The document discusses major connectors for removable partial dentures. Major connectors join components on one side of the dental arch to the other, providing support and retention. For maxillary arches, common connectors include palatal straps, bars, and complete palates. For mandibular arches, lingual bars are most common but lingual plates can also be used. Proper design of the connector depends on factors like remaining teeth, jaw anatomy, and required rigidity.
Non rigid connectors in fixed prosthesis / cosmetic dentistry trainingIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Non rigid connectors in fixed prosthesis / cosmetic dentistry trainingIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This presentation specifically deals with the maxillary and mandibular Major connectors used in a cast partial denture. it also mentions the uses, advantages and disadvantages of each,
This presentation specifically deals with the maxillary and mandibular Major connectors used in a cast partial denture. it also mentions the uses, advantages and disadvantages of each,
A major connector joins the components on one side of the arch with those on the opposite side. Therefore, all components are attached to the associated major connector either directly or indirectly.
Prosthodontics seminar 3rd stage University of Anbar College Of Dentistry
Created By Mohammed Amer Hekma
Supervised by: Dr Osama Abdul Rasool Hammoodi
References
• FUNDAMENTALS OF REMOVABLE PARTIAL PROSTHODONTIC DESIGN by Kenneth R. McHenry, D.D.S., M.S and Terrence McLean, D.D.S.
• Stewart's Clinical Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Fourth Edition by Rodney D Phoenix, D.D.S, M.S, David R Cagna, D.M.D, M.S and Charles F DeFreest, D.D.S
• McCRACKEN’S REMOVABLE PARTIAL PROSTHODONTICS, TWELFTH EDITION BY Alan B. Carr, D.M.D, M.S, and David T. Brown, DDS, MS
A precise and summarized presentation on Mandibular Major Connector's with vivid pictures and sketches.
This includes various contents like what different types of connectors are explained precisely with their characteristics and location, blocking and relief & how they look like on casts.
Hope this presentation helps you understand the concept
by Dr. Ishaan Adhaulia
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Components of removable partial denture prosthesis /certified fixed orthodont...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Raju major n minor connectors/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
1. MAJOR
CONNECTORS
GUIDED BY-
Dr. ASHISTARU SAHA
Dr. TUSHAR TANWANI
Dr. ANUPAM PURWAR
Dr. NEHA NAVLANI
Dr. RUCHI GUPTA
Dr. SUDEEPTI SONI
PRESENTED BY- Dr. POOJAAGRAWAL
2. CONTENT
Major connector
Requirements
Types of maxillary major connector
Types of mandibular major connector
Conclusion
References
3. MAJOR CONNECTORS
A major connector joins the components on one
side of the arch with those on the opposite side.
Therefore, all components are attached to the
associated major connector either directly or
indirectly.
4. REQUIREMENT OF MAJOR CONNECTORS
Be rigid.
Provide vertical support and protect the soft
tissues.
Provide a means for obtaining indirect retention
where indicated.
Provide a means for placement of one or more
denture bases.
Promote patient comfort.
5. In the maxillary arch-the border of the major connector should be at
least 6mm from the gingival crevice of the teeth.
In the mandibular arch-it should be at least 3 mm from the gingival
margin.
6. The border should run parallel to the gingival margin of the teeth.
If the margin must be crossed, the crossing must be at right angles
to the margin to produce the least possible contact with the soft tissues.
7.
8.
9.
10. MAXILLARY MAJOR CONNECTORS
All maxillary major connectors should display
minor elevations at those borders that contact the
palatal soft tissues.
The elevations are termed bead lines and are
intended to slightly displace the adjacent soft
tissues.
12. TYPES OF MAXILLARY MAJOR CONNECTORS
Palatal bar
Palatal strap
Anteroposterior palatal bar
Horseshoe
Anteroposterior palatal strap
Complete palate
13. PALATAL BAR
Is narrow, half oval with its thickest point at the
centre.
The bar is gently curved and should not form a
sharp angle at its junction with the denture base.
14. ADVANTAGES Only indication for the single
posterior bar is an interim partial denture.
DISADVANTAGES One of the most difficult
maxillary major connectors for a patient to adjust
to, because to maintain any degree of rigidity it
has to be bulky.
It should never be used in a distal extension
edentulous situation, nor should it be used when
anterior teeth require replacement.
15. PALATAL STRAP
The palatal strap is the most versatile maxillary
major connector.
The palatal strap consists of a wide band of metal
with a thin cross-sectional dimension.
16. Advantages- because the palatal strap is located in
two or more planes, it offers great resistance to
bending and twisting forces.
