This document presents a study on modeling a photovoltaic system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control using neural networks. It discusses modeling the photovoltaic module and cell using equations. An artificial neural network model with three layers (input, hidden, output) is proposed to identify the maximum power point. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show the effectiveness of the neural network technique in improving photovoltaic system performance and maximizing power extraction compared to conventional MPPT methods. The document also analyzes how temperature and solar radiation influence the current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics of the photovoltaic module.
In photovoltaic (PV) systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are used to track the maximum power from the PV array under the change in irradiance and temperature conditions. The perturb and observe (P&O) is one of the most widely used MPPT techniques in recent times due to its simple implementation and improved performance. However, the P&O has limitations such as oscillation around the MPP during which time the P&O algorithm will become confused due to rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. To overcome the above limitation, this paper uses the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to track the maximum power from the PV system under different irradiance, integrates it with a DC-DC boost converter as a tracker. The result of the FLC performance is compared with the traditional P&O method and shows the MPPT algorithm based on FLC ensures continuous tracking of the maximum power within a short period compared with the traditional P&O method. Besides that, the proposed method (FLC) has a faster dynamic response and low oscillations at the operating point around the MPP under steady-state conditions and dynamic change in irradiance.
Comparison between neural network and P&O method in optimizing MPPT control f...IJECEIAES
The demand for renewable energy has increased because it is considered a clean energy and does not result in any pollution or emission of toxic gases that negatively affect the environment and human health also requiring little maintenance, and emitting no noise, so it is necessary to develop this type of energy and increase its production capacity. In this research a design of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control method using Neural Network (NN) for photovoltaic system is presented. First we design a standalone PV system linked to dc boost chopper with MPPT by perturbation and observation P&O technique, and then a design of MPPT by using ANN for the same system is presented. Comparative between two control methods are studied. The results explained in constant and adjustable weather settings such as irradiation and temperature. The results exposed that the proposed MPPT by ANN control can improve the PV array efficiency by reduce the oscillation around the MPP that accure in P&O method and so decreases the power losses. As well as decrease the the overshot that accure in transient response, and hence improving the performance of the solar cell.
Several algorithms have been offered to track the Maximum Power Point when we have one maximum power point. Moreover, fuzzy control and neural was utilized to track the Maximum Power Point when we have multi-peaks power points. In this paper, we will propose an improved Maximum Power Point tracking method for the photovoltaic system utilizing a modified PSO algorithm. The main advantage of the method is the decreasing of the steady state oscillation (to practically zero) once the Maximum Power Point is located. moreover, the proposed method has the ability to track the Maximum Power Point for the extreme environmental condition that cause the presence of maximum multi-power points, for example, partial shading condition and large fluctuations of insolation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, MATLAB simulations are carried out under very challenging circumstance, namely step changes in irradiance, step changes in load, and partial shading of the Photovoltaic array. Finally, its performance is compared with the perturbation and observation” and fuzzy logic results for the single peak, and the neural-fuzzy control results for the multi-peaks.
Design of Hybrid Solar Wind Energy System in a Microgrid with MPPT Techniques IJECEIAES
DC Microgrid is one feasible and effective solution to integrate renewable energy sources as well as to supply electricity. This paper proposes a DC microgrid with enhanced Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques for wind and solar energy systems. In this paper, the PV system power generation is enhanced by introducing a two-model MPPT technique that combines incremental conductance and constant voltage MPPT algorithms. Also, for the Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) with pitch angle controlling technique, an Optimal Power Control MPPT technique is added. The Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation technique is introduced on grid side converter to improve the supply to the grid. The performance of proposed system is analyzed and the efficiency obtained with these methods is enhanced as compared with the previous methods.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
In photovoltaic (PV) systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are used to track the maximum power from the PV array under the change in irradiance and temperature conditions. The perturb and observe (P&O) is one of the most widely used MPPT techniques in recent times due to its simple implementation and improved performance. However, the P&O has limitations such as oscillation around the MPP during which time the P&O algorithm will become confused due to rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. To overcome the above limitation, this paper uses the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to track the maximum power from the PV system under different irradiance, integrates it with a DC-DC boost converter as a tracker. The result of the FLC performance is compared with the traditional P&O method and shows the MPPT algorithm based on FLC ensures continuous tracking of the maximum power within a short period compared with the traditional P&O method. Besides that, the proposed method (FLC) has a faster dynamic response and low oscillations at the operating point around the MPP under steady-state conditions and dynamic change in irradiance.
Comparison between neural network and P&O method in optimizing MPPT control f...IJECEIAES
The demand for renewable energy has increased because it is considered a clean energy and does not result in any pollution or emission of toxic gases that negatively affect the environment and human health also requiring little maintenance, and emitting no noise, so it is necessary to develop this type of energy and increase its production capacity. In this research a design of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control method using Neural Network (NN) for photovoltaic system is presented. First we design a standalone PV system linked to dc boost chopper with MPPT by perturbation and observation P&O technique, and then a design of MPPT by using ANN for the same system is presented. Comparative between two control methods are studied. The results explained in constant and adjustable weather settings such as irradiation and temperature. The results exposed that the proposed MPPT by ANN control can improve the PV array efficiency by reduce the oscillation around the MPP that accure in P&O method and so decreases the power losses. As well as decrease the the overshot that accure in transient response, and hence improving the performance of the solar cell.
Several algorithms have been offered to track the Maximum Power Point when we have one maximum power point. Moreover, fuzzy control and neural was utilized to track the Maximum Power Point when we have multi-peaks power points. In this paper, we will propose an improved Maximum Power Point tracking method for the photovoltaic system utilizing a modified PSO algorithm. The main advantage of the method is the decreasing of the steady state oscillation (to practically zero) once the Maximum Power Point is located. moreover, the proposed method has the ability to track the Maximum Power Point for the extreme environmental condition that cause the presence of maximum multi-power points, for example, partial shading condition and large fluctuations of insolation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, MATLAB simulations are carried out under very challenging circumstance, namely step changes in irradiance, step changes in load, and partial shading of the Photovoltaic array. Finally, its performance is compared with the perturbation and observation” and fuzzy logic results for the single peak, and the neural-fuzzy control results for the multi-peaks.
Design of Hybrid Solar Wind Energy System in a Microgrid with MPPT Techniques IJECEIAES
DC Microgrid is one feasible and effective solution to integrate renewable energy sources as well as to supply electricity. This paper proposes a DC microgrid with enhanced Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques for wind and solar energy systems. In this paper, the PV system power generation is enhanced by introducing a two-model MPPT technique that combines incremental conductance and constant voltage MPPT algorithms. Also, for the Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) with pitch angle controlling technique, an Optimal Power Control MPPT technique is added. The Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation technique is introduced on grid side converter to improve the supply to the grid. The performance of proposed system is analyzed and the efficiency obtained with these methods is enhanced as compared with the previous methods.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This paper presents a modeling of 185W Mono-crystalline Solar Panel Using Matlab/Simulink approach. The objective of this project to carried out the efficiency and performance of Solar Panel. The type of solar panel in this project is a mono-crystalline by the SC Origin Company. A temperature and irradiance are the input parameters of the system. The outputs of the system are voltage, current and power. In addition, the data of temperature and irradiance from August to December 2017 by RETScreen Website. This data are used as an inout for PV System and the curve of I-V and P-V as the output. The data are collected at location 1.86° N, 103.09° E which is in Bandar Penggaram, Johor. The output result of I-V and P-V will be used to compare with the reference.
This project is based on Construction and connection of photovoltaic module and related theories about it. To utilize maximum energy from the photovoltaic cell first of all understanding of it characteristics is very important because of this in starting of project we done proper study on characteristics of photo voltaic module and maximum power point. After got proper understanding of characteristics we try to use output of photo voltaic cell efficiently with help of Maximum power point tracker and cuk converter.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
A study on modelling and simulation of photovoltaic cellseSAT Journals
Abstract This Paper presents a detailed study on the types of modelling of the PV Panel for simulation studies. The main concern of this study is to analyze the results and compare them under standard test conditions. PV systems are generally integrated with specific control algorithms in order to extract the maximum possible power. Hence it is highly imperative that the Maximum Power Point (MPP) is achieved effectively and thus we need to design a model from which the MPPT algorithm can be realized in an efficient way. Also other parameters should be taken into account for finding the best model for the use in simulation. It is very important to choose the appropriate model based on the application. The models used for study in this paper include the single diode model, two diode model and Simscape modelling. MATLAB/Simulink presents a powerful tool to study such systems. The work tests the accuracy of the models under different temperature and irradiance conditions. The two diode model is known to have better accuracy at low irradiance levels which allows for a more accurate prediction of PV system performance. Simscape, part of Simulink environment, has a solar cell block that makes building a PV model straightforward and much easier programming with full demonstration to all system details. On the basis of the study, the best model that can be used for simulation purposes can be selected. It is envisaged that the work can be very useful for professionals who require simple and accurate PV simulators for their design. All the systems here are modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Keywords: PV cell, STC, MATLAB Simulink, Ideality Factor
a survey of energy harvesting sources for io t deviceIJAEMSJORNAL
Environmental Energy is an alternative energy for wireless devices. A Survey of Energy Harvesting Sources for IoT Device is proposed. This paper identifies the sources of energy harvesting, methods and power density of each technique. Many reassert have carried to extract energy from environment. The IoT and M2M are connected through internet or local area network and these devices come with batteries. The maintenance and charging of batteries becomes tedious due to thousands of device are connected. The concept of Energy harvesting gives the solution for powering IoT, M2M, Wireless nodes etc. The process of extracting energy from the surrounding environment is termed as energy harvesting and derived from windmill and water wheel, thermal, mechanical, solar.
