuit level.
When PV system is connected with LT bus-bar of each
transformer, there is significant increment in voltage, small
decrement in LT losses, significant decrement in HT losses and
smaller increment in short circuit level. When PV system is
connected with each load, there is significant increment in
voltage, large decrement in LT losses, significant decrement in
HT losses and smaller increment in short circuit level.
Nine Level Inverter with Boost Converter from Renewable Energy SourceIJERA Editor
A new single phase nine level multilevel inverter is proposed. The input to the proposed nine level multilevel inverter is obtained from solar panel . The solar energy obtained from the solar panel is not constant and it varies with times. In order to maintain the constant voltage obtained from the solar panel the boost converter is used to maintain the constant output voltage using MPPT ( Perturb and observe algorithm) algorithm. Then the buck boost converter output voltage is stored in the battery bank. Finally the battery energy is connected to the 9 level inverter circuits. The harmonics in the inverter is eliminated by using the fuzzy logic controller. The gate pulse for the multilevel inverter is given by the fuzzy logic controller which in turn reduces the harmonics in the inverter. Then the inverter output is connected to the grid are some application.
Reactive Power Compensation in Distribution Network with Slide Mode MPPT Cont...IJRST Journal
The Grid connected PV system requires a proper voltage control controller.
In this paper an efficient voltage control by using slide mode controller with
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is presented. The voltage
command is determined by the PV panel. Here the sliding mode controller is
designed so as to balance the power flow from PV panel to the grid and load
such that the PV power is utilized effectively. The design and simulation
using MATLAB is presented in this work.
Implementation Of A High-Efficiency, High-Lifetime, And Low-Cost Converter Us...irjes
This paper proposes a new converter for photovoltaic water pumping and treatment systems without
the use of storage elements. The converter is designed to drive a three-phase induction motor directly from PV
solar energy. The use of this motor has the objective of presenting a better solution to the standard DC motor
water pumping system. The development is oriented to achieve a commercially viable solution and a market
friendly product. The converter topology is based on a Resonant Two Inductor Boost converter and a Threephase
Voltage Source inverter achieving 90% efficiency at a rated power of 210W.
Photovoltaic Cell Fed 3-Phase Induction Motor Using MPPT TechniqueIAES-IJPEDS
This Paper emphasizes on proposing a cost effective photovoltaic (PV) fed 3 phase Induction motor drive which serves for rural pumping applications. Generally in a standalone system, the PV unit will charge the battery and the battery set up in turn will serve as a source for the inverter. A new single stage battery less power conversion is employed by designing a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) embedded boost converter which makes the overall cost of the setup to go down considerably. The realized as a prototype consisting PV array of 500watts, MPPT aided boost converter, three phase inverter and a three phase squirrel cage induction drive of 300 watts. An efficient and low cost micro controller dspic4011 is used a platform to code and implement the prominent perturb and observe MPPT technique. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is the control technique employed for the three phase inverter. To validate the experimental results simulation of the whole set up is carried out in matlab /simulink environment. Simulation and hardware results reveal that the system is versatile.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET- A Review on Solar based Multilevel Inverter with Three Phase Grid Supply
Mini_Project
1. Modelling and Simulation of a
Solar Photovoltaic System With
P&O MPPT Control
Mini Project Report Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
degree
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Under the guidance of
Dr. R. Kalpana
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
National Institute of Technology Karnataka
Kunal Jha (13EE127)
Pratheek Rajan (13EE138)
S Harshavardhana Reddy (13EE142)
2. 2
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report titled “Modelling and Simulation of a
Solar Photovoltaic System with P&O MPPT control” is a bonafide work carried
out by:-
Kunal Jha (13EE127)
Pratheek Rajan (13EE138)
S Harshavardhana Reddy (13EE142)
, the Students of 5th semester B.Tech Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
National Institute of Technology Karnataka-Surathkal. This project has been
completed under the guidance of Dr. R Kalpana, Assistant Professor, Electrical &
Electronics Engineering, NITK-Surathkal during the academic year 2015-16 as a
design and development task in power electronics (EE348).