Palatal strap can be kept relatively thin.
Little interference with normal tongue action
Well accepted by patients.
Distribution of applied stress over a larger area.
17. Disadvantages-
Patient may complain of excessive palatal
coverage.
Chances of developing papillary hyperplasia.
18. ANTEROPOSTERIOR PALATAL BAR
The anteroposterior palatal bar displays
characteristics of palatal bar and palatal strap
major connectors.
The anterior bar is relatively flat. Its cross-
sectional shape is similar to that of a palatal strap.
The posterior bar is a half oval, similar to the
palatal bar major connector.
The two bars are joined by flat longitudinal
elements on each side of the palate. This
configuration gives the effect of a circle and is
considerably more rigid than any of the individual
elements.
20. Advantages-
Rigidity.
Minimizes soft tissue coverage.
Can be used where- anterior and posterior
abutment are widely separated.
Presence of large palatal tori.
22. HORSESHOE CONNECTOR
The horseshoe connector consists of a thin band of
metal running along the lingual surfaces of the
remaining teeth and extending onto the palatal
tissues for 6 to 8 mm.
23. Advantages-
Used when several anterior teeth are being
replaced.
In presence of prominent median suture line or an
inoperable torus ,this major connector is used.
25. ANTEROPOSTERIOR PALATAL STRAP
The anteroposterior palatal strap is a structurally
rigid major connector that may be used in most
maxillary partial denture applications.
This major connector is particularly indicated
when numerous teeth are to be replaced, or when a
palatine torus is present.
26. Advantages- Increased rigidity due to structural
encirclement.
Disadvantages- Interference with phonetics.
Irritation to tongue.
27. COMPLETE PALATE
The complete palate provides ultimate rigidity and
support. It also provides greatest amount of tissue
coverage.
The anterior border of a complete palate must be
kept 6 mm from the marginal gingivae, or it must
cover the cingula of the anterior teeth. The
posterior border should extend to the junction of
the hard and soft palates.
29. Advantages- It can be used-
When all posterior teeth are to be replaced.
When the remaining teeth are periodontally
compromised.
Disadvantages-
Adverse soft tissue reactions.
Problem with phonetics.
30. MANDIBULAR MAJOR CONNECTORS
In general, mandibular major connectors are long
and relatively narrow.
Mandibular major connectors may require relief
between a mandibular removable partial denture
and the underlying soft tissues.
31.
32. TYPES OF MANDIBULAR MAJOR CONNECTOR
Lingual bar
Lingual plate
Cingulum bar
Double lingual bar(kennedy bar)
Sublingual bar
Labial bar
33. LINGUAL BAR
Most frequently used mandibular major connector.
A lingual bar is indicated for all tooth-supported
removable partial dentures unless there is
insufficient space between the marginal gingivae
and the floor of mouth.
In cross section, lingual bar is half pear shaped.
34.
35. Minimum 8 mm space requirement Periodontal probe used for measurement
Intraoral measurement transferred to
the corresponding dental cast
36. Advantages-
Minimal contact with the remaining teeth and soft
tissues.
Decreased plaque accumulation.
Increased soft tissue stimulation.
Disadvantages-
Framework is not much rigid.
37. LINGUAL PLATE
The structure of a lingual plate is basically that of
a half-pear-shaped lingual bar with a thin, solid
piece of metal extending from its superior border.
This thin projection of metal is carried onto the
lingual surfaces of the teeth and presents a
scalloped appearance.
38. lingual plate may include "step
backs" to minimize or eliminate
the appearance of metal.
A lingual plate must be
supported by rests located
no farther posterior than the
Mesial surfaces of first premolars.
39. Indications of lingual plate-
If there is insufficient vertical space for lingual
bar.
When remaining teeth have lost much of their
periodontal support and require splinting.
When one or more anterior teeth are periodontally
compromised but may provide service for a time.
When posterior teeth have been lost and there is a
need for additional indirect retention.
40. In patients with conditions that prevent the
removal of existing mandibular tori.
Advantages-
Rigidity
More comfortable to patient
Disadvantages-
Decalcification of enamel surfaces.
Irritation of soft tissues in patients with poor oral
hygiene.
41. CINGULUM BAR(CONTINIOUS BAR)
Thin, narrow metal strap located on cingula of
anterior teeth, scalloped to follow interproximal
embrasures with inferior and superior borders
tapered to tooth surfaces.
Cingulum bar may be added to lingual bar or can
be used independently.
43. DOUBLE LINGUAL BAR(KENNEDY
BAR)
Double lingual bar displays characteristics of both
lingual bar and cingulum bar major connectors.