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
A Bibliometric Analysis of Different Maximum Power Point Tracking Methods for...ijtsrd
The most influential and abundant sources of renewable energy in India is that the solar power. The character of position changing of sun is that the prime obstacle of the appliance of solar power. Due to that, the atmospheric temperature and irradiance intensity are altering through the day. This leads the way towards the variations within the extent of power production. Within the direction of maximization of the facility throughout different times of the day, a way called Maximum point Tracking MPPT is employed. The aim of this study is to retrieve the energy from solar by developing an appropriate Maximum Power Pont Tracking technique to style a charge controller. Swati Hadke | Ravi Mishra | Ashutosh Werulkar "A Bibliometric Analysis of Different Maximum Power Point Tracking Methods for Photovoltaic Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42576.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/42576/a-bibliometric-analysis-of-different-maximum-power-point-tracking-methods-for-photovoltaic-systems/swati-hadke
Performance Enhancement of DC Load and Batteries in Photovoltaic Systemijtsrd
To avoid the pollution and to save the non conventional resources, use of renewable energy sources such as wind energy, bio gas, hydro and solar potential has increased and become essential to adopt a low cost generating system in remote areas. Besides the variety of energy sources, solar power advantages are easy to make apparent compared to other methods. For many years, solar energy is the series source of vast amounts of freely available energy, but modern technology has harnessed it. In this paper a proper battery charge controller used in the Standalone Photovoltaic PV system. The power is transfer to the dc load and manages storage level available in this proposed technique. From the PV array the maximum power is extracted by using three different methods. In this proposed technique ‘perturb and observe' and the ‘incremental conductance' control methods and algorithms are analyzed. The system modelling as well as simulation results are presented. Dr. N. Prakash "Performance Enhancement of DC Load and Batteries in Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21638.pdf
This work presents a hybrid soft-computing methodology approach for intelligent maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques of a photovoltaic (PV) system under any expected operating conditions using artificial neural network-fuzzy (neuro-fuzzy). The proposed technique predicts the calculation of the duty cycle ensuring optimal power transfer between the PV generator and the load. The neuro-fuzzy hybrid method combines artificial neural network (ANN) to direct the controller to the region where the MPP is located with its reference voltage estimator and its block of neural order. After that, the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) with rule inference begins to establish the photovoltaic solar system at the MPP. The obtained simulation results using MATLAB/simulink software for the proposed approach compared to ANN and the perturb and observe (P&O), proved that neuro-fuzzy approach fulfilled to extract the optimum power with pertinence, efficiency and precision.
A Management of power flow for DC Microgrid with Solar and Wind Energy SourcesAsoka Technologies
Today there is a rapid proliferation of DC loads into the market and DC micro grid with renewable energy sources is emerging as a possible solution to meet growing energy demand. As different energy sources like solar, wind, fuel cell, and diesel generators can be integrated into the DC grid, Management of power flow among the sources is essential. In this paper, a control strategy for Management of power flow in DC micro grid with solar and wind energy sources is presented. As the regulation of voltage profile is important in a standalone system, a dedicated converter is to be employed for maintaining the DC link voltage. DC link voltage is regulated by the battery circuit while maximum power is extracted from Solar and Wind to feed the loads connected at the DC bus. A power flow algorithm is developed to control among three sources in the DC Microgrid. The algorithm is tested for various load conditions and for fluctuations in solar and wind power in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
A MATLAB /Simulink Modal of Triple-Junction Solar Cell and MPPT Based on Incr...IJERA Editor
Photovoltaic energy is the most important energy resource since it is clean, pollution free, and unlimited. In
current years, a large number of techniques have been projected for tracking the maximum power point.
Maximum power point tracking is used in photovoltaic systems to maximize the photovoltaic array output
power, irrespective of the temperature and radiation conditions and of the load electrical characteristics the PV
array output power is used to directly control the boost converter, thus reducing the complexity of the system.
The method is based on use of a Incremental conductance of the PV to determine an optimum operating current
for the maximum output power. The implementation of a PV model is based on the triple-junction solar cell in
the form of masked block in Matlab/Simulink software package that has a user-friendly icon. It is fast and
accurate technique to follow the maximum power point. This paper presents a new Matlab/Simulink model of a
PV module and a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system for high efficiency InGaP/InGaAs/Ge triplejunction
solar cell.
Artificial Neural Network for Solar Photovoltaic System Modeling and Simulationijtsrd
This paper presented neural network based maximum power point tracking on the design of photovoltaic power input to a DC DC boot converter to the load. Simulink model of photovoltaic array tested the neural network with different temperature and irradiance for maximum power point of a photovoltaic system. DC DC boot converter is used in load when an average output voltage is stable required which can be lower than the input voltage. At the end, the different temperature and irradiance of the data collected from the photovoltaic array system is used to train the neutral network and output efficiency of the designed DC DC boot converter with MPPT control strategy is accepted the maximum power amount to show the result voltage, current and power output for each different have been presented. And also demonstrated that the neural network based MPPT tracking require less time and more accurate results than the other algorithm based MPPT. Myint Thuzar | Cho Hnin Moh Moh Aung "Artificial Neural Network for Solar Photovoltaic System Modeling and Simulation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27867.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27867/artificial-neural-network-for-solar-photovoltaic-system-modeling-and-simulation/myint-thuzar
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
Large-scale grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) station are increasing rapidly. However, this large penetration of PV system creates frequency fluctuation in the grid due to the intermittency of solar irradiance. Therefore, in this paper, a robust droop control mechanism of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is developed in order to damp the frequency fluctuation of the multi-machine grid system due to variable active power injected from the PV panel. The proposed droop control strategy incorporates frequency error signal and dead-band for effective minimization of frequency fluctuation. The BESS system is used to consume/inject an effective amount of active power based upon the frequency oscillation of the grid system. The simulation analysis is carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software to prove the effectiveness of the proposed droop control-based BESS system. The simulation result implies that the proposed scheme can efficiently curtail the frequency oscillation.
Load frequency control of a two area hybrid system consisting of a grid conne...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparative analysis of evolutionary-based maximum power point tracking for ...IJECEIAES
The characteristics of the photovoltaic module are affected by the level of solar irradiation and the ambient temperature. These characteristics are depicted in a V-P curve. In the V-P curve, a line is drawn that shows the response of changes in output power to the level of solar irradiation and the response to changes in voltage to ambient temperature. Under partial shading conditions, photovoltaic (PV) modules experience non-uniform irradiation. This causes the V-P curve to have more than one maximum power point (MPP). The MPP with the highest value is called the global MPP, while the other MPP is the local MPP. The conventional MPP tracking technique cannot overcome this partial shading condition because it will be trapped in the local MPP. This article discusses the MPP tracking technique using an evolutionary algorithm (EA). The EAs analyzed in this article are genetic algorithm (GA), firefly algorithm (FA), and fruit fly optimization (FFO). The performance of MPP tracking is shown by comparing the value of the output power, accuracy, time, and tracking effectiveness. The performance analysis for the partial shading case was carried out on various populations and generations.
Study and Simulation of Inccond Based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Alg...paperpublications3
Abstract: The entire world is facing a challenge to overcome the hurdle of energy crisis. It is fairly evident that a need exist for developing alternative energy sources. Amongst all the available renewable energy sources, solar energy appears to be a viable option as it is easily and widely available. If used in a proper way, it has a capacity to fulfill numerous energy needs of the world. Hence there is great scope of work in field of solar photovoltaic aiming at improved and efficient performances. Solar PV modules convert solar energy into electrical form but are having high non-linear current-voltage relationship which implies that they can operate at only one single point for maximum power. So extraction of maximum power in itself becomes a challenge under varying set of conditions of irradiation and temperature. A step by step approach is followed to analyze and address the problem with high frequency switching DC-DC converters that act as an interface between the module and the load and adjust the switching duty ratio so as to match the load line with that of Maximum Power Point load line. Further there exist various control algorithms to modify duty ratio. Their study is done and one such technique Incremental Conductance (IncCond) is used to process current and voltage of PV array to get the duty ratio. The results are obtained for changing radiation as well. In the present study, a review of Hill Climbing MPPT techniques, has been carried out with detailed flowcharts of algorithms and includes latest research papers published on MPPT techniques.