Signature of the Guide
Date:-
3. 3
Acknowledgement
It is our privilege to express our heartfelt gratitude for our guide Dr. R. Kalpana, Assistant
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Institute of
Technology Karnataka, Surathkal for her invaluable guidance, inspiration and timely
suggestions and encouragement which facilitated the entire process of bringing out this report
on “Modelling and Simulation of a Solar Photovoltaic System with P&O MPPT control” .
We would also like to thank Mr Saravana Purushothaman for his continuous support and
help in the completion of this project.
Last but not the least, we thank our families and our friends for their motivation,
encouragement and moral support throughout the duration of the mini project.
4. 4
Table of Contents
Topics Page No.
1. Plan of work 5
2. Abstract
3. Introduction
6
7
4. Domain knowledge
4.1 PV Systems 8
4.2 MPPT Techniques 8
4.2.1 Classifications 9
4.2.2 Comparison of Methods 10
4.3 DC-DC Boost Converter 10
4.4 Three Phase Three Leg Inverter 11
4.5 Low Pass Filter 12
5. Design of Subsystems
5.1 Design of Solar PV Model 13
5.2 Design of MPPT Based Pulse Width Modulator 14
5.3 Design of Boost Converter 15
5.4 Design of Three Phase Three Leg Inverter 16
6. Block Diagram and Control Schemes
7. Modelling and Simulations
17
19
8. Results 28
9. Conclusion and future work 29
5. 5
1. Plan of Work
Sr. Task Name Period
Start Date End Date
1 Simulation of Solar Model July 23 July 28
2 Simulation of MPPT Subsystem July 28 August 18
3 Simulation of Boost Converter August 18 August 25
4 Simulation of 3-Phase 3-Leg Inverter August 25 September 15
5 Simulation of Auto Connected Transformer September 15 September 29
6 Harmonic Analysis of Waveforms September 29 October 13
7 Design of Low Pass Filter October 13 November 3
8 Result Compilation November 3 November 17
6. 6
2.Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are solar energy supply systems, which either supply power directly
to an electrical equipment or feed energy into the public electricity grid. In the photovoltaic
system, power electronic conversion is necessary to improve the efficiency of PV panels and
system stability. In these systems, the backstage power circuit consists of a high step-up DC
to DC converter and a three leg inverter to convert DC to AC, as the load voltage is AC in
nature. A 12 -pulse Auto-connected transformer is used to reduce harmonics in the output
waveform. Also a low pass filter is used which minimizes the Total Harmonic Distortion
(THD) caused by inverter so that the system is within its acceptable limits. A feedback control
circuit employing Maximum power point tracking technique (MPPT) is used in boost
converter, so as to regulate the converter output voltage. Control circuit is required to get
constant output voltage at load side as PV systems output voltage is continuously varying in
nature. This mini-project highlights the analysis of a three phase off-grid solar photovoltaic
system and grid connected solar photovoltaic system. The grid connection is implemented
using a VSC control topology inorder to adjust the waveform to meet the requirements of the
Utility Grid. System model is formulated and simulation is carried out.
7. 7
3.Introduction
With the increasing concern about the non-renewable energy sources, constant increase in fossil fuel prices,
global warming, damage to environment and ecosystem, the renewable energy is becoming more popular and
is gaining more attention as an alternative to non-renewable energy sources. Among the renewable energy
sources, the energy through photovoltaic effect is being considered as the most essential and sustainable
energy resource as compared to other types of energy sources such as wind, tidal etc. Solar energy is a kind
of energy which converts solar radiation into electricity. The PV system connected to grid is called Grid
Connected PV System. Grid connected PV system have become more popular because of their applications
in distributed generation and for effectively using the PV array power.
Major system components
Solar PV system includes different components that should be selected according to your system type, site
location and applications. The major components for solar PV system are solar charge controller, inverter,
battery bank, auxiliary energy sources and loads (appliances).
PV module – converts sunlight into DC electricity.
Solar charge controller – regulates the voltage and current coming from the PV panels going to battery
and prevents battery overcharging and prolongs the battery life.
Inverter – converts DC output of PV panels or wind turbine into a clean AC current for AC appliances or
fed back into grid line.
Battery – stores energy for supplying to electrical appliances when there is a demand.