This paper presents a modeling of 185W Mono-crystalline Solar Panel Using Matlab/Simulink approach. The objective of this project to carried out the efficiency and performance of Solar Panel. The type of solar panel in this project is a mono-crystalline by the SC Origin Company. A temperature and irradiance are the input parameters of the system. The outputs of the system are voltage, current and power. In addition, the data of temperature and irradiance from August to December 2017 by RETScreen Website. This data are used as an inout for PV System and the curve of I-V and P-V as the output. The data are collected at location 1.86° N, 103.09° E which is in Bandar Penggaram, Johor. The output result of I-V and P-V will be used to compare with the reference.
This project is based on Construction and connection of photovoltaic module and related theories about it. To utilize maximum energy from the photovoltaic cell first of all understanding of it characteristics is very important because of this in starting of project we done proper study on characteristics of photo voltaic module and maximum power point. After got proper understanding of characteristics we try to use output of photo voltaic cell efficiently with help of Maximum power point tracker and cuk converter.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
A study on modelling and simulation of photovoltaic cellseSAT Journals
Abstract This Paper presents a detailed study on the types of modelling of the PV Panel for simulation studies. The main concern of this study is to analyze the results and compare them under standard test conditions. PV systems are generally integrated with specific control algorithms in order to extract the maximum possible power. Hence it is highly imperative that the Maximum Power Point (MPP) is achieved effectively and thus we need to design a model from which the MPPT algorithm can be realized in an efficient way. Also other parameters should be taken into account for finding the best model for the use in simulation. It is very important to choose the appropriate model based on the application. The models used for study in this paper include the single diode model, two diode model and Simscape modelling. MATLAB/Simulink presents a powerful tool to study such systems. The work tests the accuracy of the models under different temperature and irradiance conditions. The two diode model is known to have better accuracy at low irradiance levels which allows for a more accurate prediction of PV system performance. Simscape, part of Simulink environment, has a solar cell block that makes building a PV model straightforward and much easier programming with full demonstration to all system details. On the basis of the study, the best model that can be used for simulation purposes can be selected. It is envisaged that the work can be very useful for professionals who require simple and accurate PV simulators for their design. All the systems here are modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Keywords: PV cell, STC, MATLAB Simulink, Ideality Factor
a survey of energy harvesting sources for io t deviceIJAEMSJORNAL
Environmental Energy is an alternative energy for wireless devices. A Survey of Energy Harvesting Sources for IoT Device is proposed. This paper identifies the sources of energy harvesting, methods and power density of each technique. Many reassert have carried to extract energy from environment. The IoT and M2M are connected through internet or local area network and these devices come with batteries. The maintenance and charging of batteries becomes tedious due to thousands of device are connected. The concept of Energy harvesting gives the solution for powering IoT, M2M, Wireless nodes etc. The process of extracting energy from the surrounding environment is termed as energy harvesting and derived from windmill and water wheel, thermal, mechanical, solar.
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
A Bibliometric Analysis of Different Maximum Power Point Tracking Methods for...ijtsrd
The most influential and abundant sources of renewable energy in India is that the solar power. The character of position changing of sun is that the prime obstacle of the appliance of solar power. Due to that, the atmospheric temperature and irradiance intensity are altering through the day. This leads the way towards the variations within the extent of power production. Within the direction of maximization of the facility throughout different times of the day, a way called Maximum point Tracking MPPT is employed. The aim of this study is to retrieve the energy from solar by developing an appropriate Maximum Power Pont Tracking technique to style a charge controller. Swati Hadke | Ravi Mishra | Ashutosh Werulkar "A Bibliometric Analysis of Different Maximum Power Point Tracking Methods for Photovoltaic Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42576.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/42576/a-bibliometric-analysis-of-different-maximum-power-point-tracking-methods-for-photovoltaic-systems/swati-hadke
Performance Enhancement of DC Load and Batteries in Photovoltaic Systemijtsrd
To avoid the pollution and to save the non conventional resources, use of renewable energy sources such as wind energy, bio gas, hydro and solar potential has increased and become essential to adopt a low cost generating system in remote areas. Besides the variety of energy sources, solar power advantages are easy to make apparent compared to other methods. For many years, solar energy is the series source of vast amounts of freely available energy, but modern technology has harnessed it. In this paper a proper battery charge controller used in the Standalone Photovoltaic PV system. The power is transfer to the dc load and manages storage level available in this proposed technique. From the PV array the maximum power is extracted by using three different methods. In this proposed technique ‘perturb and observe' and the ‘incremental conductance' control methods and algorithms are analyzed. The system modelling as well as simulation results are presented. Dr. N. Prakash "Performance Enhancement of DC Load and Batteries in Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21638.pdf
This work presents a hybrid soft-computing methodology approach for intelligent maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques of a photovoltaic (PV) system under any expected operating conditions using artificial neural network-fuzzy (neuro-fuzzy). The proposed technique predicts the calculation of the duty cycle ensuring optimal power transfer between the PV generator and the load. The neuro-fuzzy hybrid method combines artificial neural network (ANN) to direct the controller to the region where the MPP is located with its reference voltage estimator and its block of neural order. After that, the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) with rule inference begins to establish the photovoltaic solar system at the MPP. The obtained simulation results using MATLAB/simulink software for the proposed approach compared to ANN and the perturb and observe (P&O), proved that neuro-fuzzy approach fulfilled to extract the optimum power with pertinence, efficiency and precision.
A Management of power flow for DC Microgrid with Solar and Wind Energy SourcesAsoka Technologies
Today there is a rapid proliferation of DC loads into the market and DC micro grid with renewable energy sources is emerging as a possible solution to meet growing energy demand. As different energy sources like solar, wind, fuel cell, and diesel generators can be integrated into the DC grid, Management of power flow among the sources is essential. In this paper, a control strategy for Management of power flow in DC micro grid with solar and wind energy sources is presented. As the regulation of voltage profile is important in a standalone system, a dedicated converter is to be employed for maintaining the DC link voltage. DC link voltage is regulated by the battery circuit while maximum power is extracted from Solar and Wind to feed the loads connected at the DC bus. A power flow algorithm is developed to control among three sources in the DC Microgrid. The algorithm is tested for various load conditions and for fluctuations in solar and wind power in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
A MATLAB /Simulink Modal of Triple-Junction Solar Cell and MPPT Based on Incr...IJERA Editor
Photovoltaic energy is the most important energy resource since it is clean, pollution free, and unlimited. In
current years, a large number of techniques have been projected for tracking the maximum power point.
Maximum power point tracking is used in photovoltaic systems to maximize the photovoltaic array output
power, irrespective of the temperature and radiation conditions and of the load electrical characteristics the PV
array output power is used to directly control the boost converter, thus reducing the complexity of the system.
The method is based on use of a Incremental conductance of the PV to determine an optimum operating current
for the maximum output power. The implementation of a PV model is based on the triple-junction solar cell in
the form of masked block in Matlab/Simulink software package that has a user-friendly icon. It is fast and
accurate technique to follow the maximum power point. This paper presents a new Matlab/Simulink model of a
PV module and a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system for high efficiency InGaP/InGaAs/Ge triplejunction
solar cell.
Artificial Neural Network for Solar Photovoltaic System Modeling and Simulationijtsrd
This paper presented neural network based maximum power point tracking on the design of photovoltaic power input to a DC DC boot converter to the load. Simulink model of photovoltaic array tested the neural network with different temperature and irradiance for maximum power point of a photovoltaic system. DC DC boot converter is used in load when an average output voltage is stable required which can be lower than the input voltage. At the end, the different temperature and irradiance of the data collected from the photovoltaic array system is used to train the neutral network and output efficiency of the designed DC DC boot converter with MPPT control strategy is accepted the maximum power amount to show the result voltage, current and power output for each different have been presented. And also demonstrated that the neural network based MPPT tracking require less time and more accurate results than the other algorithm based MPPT. Myint Thuzar | Cho Hnin Moh Moh Aung "Artificial Neural Network for Solar Photovoltaic System Modeling and Simulation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27867.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27867/artificial-neural-network-for-solar-photovoltaic-system-modeling-and-simulation/myint-thuzar
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
Large-scale grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) station are increasing rapidly. However, this large penetration of PV system creates frequency fluctuation in the grid due to the intermittency of solar irradiance. Therefore, in this paper, a robust droop control mechanism of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is developed in order to damp the frequency fluctuation of the multi-machine grid system due to variable active power injected from the PV panel. The proposed droop control strategy incorporates frequency error signal and dead-band for effective minimization of frequency fluctuation. The BESS system is used to consume/inject an effective amount of active power based upon the frequency oscillation of the grid system. The simulation analysis is carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software to prove the effectiveness of the proposed droop control-based BESS system. The simulation result implies that the proposed scheme can efficiently curtail the frequency oscillation.
Load frequency control of a two area hybrid system consisting of a grid conne...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparative analysis of evolutionary-based maximum power point tracking for ...IJECEIAES
The characteristics of the photovoltaic module are affected by the level of solar irradiation and the ambient temperature. These characteristics are depicted in a V-P curve. In the V-P curve, a line is drawn that shows the response of changes in output power to the level of solar irradiation and the response to changes in voltage to ambient temperature. Under partial shading conditions, photovoltaic (PV) modules experience non-uniform irradiation. This causes the V-P curve to have more than one maximum power point (MPP). The MPP with the highest value is called the global MPP, while the other MPP is the local MPP. The conventional MPP tracking technique cannot overcome this partial shading condition because it will be trapped in the local MPP. This article discusses the MPP tracking technique using an evolutionary algorithm (EA). The EAs analyzed in this article are genetic algorithm (GA), firefly algorithm (FA), and fruit fly optimization (FFO). The performance of MPP tracking is shown by comparing the value of the output power, accuracy, time, and tracking effectiveness. The performance analysis for the partial shading case was carried out on various populations and generations.
Study and Simulation of Inccond Based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Alg...paperpublications3
Abstract: The entire world is facing a challenge to overcome the hurdle of energy crisis. It is fairly evident that a need exist for developing alternative energy sources. Amongst all the available renewable energy sources, solar energy appears to be a viable option as it is easily and widely available. If used in a proper way, it has a capacity to fulfill numerous energy needs of the world. Hence there is great scope of work in field of solar photovoltaic aiming at improved and efficient performances. Solar PV modules convert solar energy into electrical form but are having high non-linear current-voltage relationship which implies that they can operate at only one single point for maximum power. So extraction of maximum power in itself becomes a challenge under varying set of conditions of irradiation and temperature. A step by step approach is followed to analyze and address the problem with high frequency switching DC-DC converters that act as an interface between the module and the load and adjust the switching duty ratio so as to match the load line with that of Maximum Power Point load line. Further there exist various control algorithms to modify duty ratio. Their study is done and one such technique Incremental Conductance (IncCond) is used to process current and voltage of PV array to get the duty ratio. The results are obtained for changing radiation as well. In the present study, a review of Hill Climbing MPPT techniques, has been carried out with detailed flowcharts of algorithms and includes latest research papers published on MPPT techniques.
Maximum power point tracking based on improved spotted hyena optimizer for s...IJECEIAES
The conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method such as perturb and observe (P&O) under partial shading conditions with non-uniform irradiation, can get trapped on local maximum power point (LMPP) and cannot reach global maximum power point (GMPP). This study proposes a bio-inspired metaheuristic algorithm spotted hyena optimizer (SHO) and improved SHO as a new MPPT technique. The proposed SHO-MPPT and improved SHO-MPPT are used to extract GMPP from solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays operated under uniform irradiation and non-uniform irradiation. Simulation with Powersim (PSIM) and experimental with the emulated PV source were presented. Furthermore, to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, SHO-MPPT is compared with P&O-MPPT and particle swarm optimization (PSO)-MPPT. The SHO-MPPT has an accuracy of 99% and has the good capability, but there are power fluctuations before reaching MPP. Therefore, improved SHO-MPPT was developed to get better results. The improved SHO-MPPT proved high accuracy of 99% and faster than SHO-MPPT and PSO-MPPT in tracking the maximum power point (MPP). Furthermore, there are minor power fluctuations.
Modeling and Simulation of Fuzzy Logic based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MP...IJECEIAES
This paper presents modeling and simulation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) used in solar PV power systems. The Fuzzy logic algorithm is used to minimize the error between the actual power and the estimated maximum power. The simulation model was developed and tested to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed MPPT controller. MATLAB Simulink was employed for simulation studies. The proposed system was simulated and tested successfully on a photovoltaic solar panel model. The Fuzzy logic algorithm succesfully tracking the MPPs and performs precise control under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Simulation results indicate the feasibility and improved functionality of the system.
The purpose of this article is to extract the maximum power point at which the photovoltaic system can operate optimally. The system considered is simulated under different irradiations (between 200 W/m2 and 1000 W/m2), it mainly includes the established models of solar PV and MPPT module, a DC/DC boost converter and a DC/AC converter. The most common MPPT techniques that will be studied are: "Perturbation and Observation" (P&O) method, "Incremental Conductance" (INC) method, and "Fuzzy Logic" (FL) control. Simulation results obtained using MATLAB/Simulink are analyzed and compared to evaluate the performance of each of the three techniques.
Adaptive maximum power point tracking using neural networks for a photovoltai...Mellah Hacene
Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Neural Networks for a Photovoltaic Systems According Grid
Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, (5), 57–66, 2021. https://doi.org/10.20998/2074-272X.2021.5.08
A Comprehensive Analysis of Partial Shading Effect on Output Parameters of a ...IJECEIAES
One of the issues of grid-connected photovoltaic systems is the effect of the partial shading on the key parameters and performance of the system. In practice, a share of the entire PV panel may shadded because of the various reasons, inevitably. In this case, the key parameters of the system output are affected with respect to the shading extent and paradigm. In this paper, the effects of the various partial shading patterns on the ouput of the system are examined. This is performed by deriving relevant equations and appropriate modeling of the system and defining different scenarios. The analysis on the system performance is carried out on the dominant output parameters including panel voltage, panel power, and total harmonic distortion (THD) of the inverter. Also, the study considers the effect of using bypass diodes in the panels or not. Addintionally, to compare derived conclusions, the study is implementd on a practical system. The set up is made up of a 7-level multilevel inverter, a Z-source converter, and 1 kW lateral circuitry. The real world test results of the study demonstrate a negligible deviation compared to the simulation results.
Development of a photovoltaic characteristics generator based on mathematical...IJECEIAES
A good study of photovoltaic system requests to have very precise current-voltage characteristic curves of photovoltaic modules for different technologies. The photovoltaic emulator provides an efficient solution to maintain the same current-voltage output of photovoltaic module. It includes three parts: the PV model, the control strategy, and the power converter. This paper provides three classes of modeling and simulation of photovoltaic arrays and presents the synthesis results of the current-voltage characteristic performances obtained by the modeling approaches. The models of the first class are based on electrical circuit model, those of the second class are based on multiple straight lines model, and for the third class, it is based on the look up table. The mathematical model is built using MATLAB/ Simulink, and an experimental bench was carried out to acquire an up-to-date and representative experimental database of four PV panels. This database is used for the validation of these models for the different PV panel technologies under Moroccan meteorological conditions. Following this comparative study, we came to a high agreement between the experimental and simulated current-voltage characteristics for the emulator under study.
Modeling and Simulation of a Photovoltaic Field for 13 KW IJECEIAES
In the future solar energy will be very important source of energy. More than 45% of needed energy in the world will be generated by photovoltaic module. Therefore it is necessary to concentrate our efforts in order to reduce the application costs .This work investigates on the modeling of a Stand Alone Power System focusing on Photovoltaic energy systems. We introduce the models of the system components Therefore a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is needed to track the peak power in order to make full utilization of PV array output power under varying conditions. This paper presents two widely-adopted MPPT algorithms, perturbation & observation (P&O) and incremental conductance (IC).A complete characterization and simulation model was implemented in the MatlabSimulink environment. Design complete system is done to analyze its behavior for a typical year, with the aim to evaluate their energetic effectiveness.
This paper addresses the problem of controlling three-phase grid connected PV system involving a PV arrays, a voltage source inverter, a grid filter and an electric grid. This paper presents three main control objectives: i) ensuring the Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in the side of PV panels, ii) guaranteeing a power factor unit in the side of the grid, iii) and ensuring the asymptotic stability of the closed loop system. Interestingly, the present study features the achievement of the above energetic goal without resorting to sensors of currents of the grid. To this end, an output-feedback control strategy combining a state observer and a nonlinear control laws is developed. The proposed output-feedback control strategy is backed by a formal analysis showing that all control objectives are actually achieved.
Solar cells are a major alternate source of sustainable energy in the usual condition of depleting non- renewable energy sources. Nowadays, this source is getting more and more important due to its use in large and small-scale installations. One of the major causes of energy losses in photovoltaic (PV) modules is the shading. It can happen due to clouds passing, near trees, and/or neighboring structures. Generally, there are two types of PV module Shading which are either partial shading or complete shading. Both have a significant impact on the solar module output power. This paper is an attempt of carrying out a study of the electrical characteristics of a solar module with various percentages of simulated shading. The solar module tester (SMT) simulator was used in this study. The study approved the direct correlation between short-circuit current and solar irradiance. The advantage of using SMT is its stable irradiance in comparison to the practical unstable solar irradiance within the same period. The results of both methods of shading simulation show that shading has a significant impact on the performance of solar panel in terms of efficiency, fill factor and output power. For better performance, solar panels should install in shading free places as much as its possible.