Load – is electrical appliances that connected to solar PV system such as lights, radio, TV, computer,
refrigerator, etc.
Auxiliary energy sources – is diesel generator or other renewable energy sources.
Advantages of solar power:
Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source.
Once a solar panel is installed, solar energy can be produced free of charge.
Solar energy will last forever whereas it is estimated that the world’s oil reserves will last for 30 to 40
years.
Solar energy causes no pollution. Solar cells make absolutely no noise at all. On the other hand, the giant
machines utilized for pumping oil are extremely noisy and therefore very impractical.
Very little maintenance is needed to keep solar cells running. There are no moving parts in a solar cell
which makes it impossible to really damage them.
In the long term, there can be a high return on investment due to the amount of free energy a solar panel
can produce, it is estimated that the average household will see 50% of their energy coming in from solar
panels.
8. 8
4.Domain Knowledge
4.1 Working of a PV Cell
A typical silicon PV cell is composed of a thin wafer consisting of an ultra-thin layer of phosphorus-doped
(N-type) silicon on top of a thicker layer of boron-doped (P-type) silicon. An electrical field is created near
the top surface of the cell where these two materials are in contact, called the P-N junction. When sunlight
strikes the surface of a PV cell, this electrical field provides momentum and direction to light-stimulated
electrons, resulting in a flow of current when the solar cell is connected to an electrical load
Fig. 1 Working of PV Cell
Regardless of size, a typical silicon PV cell produces about 0.5 – 0.6 volt DC under open-circuit, no-load
conditions. The current (and power) output of a PV cell depends on its efficiency and size (surface area), and
is proportional to the intensity of sunlight striking the surface of the cell. For example, under peak sunlight
conditions, a typical commercial PV cell with a surface area of 160 cm^2 (~25 in^2) will produce about 2
watts peak power. If the sunlight intensity were 40 percent of peak, this cell would produce about 0.8 watts.
4.2 MPPT Techniques
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique that charge controllers use for wind turbines and PV
solar systems to maximize power output. PV solar systems exist in several different configurations. The most
basic version sends power from collector panels directly to the DC-AC inverter, and from there directly to the
electrical grid.
Solar cells have a complex relationship between temperature and total resistance that produces a non-linear
output efficiency which can be analysed based on the I-V curve. It is the purpose of the MPPT system to
sample the output of the PV cells and apply the proper resistance (load) to obtain maximum power for any
given environmental conditions. MPPT devices are typically integrated into an electric power
converter system that provides voltage or current conversion, filtering, and regulation for driving various
loads, including power grids, batteries, or motors.
Solar inverters convert the DC power to AC power and may incorporate MPPT: such inverters sample the
output power (I-V curve) from the solar modules and apply the proper resistance (load) so as to obtain
maximum power.
MPP (Maximum power point) is the product of the MPP voltage (Vmpp) and MPP current (Impp).
9. 9
4.2.1 Classifications
Controllers usually follow one of three types of strategies to optimize the power output of an array. Maximum
power point trackers may implement different algorithms and switch between them based on the operating
conditions of the array.
Perturb and observe
In this method the controller adjusts the voltage by a small amount from the array and measures power; if the
power increases, further adjustments in that direction are tried until power no longer increases. This is called
the Perturb & Observe method and is most common, although this method can result in oscillations of power
output. It is referred to as a hill climbing method, because it depends on the rise of the curve of power against
voltage below the maximum power point, and the fall above that point. Perturb and observe is the most
commonly used MPPT method due to its ease of implementation. Perturb and observe method may result in
top-level efficiency, provided that a proper predictive and adaptive hill climbing strategy is adopted.
Incremental conductance
In the incremental conductance method, the controller measures incremental changes in PV array current and
voltage to predict the effect of a voltage change. This method requires more computation in the controller, but
can track changing conditions more rapidly than the Perturb & Observe method (P&O). Like the P&O
algorithm, it can produce oscillations in power output. This method utilizes the incremental conductance
(dI/dV) of the photovoltaic array to compute the sign of the change in power with respect to voltage (dP/dV).
The incremental conductance method computes the maximum power point by comparison of the incremental
conductance (IΔ / VΔ) to the array conductance (I / V). When these two are the same (I / V = IΔ / VΔ), the
output voltage is the MPP voltage. The controller maintains this voltage until the irradiation changes and the
process is repeated.
Current Sweep
The current sweep method uses a sweep waveform for the PV array current such that the I-V characteristic of
the PV array is obtained and updated at fixed time intervals. The maximum power point voltage can then be
computed from the characteristic curve at the same intervals.
Constant voltage
The term "constant voltage" in MPP tracking is used to describe different techniques by different authors, one
in which the output voltage is regulated to a constant value under all conditions and one in which the output
voltage is regulated based on a constant ratio to the measured open circuit voltage (VOC). The latter technique
is referred to in contrast as the "open voltage" method by some authors. If the output voltage is held constant,
there is no attempt to track the maximum power point, so it is not a maximum power point tracking technique
in a strict sense, though it does have some advantages in cases when the MPP tracking tends to fail, and thus
it is sometimes used to supplement an MPPT method in those cases.
10. 10
In the "constant voltage" MPPT method (also known as the "open voltage method"), the power delivered to
the load is momentarily interrupted and the open-circuit voltage with zero current is measured. The controller
then resumes operation with the voltage controlled at a fixed ratio, such as 0.76, of the open-circuit voltage
VOC. This is usually a value which has been determined to be the maximum power point, either empirically or
based on modelling, for expected operating conditions. The operating point of the PV array is thus kept near
the MPP by regulating the array voltage and matching it to the fixed reference voltage Vref = k×VOC. The value
of Vref may be also chosen to give optimal performance relative to other factors as well as the MPP, but the
central idea in this technique is that Vref is determined as a ratio to VOC.
One of the inherent approximations to the "constant voltage" ratio method is that the ratio of the MPP voltage
to VOC is only approximately constant, so it leaves room for further possible optimization.
4.2.2 Comparison of methods
Both perturb and observe, and incremental conductance, are examples of "hill climbing" methods that can find
the local maximum of the power curve for the operating condition of the PV array, and so provide a true
maximum power point.
P&O can produce oscillations of power output around the maximum power point even under steady state
irradiance.
The incremental conductance method has the advantage over the P&O method that it can determine the
maximum power point without oscillating around this value. It can perform maximum power point tracking
under rapidly varying irradiation conditions with higher accuracy than the P&O. However, the incremental
conductance method can produce oscillations and can perform erratically under rapidly changing atmospheric
conditions. The computational time is increased due to slowing down of the sampling frequency resulting
from the higher complexity of the algorithm compared to the P&O method.
In the constant voltage ratio (or "open voltage") method, the current from the photovoltaic array must be set
to zero momentarily to measure the open circuit voltage and then afterwards set to a predetermined percentage
of the measured voltage, usually around 76%. Energy may be wasted during the time the current is set to
zero. The approximation of 76% as the MPP/VOC ratio is not necessarily accurate though. Although simple
and low-cost to implement, the interruptions reduce array efficiency and do not ensure finding the actual
maximum power point. However, efficiencies of some systems may reach above 95%.
4.3 DC-DC Boost Converter
The key principle that drives the boost converter is the tendency of an inductor to resist changes in current by
creating and destroying a magnetic field. In a boost converter, the output voltage is always higher than the
input voltage.
(a) When the switch is closed, electrons flow through the inductor in clockwise direction and the inductor
stores some energy by generating a magnetic field. Polarity of the left side of the inductor is positive.
(b) When the switch is opened, current will be reduced as the impedance is higher. The magnetic field
previously created will be destroyed to maintain the current towards the load. Thus the polarity will be reversed
(means left side of inductor will be negative now). As a result two sources will be in series causing a higher
voltage to charge the capacitor through the diode D.
11. 11
If the switch is cycled fast enough, the inductor will not discharge fully in between charging stages, and the
load will always see a voltage greater than that of the input source alone when the switch is opened. Also
while the switch is opened, the capacitor in parallel with the load is charged to this combined voltage. When
the switch is then closed and the right hand side is shorted out from the left hand side, the capacitor is therefore
able to provide the voltage and energy to the load. During this time, the blocking diode prevents the capacitor
from discharging through the switch. The switch must of course be opened again fast enough to prevent the
capacitor from discharging too much.