Ecological impact due to the implementation of a modeled and optimized hybri...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a very alarming forecasts about our future and particularly for a medium and long-term future. That is to say, several actions are being carried out by different civil and state parties to deal with these very concrete threats. And it is within this framework that this paper fits, and its objective is to highlight the hybrid systems and more precisely the photovoltaic-wind hybrid systems coupled with storage batteries, as an efficient alternative to the classical means of electricity production. This work will adopt a method of obtaining results called performance evaluation, so this manuscript will present firstly the mathematical model of this hybrid system to best conceive what it is about, then as second part will determine the exact figures of the largest amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) that can be avoided using this technology and following a precise methodology, this can be applied to our situation, i.e., a simple house or to any other type of installation.
Performance of low-cost solar radiation loggerIJECEIAES
In solar power systems, irradiance value data are among the most important parameters. Such data can be used in installing photovoltaic (PV) modules, such as determining the exact location, tilt angle, and required area, for optimal power efficiency. In this study, the comprehensive simulation and implementation of a solar radiation meter with a PV cell and temperature sensor are presented. The irradiance measurement value is based on the power reading generated by the small capacity of the PV cell at a specific load converted into a digital value in the microcontroller using the implicit Newton polynomial interpolation (NPI) equation as a low-cost alternative method. The effect of temperature is included in the conversion to obtain precise measurement results. Firstly, the structure and characteristics of the PV cell are discussed. Secondly, the parameters, measuring method, and conversion of the measurement reading data using the NPI equation are presented to assess the results. Finally, the simulation of the solar radiation meter using the PSIM and implementation of the hardware are conducted to validate the concepts and compare their results. The proposed hardware has an average error of 2.72% in the implementation of the measurement test.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Improved strategy of an MPPT based on the sliding mode control for a PV system IJECEIAES
The energy produced using a photovoltaic (PV) is mainly dependent on weather factors such as temperature and solar radiation. Given the high cost and low yield of a PV system, it must operate at maximum power point (MPP), which varies according to changes in load and weather conditions. This contribution presents an improved maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers of a PV system in various climatic conditions. The first is a sliding mode MPPT that designed to be applied to a buck converter in order to achieve an optimal PV array output voltage. The second MPPT is based on the incremental conductance algorithm or Perturb-and-Observe algorithm. It provides the output reference PV voltage to the sliding mode controller acting on the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter. Simulation is carried out in SimPower toolbox of Matlab/Simulink. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the sliding mode control MPPT under the parameter variation environments and shown that the controllers meet its objectives.
In this paper, a hybrid power system is proposed to eliminate any interruption caused to absence of power supply network by the Fusion between the wind source and the photovoltaic source to create a hybrid system with internal power supply autonomy. The hybrid power system includes a solar and wind source whose wind energy conversion system is based on a doubly fed induction generator. The photovoltaic conversion system extracts the maximum power from the sun. A part of this power is used to supply the rotor of a doubly fed induction generator; the rest is injected in the grid. The connection between the two conversion systems is made by means of static converters (chopper/inverter). In the photovoltaic conversion chain, a controller for tracking the maximum power point is designed using the direct search approach the Perturb and observe method. The wind energy conversion system contains a doubly fed asynchronous generator with a control system of generated powers by the technique of the fuzzy logic. The simulation was done to prove the validity of the strategy and of the control method used for the control of the power generated by the hybrid system.
Optimizing of the installed capacity of hybrid renewable energy with a modifi...IJECEIAES
The lack of wind speed capacity and the emission of photons from sunlight are the problem in a hybrid system of photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines. To overcome this shortcoming, the incremental conductance (IC) algorithm is applied that could control the converter work cycle and the switching of the buck boost therefore maximum efficiency of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is reached. The operation of the PV-wind hybrid system, consisting of a 100 W PV array device and a 400 W wind subsystem, 12 V/100 Ah battery energy storage and LED, the PV-wind system requires a hybrid controller for battery charging and usage and load lamp and it’s conducted in experimental setup. The experimental has shown that an average increase in power generated was 38.8% compared to a single system of PV panels or a single wind turbine sub-system. Therefore, the potential opportunities for increasing power production in the tropics wheather could be carried out and applied with this model.
Improvement of grid connected photovoltaic system using artificial neural net...ijscmcj
Photovoltaic (PV) systems have one of the highest potentials and operating ways for generating electrical power by converting solar irradiation directly into the electrical energy. In order to control maximum output power, using maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system is highly recommended. This paper simulates and controls the photovoltaic source by using artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) controller. Also, for tracking the maximum point the ANN and GA are used. Data are optimized by GA and then these optimum values are used in neural network training. The simulation results are presented by using Matlab/Simulink and show that the neural network-GA controller of grid-connected mode can meet the need of load easily and have fewer fluctuations around the maximum power point, also it can increase convergence speed to achieve the maximum power point (MPP) rather than conventional method. Moreover, to control both line voltage and current, a grid side p-q controller has been applied.
Similar to Modeling of photovoltaic system with maximum power point tracking control by neural networks (20)
This paper presents a fast and accurate fault detection, classification and direction discrimination algorithm of transmission lines using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) that have ingrained adaptive model to avoid the feature extraction difficulties and fault classification into one learning algorithm. A proposed algorithm is directly usable with raw data and this deletes the need of a discrete feature extraction method resulting in more effective protective system. The proposed approach based on the three-phase voltages and currents signals of one end at the relay location in the transmission line system are taken as input to the proposed 1D-CNN algorithm. A 132kV power transmission line is simulated by Matlab simulink to prepare the training and testing data for the proposed 1D- CNN algorithm. The testing accuracy of the proposed algorithm is compared with other two conventional methods which are neural network and fuzzy neural network. The results of test explain that the new proposed detection system is efficient and fast for classifying and direction discrimination of fault in transmission line with high accuracy as compared with other conventional methods under various conditions of faults.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The electrical distribution network is undergoing tremendous modifications with the introduction of distributed generation technologies which have led to an increase in fault current levels in the distribution network. Fault current limiters have been developed as a promising technology to limit fault current levels in power systems. Though, quite a number of fault current limiters have been developed; the most common are the superconducting fault current limiters, solid-state fault current limiters, and saturated core fault current limiters. These fault current limiters present potential fault current limiting solutions in power systems. Nevertheless, they encounter various challenges hindering their deployment and commercialization. This research aimed at designing a bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with a novel topology for distribution network applications. The proposed bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter was designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed design in fault current limiting, voltage sag compensation during fault conditions, and its ability not to affect the load voltage and current during normal conditions as well as in suppressing the source powers during fault conditions. Simulation results also showed very minimal power loss by the fault current limiter during normal conditions.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
This paper presents a new simplified cascade multiphase DC-DC buck power converter suitable for low voltage and large current applications. Cascade connection enables very low voltage ratio without using very small duty cycles nor transformers. Large current with very low ripple content is achieved by using the multiphase technique. The proposed converter needs smaller number of components compared to conventional cascade multiphase DC-DC buck power converters. This paper also presents useful analysis of the proposed DC-DC buck power converter with a method to optimize the phase and cascade number. Simulation and experimental results are included to verify the basic performance of the proposed DC-DC buck power converter.
A new bidirectional multilevel inverter topology with a high number of voltage levels with a very reduced number of power components is proposed in this paper. Only TEN power switches and four asymmetric DC voltage sources are used to generate 25 voltage levels in this new topology. The proposed multilevel converter is more suitable for e-mobility and photovoltaic applications where the overall energy source can be composed of a few units/associations of several basic source modules. Several benefits are provided by this new topology: Highly sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms, low Total Harmonic Distortion, very low switching losses, and minimum cost and size of the device. For optimum control of this 25-level voltage inverter, a special Modified Hybrid Modulation technique is performed. The proposed 25-level inverter is compared to various topologies published recently in terms of cost, the number of active power switches, clamped diodes, flying capacitors, DC floating capacitors, and the number of DC voltage sources. This comparison clearly shows that the proposed topology is cost-effective, compact, and very efficient. The effectiveness and the good performance of the proposed multilevel power converter (with and without PWM control) are verified and checked by computational simulations.