The basic principle of a Boost converter consists of 2 distinct states:
In the On-state, the switch S is closed, resulting in an increase in the inductor current;
In the Off-state, the switch is open and the only path offered to inductor current is through the flyback
diode D, the capacitor C and the load R. This results in transferring the energy accumulated during the On-
state into the capacitor.
The input current is the same as the inductor current as can be seen in. So it is not discontinuous as in
the buck converter and the requirements on the input filter are relaxed compared to a buck converter.
Fig. 2 Boost Converter
4.4 Three Phase Three Leg Inverter
Three phase inverter Three-phase inverters are used for variable-frequency drive applications and for high
power applications such as HVDC power transmission. A basic three-phase inverter consists of three single-
phase inverter switches each connected to one of the three load terminals. For the most basic control scheme,
the operation of the three switches is coordinated so that one switch operates at each 60 degree point of the
fundamental output waveform. This creates a line-to-line output waveform that has six steps. The six-step
waveform has a zero-voltage step between the positive and negative sections of the square-wave such that the
harmonics that are multiples of three are eliminated as described above. When carrier-based PWM techniques
are applied to six-step waveforms, the basic overall shape, or envelope, of the waveform is retained so that
the 3rd harmonic and its multiples are cancelled.
To construct inverters with higher power ratings, two six-step three-phase inverters can be connected in
parallel for a higher current rating or in series for a higher voltage rating. In either case, the output waveforms
12. 12
are phase shifted to obtain a 12-step waveform. If additional inverters are combined, an 18-step inverter is
obtained with three inverters etc. Although inverters are usually combined for the purpose of achieving
increased voltage or current ratings, the quality of the waveform is improved as well.
Fig. 3 Three Phase Three Leg Inverter
4.5 Low Pass Filter
Low pass filters are used in a wide number of applications. Particularly in radio frequency applications, low
pass filters are made in their LC form using inductors and capacitors. Typically they may be used to filter out
unwanted signals that may be present in a band above the wanted pass band. In this way, this form of filter
only accepts signals below the cut-off frequency.
Low pass filters using LC components, i.e. inductors and capacitors are arranged in ether a pi or T network.
For the pi section filter, each section has one series component and either side a component to ground. The T
network low pass filter has one component to ground and either side there is a series in line component. In the
case of a low pass filter the series component or components are inductors whereas the components to ground
are capacitors.
Fig. 4 LC Filter
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5. Design of Subsystems
5.1 Design of Solar PV Model
The complete behaviour of PV cells as described by five model parameters (IPV, N, I0, RS and RP) which
represent the physical behaviours of PV cell/module.
Equivalent circuit of a PV panel consists of a light generated current source, a diode representing the nonlinear
impedance of the p-n junction, RS, the series resistance representing the internal electrical losses, and, RP, the
shunt resistance exists mainly due to the leakage current of the p–n junction. Applying Kirchhoff’s current
law, to above circuit, the terminal current of a PV panel is,
𝑰 = 𝑰 𝒑𝒗 − 𝑰 𝑫 −
𝑽 + 𝑰𝑹 𝑺
𝑹 𝑷
Where IPV is the current generated by PV panel, also known as photovoltaic current, Id is the diode current, I
is terminal current of a PV panel and V is terminal voltage of a PV panel. The current generated by PV cell is
given as,
𝑰 𝒑𝒗 = (𝑰 𝒑𝒗𝒏 + 𝑲 𝑰)
𝑮
𝑮 𝒏
Where, Ipvn is the light-generated current at the nominal condition (usually 25°C and 1000 W/m2
), KI is short-
circuit current/temperature co-efficient, ΔT = T- Tn (where T and Tn being the actual and nominal temperatures
in Kelvin, respectively), G (W/m2
) is the solar irradiation on the device surface, and Gn is the nominal
irradiation. Diode current Id is given as,
𝑰 𝑫 = 𝑰 𝑶 [𝒆
(
𝑽+𝑹 𝑺 𝑰
𝑽 𝑻 𝒂
)
− 𝟏]
Where, I0 is the reverse saturation current of a diode, ‘a’ is diode ideality factor and Vt = Ns kT/q, is the thermal
voltage of the array with Ns as number of cells connected in series, k is Boltzmann constant (1.3806503×10-
23
J/K), q is the electron charge (1.60217646×10-19
C). The reverse saturation current of a diode is given by,
𝑰 𝑶 =
𝑰 𝑺𝑪𝑵 + 𝑲 𝑰∆𝑻
𝒆
(
𝑽 𝑶𝑪𝑵+𝑲 𝑽∆𝑻
𝑽 𝑻 𝒂
)
− 𝟏
14. 14
Where, ISCN is the short circuit current at nominal condition. VOCN is the open circuit voltage at nominal
condition. KV is open circuit voltage/temperature co-efficient.