This paper presents a novel shunt active power filter (SAPF). The power converter that is used in this SAPF is constructed from a four-leg asymmetric multi-level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter that is fed from a photovoltaic source. A three-dimensional space vector modulation (3D-SVPWM) technique is adopted in this work. The multi-level inverter can generate 27-level output with harmonic content is almost zero. In addition to the capability to inject reactive power and mitigating the harmonics, the proposed SAPF has also, the ability to inject real power as it is fed from a PV source. Moreover, it has a fault-tolerant capability that makes the SAPF maintaining its operation under a loss of one leg of the multi-level inverter due to an open-circuit fault without any degradation in the performance. The proposed SAPF is designed and simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK using a single nonlinear load and the results have shown a significant reduction in total harmonics distortion (THD) of the source current under the normal operating condition and post a failure in one phase of the SAPF. Also, similar results are obtained when IEEE 15 bus network is used.
Transmission lines react to an unexpected increase in power, and if these power changes are not controlled, some lines will become overloaded on certain routes. Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices can change the voltage range and phase angle and thus control the power flow. This paper presents suitable mathematical modeling of FACTS
devices including static var compensator (SVC) as a parallel compensator and high voltage direct current (HVDC) bonding. A comprehensive modeling of SVC and HVDC bonding in the form of simultaneous applications for power flow is also performed, and the effects of compensations are compared. The comprehensive model obtained was implemented on the 5-bus test system in MATLAB software using the Newton-Raphson method, revealed that generators have to produce more power. Also, the addition of these devices stabilizes the voltage and controls active and reactive power in the network.
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It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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important production of solar energy which takes into account the problem of degradation of the power
supplied by the solar generator due to the variation of the radiation which can reach 50 % [1].
To maximize the electricity production of photovoltaic panels in an optimal way we use a Boost
converter which is able to give a maximum power under optimal conditions whatever are the variations of the
radiation and independently of the meteorological conditions of the variation of the load.
The main factors that influence the efficiency of the process of collecting this solar radiation are the
efficiency of the solar cells, the intensity of the source radiation and the storage techniques. The efficiency of
these solar cells is limited by the materials used in the manufacture of cells. It is particularly difficult to
significantly improve the cell's performance, which limits the efficiency of the overall collection
process [1], [2].
In this study we are interested in applying the neural networks in three independent parts of the
photovoltaic (PV) chain as shown in Figure 1, (incoming radiation and temperature, PV panel and maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) control), in order to study the influence of artificial intelligence
on this behavior.
2. PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATOR MODELING
2.1. Photovoltaic cell modeling
The photovoltaic panel is composed of several silicon cells connected in series and in parallel. They
absorb solar energy and transform them into electrical current. This transformation is done by converters in
order to regulate the voltage and current output of this solar cell Figure 2.
Ph D Rp
I I I I
(1)
( )
exp 1
S
D s
q V IR
I I
nKT
(2)
Figure 1. Overview of a maximum power point tracking, MPPT-controlled photovoltaic, PV generator
system with neural network ANN
Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of solar cell
3
1 exp
g
s
E
I K T
KT
(3)
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Is: is the saturation current of the diode
t
KT
V
q
(4)
t
V : is the thermic voltage at temperature T
S
Rp
P
V IR
I
R
(5)
from equation (1) we obtain the expression of characteristic I-V of the chosen model
exp 1
S s
Ph s
t
V IR V IR
I I I
nV Rp
(6)
( )
Ph sc i
n
G
I I K dT
G
(7)
G : Solar radiation and n
G : Nominal solar radiation
0
exp 1
sc i
s
C V
t
I K dT
I
V K dT
V a
(8)
a: diode ideality factor
( ) ( )
exp 1
S SS PP S SS PP
PP Ph PP s
t P SS PP
V R N N I V R N N I
I N I N I
V a R N N
(9)
PP
N : is the number of photovoltaic modules in parallel =1
SS
N : is the number of photovoltaic modules in series= 36
The choice of a PV model generally depends on the use that we want to make and the information
available to determine the parameters. Each model must be based on classical principles [3] Table 1. In order
to improve the electrical management of PV system, it is essential to model and analyse these specific
intrinsic characteristics [4].
Table 1. The electrical characteristics of photovoltaic module
Parameters Values
Gr: Solar radiation reference 1000 (W/m²)
Rs: Equivalent series resistance of the resistive contacts
Rsh: Shunt resistance representing the leaking currents
q: Electron charge
K: Boltzmann constant
T : is the effective temperature of the cell
Tinit: Initial temperature of the PV Cell
Isc: Short-circuit current
Voc : Initial open-circuit voltage
Ki : Temperature versus current coefficient
Eg : Gap energy silicium
0.5 Ohms
500 Ohms
1.602*10^-19C
1.38*10^-23 J /° K
°K
298 °K
3.33 A
21.3 V
0.0025A/°C
1,12 eV
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2.2. Artificial neural network model
The artificial neural network (ANN) is a mathematical computation concept that belongs to the
family of methods of artificial intelligence, whose schematic design resembles the neurons of the human
brain based on logical reasoning. Its structure is composed of three layers as shown in details below choice in
Figure 3.
Input layer: composed of three neurons that transmit the value of the input signal that corresponds to the
variable output voltage of the photovoltaic panel to the next layer.
the hidden layer: which is composed of ten neurons with defined activation functions.
the output layer: composed of one neuron, the output of neuron which is a 0 or 1 logic variable.
Figure 3. Characteristic of the PV cell
The number of nodes in each layer varies and depends on the user. The ANN input variables or
signals are the PV generator input parameters such as temperature and solar radiation, while the output signal
is the maximum identified power.
The choice of ANN is made according to: the type of neurons, the number of neuron layers and the
study methods, their advantages in broadband used in industry is the storage of an enormous mass of
information and the direct storage in real time of this information, allowing to make logical decisions,
efficiency to solve problems of non-linearities. The ANN is noted for sensitivity to noise. Generally the
neuron output will be one or more reference signal(s) [5]. The ANN performs three calculation operations on
its inputs [6]:
The ponderation (weight): the multiplication of any input by a specific factor (which is the connection
weight).
The sum: according to all inputs weight.
The activation function ( f).
The architectural synoptic of the proposed neural network (3-10-2) consists of an input layer with 3
inputs (solar radiation G, temperature T and voltage V), a hidden layer of 10 neurons and an output layer
with 2 output (current I and voltage V) Figure 22. The models used in MATLAB for building neurons are
different, using the hyperbolic tangent sigmoid transfer function in the hidden layer “tansig” and the transfer
function “purelin” for the output layer. The hidden layer transfer function is a sigmoid function
defined as follow:
)
.
(
1
1
=
)
( u
d
e
u
f
(10)
Where d : is the slope parameter.
The entry of the hidden layer is expressed by the following relationship:
)
(
=
1
=
i
i
ij
n
j
b
x
w
u
(11)
Where Wij is the weight of the jth input Xj to the ith neuron in the hidden layer and bi is the bias. If
the function in the output layer is linear then the neural network set is expressed by the following
relationship:
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))
(
(
=
=
)
(
=
1
=
1
=
1
=
i
i
ij
N
j
o
ij
N
j
i
i
o
ij
N
j
k b
x
w
f
w
u
b
u
w
u
y
(12)
k
y : is the output signal of the kth output neurons and
o
ki
w is the weight of the ith output i
u to the kieme
neurons in the output layer.
The bias and weighting values of the neuron are determined as a function of the usage algorithm.
Wij is the weight of the connection between neurons i and j and each neuron is connected to the set of
neurons of the next layer by these weights which are real numbers. The constutution and type of algorithms
of the ANN automatically affect the MPPT. The contribution of the neural network is therefore used to
approximate and evaluate the maximum power of the PV module and to drive the Boost (DC-DC) power
converter to operate close to the MPPT, despite the different operating conditions that change the
characteristics of a photovoltaic generator over time and that impose the formation of the neural network in a
periodic manner to result in a preferred MPPT.
The boost converter is also known as a step-up converter. It is generally used in converting a low
input voltage to a high output voltage [7]. The MPPT control allows you to be at any time from the sun to the
maximum power of our PV system. To simulate the maximum power, we first connected our PV system
directly to the load, and then we connected the boost converter controlled by the MPPT between the load and
the PV system [7].
3. CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATOR
3.1. Characteristic I-V & P-V
The current Iph produced by the cell is directly proportional to the solar radiation G, with a small
voltage variation and the open circuit voltage will decrease only slightly with radiation. Thus, the optimal
power of the cell is practically proportional to the radiation and the maximum power points are
approximately at the same voltage [8].
3.1.1. Influence of the température on the I-V & P-V characteristic
Figure 4 and Figure 5 shows the characteristics of the I-V and P-V of the photovoltaic module with
a maximum selected power of approximately 55W, in a temperature variation from (10°C to 60°C). This
temperature increase has a direct influence on the behaviour of the PV, it causes a reduction in the open
circuit voltage of about 2 mV per degree with a negligible influence on the photo-current considered. In the
same way, the power produced decreases slightly following the voltage decline, which directly reflects the
decrease in the maximum available power, therefore, on the efficiency of the cell. Consequently, the
undesirable effect of temperature on a photovoltaic panel can damage the system and shorten its life,
especially in the hottest areas.
3.1.2. Influence of the radiation on the I-V & P-V caractéristic
The influence of solar radiation on characteristic I-V is considerable, especially on the photo-
current and weak on the voltage:
ph c
I I AG
(13)
α: is the light absorption coefficient and A: is the active surface of the cell.
The characteristic shows that the efficiency depends on the radiation:
max max max
.
i
P V I
P GA
(14)
This factor is variable throughout the day and cannot be increased, therefore on the power-voltage
characteristic, depending on the relationship (13) and for better PV performance resolution, the solution is to
choose a large area of high radiation to expose the solar panels [9].
Figures 4 and 5 show the variation of the I-V and P-V characteristics of the PV module at different
temperatures which range from 0 ° C to 60 ° C when the radiation is kept constant at 1000 W / m2. As the
temperature increases, the short circuit current increases, but the open-circuit voltage decreases. Thus, the
output power of the cell is also decreased.
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Figures 6 and 7 show the variation of the I-V and P-V characteristics of the PV module at a constant
ambient temperature T = 25 ° C, by modifying the radiation values from 250 W / m2 to 1000 W / m2. If the
radiation increases the maximum power is higher and also the current also increases.
Finally we can easily say from these figures that the operating point of the maximum power
generated is due to the increase of the solar radiation which causes an increase of the current due to the
circuit of cut is of course the voltage in the open circuit remains almost constant.
Figure 4. Voltage current characteristic, I-V of a
photovoltaic module, PV for different temperatures
and constant radiation
Figure 5. Voltage power characteristic, P-V of a
photovoltaic module, PV for different temperatures
and constant radiation
Figure 6. Voltage current characteristic I-V of a
photovoltaic module PV for different radiations and
constant temperature
Figure 7. Voltage power characteristic P-V of a
photovoltaic module PV for different radiations and
constant temperature
4. Photovoltaic system control by neuron array
4.1. PV system based on neuron-network
The following figures show the climatic variations measured on the 06/01/2011 by the weather
services in some Saharan cities of Algeria for a duration of 24 hours Figure 8. Bechar city has been chosen as
a sample. Simulation results obtained in 2D and 3D under Matlab/Simulink show the performance of PV
system behavior control.
Figure 8. Radiation variation schema for Algerian southern measured by the weather services on
06 January 2011
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4.1.1. Application of ANN on radiation
The quadratic solar radiation error is very negligible; it is on the order of 10-4
which explains the
importance of ANN as input of the PV panel. Data base radiation variation of Bechar city measured by the
weather services on January 06, 2011 over a period of 24 hours without neural network as shown in Figure 9.
In Figure 10 is architectural synoptic of radiation proposed by neural network (1-10-1). In Figure 11 is ANN
bloc Simulink of radiation. In Figure 12 is ANN training of radiation with Matlab/Simulink. In Figure 13 is
the squared error of the ANN training of radiation with Matlab/Simulink.
Figure 9. Data base radiation variation of Bechar city measured by the weather services on January 06, 2011
over a period of 24 hours without neural network
Figure 10. Architectural synoptic of radiation proposed by neural network (1-10-1)
Figure 11. ANN bloc Simulink of radiation
Figure 12. ANN Training of radiation with Matlab/Simulink
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Figure 13. The squared error of the ANN training of radiation with Matlab/Simulink
4.1.2. Application of ANN on temperature
Temperature variation schema for Algerian southern measured by the weather services on 06
January 2011 as shown in Figure 14. Data base temperature variation of Bechar city measured by the weather
services on January 06, 2011 over a period of 24 hours without neural network as shown in Figure 15. In
Figure 16 is architectural synoptic of the proposed neural network of Temperature (1-10-1). In Figure 17 is
ANN bloc simulink of temperature as shown.
Figure 14. Temperature variation schema for
Algerian southern measured by the weather services
on 06 January 2011
Figure 15. Data base temperature variation of Bechar
city measured by the weather services on January 06,
2011 over a period of 24 hours without neural
network
Figure 16. Architectural synoptic of the proposed neural network of temperature (1-10-1)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
Best Training Performance is 0.00017006 at epoch 171
M
e
a
n
S
q
u
a
r
e
d
E
rr
o
r
(m
s
e
)
171 Epochs
Train
Best
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Figure 17. ANN bloc simulink of temperature
We will use two networks of neurons at a time; the first network whose role is to estimate the
radiation and the second is to estimate the temperature which give the corresponding current and voltage of
the PV panel. In Figure 18 is ANN training of temperature with Matlab/Simulink. In Figure 19 is the squared
error of the ANN training of temperature with Matlab/Simulink. In Figure 20 is schema of radiation and
temperature variation Bechar city as January 06, 2011 in duration of 24h with neural network
Figure 19. The squared error of the ANN training of
temperature with Matlab/Simulink
Figure 18. ANN Training of temperature with
Matlab/Simulink
The squared error of the temperature is very negligible, it is on the order of 10-4
which explains the
importance of ANN and the following schema shows the equivalence with Figure 9 and Figure 15.
Figure 20. Schema of radiation and temperature variation Bechar city as January 06, 2011 in duration of 24h
with neural network
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
10
2
Best Training Performance is 6.8181e-06 at epoch 35
M
ean
Squared
Error
(m
se)
35 Epochs
Train
Best
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The following steps of variations are
from 00h00 to 07h00: the radiation (G=0) and the temperature (T=2°C).
from 07h00 to 12h00: the radiation and the temperature increases rapidly.
from 12h00 to 13h30: the radiation is maximum (G=max) and the temperature is also maximum
(T=max).
from 13h30 to 18h00: the radiation (G) and the temperature (T) begin to decrease rapidly.
from 18h00 to 00h00: at night, no radiation (G=0) and the temperature tends towards (T=3. 5°C).
4.1.3. Application of ANN on the PV generator
To make the conversion of solar energy into electrical power effective at the output of the PV panel,
it is preferable and indispensable to operate it close to a point of maximum power, as this power varies
constantly according to the climatological conditions (radiation level solar, temperature of surface and the
voltage of module.), or the operating power that is determined from these three inputs directly affects the
design and performance of the system.
Current and voltage variation supplied by the PV panel without neural network as shown in
Figure 21. In Figure 22 is architectural synoptic of the proposed neural network (3-10-2). In Figure 23 is
ANN training of radiation and temperature with Matlab/Simulink. In Figure 24 is the squared error of the
ANN training of radiation and temperature with Matlab/Simulink. In Figure 25 is voltage current
characteristic, I-V of a photovoltaic module for the different temperatures and constant radiation with neural
network. In Figure 26 is voltage power characteristic, P-V of a photovoltaic module for the different
temperatures and constant radiation with neural network.
Figure 21. Current and voltage variation supplied by the PV panel without neural network
Figure 22. Architectural synoptic of the proposed neural network (3-10-2)
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Figure 23. ANN training of radiation and temperature with Matlab/Simulink
Figure 24. The squared error of the ANN training of radiation and temperature with Matlab/Simulink
The quadratic error is always negligible; it is on the order of 10-4
which also explains the importance
of ANN for the PV panel.
Figure 25. Voltage current characteristic, I-V of a photovoltaic module for the different temperatures and
constant radiation with neural network
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
Best Training Performance is 0.0043481 at epoch 105
M
ean
Squared
Error
(m
se)
105 Epochs
Train
Best
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The variation of the temperature considering the voltage of Figure 25 with ANN directly influences
the PV system and gives the same PV current values as shown in Figure 4, which results in the performance
use of the ANN technique for the system.
Figure 26. Voltage power characteristic, P-V of a photovoltaic module for the different temperatures and
constant radiation with neural network
The variation of the temperature taking into account the voltage of Figure 26, it has a direct
influence on the PV system in Figure 5, which results in the use performance of the ANN technique for the
system. These figures clearly show the dependence of the current and the output power of the PV as a
function of temperature and radiation. For a constant simulation radiation of 1000W/m2 and a temperature
which varies from (10 ° C to 45 ° C), the maximum current of the PV panel using the neural network is of the
same value as Figure 4 between (3.33A and 3.45A). For a variable radiation of (250W/m2 to1000W/m2) and
a constant temperature of 25 ° C, the current of the PV panel using the neural network is of the same value as
Figure 6 between (0.8A to 3.33A).
In our case where the G radiation varies between (0W/m2 to 600W/m2) winter period of January,
the current is between (1.8A to 2.5A). The results obtained clearly show the advantage of the neuron network
given its efficiency, accuracy and speed. The output power provided by the photovoltaic generator is
considerably reduced for low radiation. This also shows an effect that might not be immediately obvious and
this power is reduced for high panel temperatures. This can be explained by the significant dependence of the
temperature on the open circuit voltage Voc.