5.2 Design of MPPT based Pulse Width Modulator
The P & O algorithm operated by the periodically perturbing (increasing or decreasing) the terminal voltage
or current and then compare with the output power by the previous perturbation cycle. If the power increases
then one continues increasing the voltage or current in the same direction. If power decreases then continue
vary the voltage or current in the reverse direction.
Fig. 5 P&O MPPT Flowchart
15. 15
5.3 Design of Boost Converter
Fig. 6 Boost Converter
When the switch is turned closed, the voltage across the inductor is given by
𝑽𝒍 = 𝑳
𝒅𝒊
𝒅𝒕
The peak to peak ripple current in the inductor is given by
∆𝑰 =
𝑽 𝑺
𝑳
𝒕 𝟏
The average output voltage is
𝑽 𝟎 = 𝑽 𝑺 + 𝑳
∆𝑰
𝒕 𝟐
= 𝑽 𝑺 (𝟏 +
𝒕 𝟏
𝒕 𝟐
) =
𝑽 𝑺
𝟏 − 𝑫
From the above equations we can observe that if we keep changing the duty ratio of the pulse applied to the
gate of the MOSFET, we can control the output voltage of the boost converter. This is achieved by MPPT
based PWM generator which controls the duty ratio to get the maximum power point voltage for varying input
voltages.
16. 16
5.4 Design of Three Phase Three Leg Inverter
Fig. 7 Phase Voltages- 180° Mode of Conduction
Load Phase Voltages:
17. 17
6. Block Diagram and Control Schemes
System Block Diagram:
Vsc Control Block Diagram:
28. 28
8. Results
THD of the Output waveform connected to grid:
THD of the Output waveform of the off-grid system:
29. 29
9. Conclusion and Future Work
In this project, a solar PV system consisting of a MPPT control block, DC-DC boost converter, three-phase
three leg inverter. Auto-connected transformer, LC Low Pass filter and VSC Control, connected to the utility
grid. A simulation in MATLAB was performed and the harmonic analysis has been performed on the resulting
output waveforms.
The pulse width for the MOSFET in the Boost Converter is varied in accordance to the P&O MPPT Algorithm.
In the Perturb and Observe Method, the voltage, current and power of the previous time period are measured
and compared with the present values, if there is an increase in the power the duty cycle is further increased
otherwise decreased. The main purpose of this is to keep the output voltage of the solar panel equal to the
maximum power voltage of the panel.
The output of the boost converter is given to the three leg inverter which produces a three phase alternating
voltage at its output. An auto-connected transformer is used to reduce the amount of harmonics present in the
voltages. The LC Low pass filter is designed to convert this waveform into sine wave.
The entire system is connected to local loads and the 25kV utility grid, The PWM Pulses for the inverter are
controlled in accordance to the grid requirements by sensing the voltage and current values at the grid end.
In the future we plan to implement the MPPT control with a Microcontroller which senses the voltage and
current using sensors and drives the MOSFET accordingly.
30. 30
DECLARATION
We, students of 5th semester B.Tech Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
hereby declare that we have successfully completed the project titled:-
Modelling and Simulation of a Solar Photovoltaic System with P&O MPPT
control. This project has been made during the academic year 2015-16 and
contains information that is true to the best of our knowledge.
Date:-
Signature of members
Place:-
Signature of Guide