4.1.4. ANN application on MPPT controller
a. Perturbation and observation algorithm
The P&O method is generally the most used because of its simplicity and ease of implementation for
the continuation of the MPPT. Its operation is based on the periodic disturbance of the system by incrementing
or decrementing the reference voltage, observing the impact on the power output supplied by the PV panel at
instant(k), then comparing it to the previous one at instant (k-1) Figure 27. If the power increases, the MPPT is
approached and the change in the BOOST converter (DC/DC) duty cycle α is maintained in the same
direction.
On the contrary, if the power decreases, we move away from the MPPT. Then, the direction of the
cyclic ratio variation must be reversed and when the maximum power is reached this voltage tends towards the
desired voltage. [9], [10] Figure 28.
b. P&O algorithm based on ANN
For an application on the PV system, an MPPT controller based on neural networks allowing to
produce a cyclic ratio from an input layer included (current, voltage) of the photovoltaic panel Figure 28. The
controller MPPT varies the PV system operating its maximum power by shifting the PV panel voltage to its
identified optimum value. The control signal results from the difference between the measured operating
power of the PV and the optimal power identified by the ANN [11].
In a period of 24 hours, MPPT control by ANN oscillates the operating point around the MPPT
point. In the different cases of change of radiation and temperature of the day of 06/01/2011, it appears that.
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During this climate change that lasts from 07h to 18h, the system converges towards the desired MPPT. So
the MPPT by ANN command used controls the operation well of the PV generator around the optimal
conditions. Figure 29 shows that the controlled current and charge voltage have the same values as those
delivered by the PV cell Figure 6, which shows the reliability and importance of the MPPT command by
ANN [12].
The right operation of a photovoltaic generator requires MPPT controllers designed to track the
maximum power point and thus minimize the error between the operating power and the maximum reference
power which varies according to the load and climatic conditions. The system converges to a new current and
voltage Figure 28 corresponding to the MPPT.
The PV generator operates at maximum power Pmax when
𝑉𝑝𝑣=𝑉𝑜𝑝𝑡, 𝐼𝑝𝑣=𝐼𝑜𝑝𝑡, 𝑅𝑠=𝑅𝑜𝑝𝑡=V𝑝𝑣.𝐼𝑜𝑝𝑡
𝑃𝑝𝑣=𝑉𝑝𝑣.𝐼𝑝𝑣=𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥=𝑉𝑜𝑝𝑡.𝐼𝑜𝑝𝑡
and therefore Pmax=Vmax.Imax .
For a given radiation, the optimal operating condition of the PV generators is then characterized by a
voltage Vopt and a current Iopt. The Vopt product per Iopt thus constitutes the maximum power that can be
extracted from the PV module. This point Vopt and Iopt is called the maximum power point of the PV
generator for a given temperature and radiation. It is characterized by an optimal internal resistance Ropt of
the generator [12].
The modelling of the PV system by the ANN can be seen as a step towards a rapprochement
between precise mathematical pursuit and human decision-making. The neural chaser has proven that it has
better performance with negligible errors and is robust to different atmospheric variations. Also, these results
confirm a better functioning of the neural pursuer compared to the traditional pursuer P & O [13-14].
A recent utilization of the ANN in the PV energy sector elaborates, which is maximum power
forecasting. Although the main concern of this article is to present a survey on ANN-based PV MPPT
techniques, the authors prefer to give a preview of this research field leaving further investigation to
interested readers [15-16].
In solar PV system, tracking the module's MPP is challenging due to varying climatic conditions.
Moreover, the tracking algorithm becomes more complicated under the condition of partial shading due to
the presence of multiple peaks in the power voltage characteristics [17-18]. The ANN is trained for various
conditions of solar radiation and temperature to estimate the MPP voltage. This voltage is then used by ANN
as a reference voltage to generate the appropriate control signal for the DC-DC converter [19].
Recent researches oriented to photovoltaic systems feature booming interest in current decade. For
efficiency improvement, maximum power point tracking of PV array output power is mandatory. Although
classical MPPT techniques offer simplified structure and implementation, their performance is degraded
when compared with artificial intelligence-based techniques especially during partial shading and rapidly
changing environmental conditions. Artificial neural network algorithms feature several capabilities such as:
off-line training, nonlinear mapping, high-speed response, robust operation, less computational effort and
compact solution for multiple-variable problems. Hence, ANN algorithms have been widely applied as PV
MPPT techniques. Among various available ANN-based PV MPPT techniques, very limited references
gather those techniques as a survey. Neither classification nor comparisons between those competitors exist.
Moreover, no detailed analysis of the system performance under those techniques has been previously
discussed [20-21].
The output power of PV systems varies with the intensity of the solar irradiance and the
environmental temperature. Due to the nonlinear current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the solar cell, there
is a unique maximum power point (MPP) on the power–voltage (P–V) curve. Global maximum power point
tracking is one of the basic measures to improve the overall efficiency of the PV power generation systems.
However, real environments experience partial shading, which is a condition whereby a portion of the PV
module (or array) is shaded, while the other parts remain uniformly irradiated. When a PV array is subjected
to partial shading, a considerable amount of energy is lost because the shaded module is short-circuited by its
bypass diode. This forces its voltage, and consequently power, to be reduced to zero and the P–V curve
exhibits a complex multi-peak shape. In this case, the traditional algorithms using gradient information, such
as the perturb-and-observe (P & O) and incremental conductance (INC) algorithms, become invalid [22].
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Figure 27. Perturbation & Observation MPPT algorithm
Figure 28. Simulation model of photovoltaic system by the MPPT technique with ANN
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5. RESULTS AND AND DISCUSSIONS
The study of the MPPT technique based on ANN generalized to the PV system (radiation and
temperature of the module, the PV module and the MPPT command) illustrates the simplicity of its
implementation. Therefore, this section is intended to give the reader a discussion and a comparison of the
results compared to the conventional P & O MPPT method.
The ANN generates a reference voltage which is compared to the instantaneous output voltage of
the panel to generate an error signal. This error signal is sent to a PI controller for adjustment of duty cycle
for MPP tracking. Performance is evaluated in terms of response time and efficiency monitoring.
DC-DC converters are used to transfer power of solar panel to load side ensuring that maximum
power has been transferred. The regulation is normally achieved by pulse within modulation and the
switching device is normally MOSFET or IGBT. Boost DC-DC converter’s function is to step up DC
voltage. Figure 28 shows configuration of DC-DC Boost converter with PV as input. Maximum power is
reached when the MPPT algorithm changes and adjusts the duty cycle of the Boost DC-DC
converter [23-24]. In Figure 29 is DC load current and voltage variation with MPPT control with ANN.
Figure 29. DC load current and voltage variation with MPPT control with ANN
The ANN is trained to determine the global MPP voltage under several partially shaded
conditions [24]. This step makes it possible to verify that the three networks neural after learning is actually
able to predict the desired output for input data values that are not used during learning. We must always
compare the true output of the trajectory of neural networks with the trajectory of the model of photovoltaic
cells, which is still our reference for any comparison [25].
Use of ANN in MPPT has proven to be very efficient due to its high accuracy. But the only problem
an ANN based tracker faces is that it needs a big database for prediction of the reference voltage signals and
for different systems, unique neural networks are required to be trained. Hence long term testing is essential
before ANN implementation in a system [26].
There is a lot of research going on in the field of MPP techniques. It is very important to decline that
our manuscript has a very important and not insignificant value given the advantage of ANN for the good
exploitation of a photovoltaic installation in the energy field and that it will add a line of research to the listed
MPP techniques.
6. CONCLUSION
The general public’s interest in renewable energies continues to grow. Among the various renewable
energy sources, photovoltaic occupies a prominent place. The use of artificial intelligence technology is
appropriate to optimize a photovoltaic system based on neural networks in order to obtain maximum
operating power under different climatic conditions. To make the conversion of solar energy into electrical
power output of this system efficient, it is preferable and essential to operate it close to a maximum power
point since this power constantly varies according to solar irradiation, temperature and voltage or charging
current, i. e, these three inputs directly influence the design and performance of a photovoltaic panel system.
Neural networks with their ability to adapt to complicated problems through learning, are today a
real tool for solving several cases where conventional methods have shown their limits. In particular, the
pursuit of the maximum power point by the ANN approach for the implementation of energy systems has
attracted a big attention to offer better accurate calculation solutions with better response time and good
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performance. Also, a very good agreement is obtained between the model of photovoltaic cells and neural
approach. Given its robustness and efficiency, the use of ANN methods has allowed an automatic generation
of artificial intelligence rules and the precision of its outputs allow it to give firm and precise decisions, able
to avoid inconsistent cases in order to achieve an efficient system.
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