The lower component of this major connector
should display the same structural characteristics
as does a lingual bar. It should be half-pear shaped
in cross section, with its greatest diameter at the
inferior margin.
The upper bar should be half oval in cross
section.This bar should be 2 to 3 mm in height and
1 mm thick. The upper bar should not run straight
across the lingual surfaces of the teeth but should
present a scalloped appearance.
45. Advantages- Offers indirect retention in an
anterior direction.
Horizontal stablization of the prosthesis.
Marginal gingiva left uncovered.
Disadvantages- Tendency to trap debris.
Irritation to the tongue.
46. SUBLINGUAL BAR
A modification of lingual bar, where placement is
inferior and posterior to the usual placement of
lingual bar, lying over and parallel to the anterior
floor of the mouth.
Sublingual bar is same half-pear shape as a lingual
bar.
It should be used where height of the floor of
mouth in relation to the free gingival margins will
be less than 6 mm.
48. LABIAL BAR
Labial bar runs across the mucosa on the facial
surface of the mandibular arch.
Half-pear shape in cross-section.
Longer than a corresponding lingual bar, double
lingual bar or lingual plate.
When there is presence of a gross uncorrectable
interference that makes use of lingual major
connector impossible, labial bar is used.
50. Indications-
Large, inoperable lingual tori.
Severe and abrupt lingual undercut.
Lingually inclined lower anteriors and premolars.
Disadvantages-
Patient acceptance- poor.
Distortion of lower lip.
51. CONCLUSION
Major connectors by uniting the other components
of a removable partial dentures acts like a
foundation bringing about bilateral distribution of
forces which depends on the rigidity of the
connector.
Although there are many variations in major
connector, a thorough comprehension of all factors
influencing their design will lead to the best design
for each patient.
52. Kennedy’s class I Anteroposterior palatal Strap
Complete palate
Class II Anteroposterior Palatal strap
Complete palate
Palatal strap
Class III Palatal Strap
Anteroposterior palatal bar
Class IV Anteroposterior palatal strap
Complete palate
Anteroposterior palatal bar
Horseshoe connector
53. Kennedy’s Class I Lingual plate
Class II Lingual plate
Class III Lingual bar
Lingual plate
Class IV Lingual plate
55. A partial denture made with a single palatal bar is
often either too thin and flexible
or
Too bulky and objectionable to patient’s tongue.
A palatal bar is rarely indicated.
56. Bilateral edentulous spaces of short span in a tooth
supported restoration (Kennedy's class III)
Unilateral distal extension partial denture.
57. When anterior and posterior abutments are widely
separated.
Patients with large palatal tori that can not be
surgically removed.
Class IV conditions.
58. In presence of inoperable palatal torus extending to
posterior limit of hard palate.
Kennedy’s Class IV condition
59. When vertical forces are applied on either one or
both ends it tends to straighten.
60. Lack of rigidity(compared with other design)
Design fails to provide good support characteristics
and may permit impingement of underlying tissue
when subjected to occlusal loading.
Bulk to enhance rigidity results in increased
thickness which is irritating to tongue.
Gingival irritation and periodontal damage to the
tissue adjacent to remaining teeth.
61. Kennedy’s class I and II arches
Long edentulous spans in class II, modification I
arches
Class IV arches
Inoperable palatal tori that do not extend posteriorly
to the junction of hard and soft palates.
62. In most conditions when only some or all anterior
teeth remain(Kennedy’s class I)
Class II with large posterior modification space and
some missing anterior teeth
Resorbed residual ridges with class I condition
In absence of palatal tori
63. LINGUAL BAR-
Class III conditions where sufficient space exists
between the floor of mouth to lingual gingival
tissue.
64. When a lingual plate or sublingual bar is otherwise
indicated but the axial alignment of anterior teeth is
such that excessive blockout of interproximal
undercuts would be required.
65. When a lingual plate is otherwise indicated but the
axial alignment of anterior teeth is such that
excessive blockout of interproximal undercuts would
be required.
When wide diastema exist between mandibular
anterior teeth .
66. When height of floor of mouth in relation to free
gingival margins will be less than 6 mm.
When it is desirable to keep free gingival margins of
remaining anterior teeth exposed.
67. FOR MAXILLARY MAJOR CONNECTOR-
If periodontal support of remaining teeth is weak-
Wide Palatal strap or complete palate
If remaining teeth have adequate periodontal support
and little additional support is needed- Palatal strap
or anteroposterior palatal bar.
For long span distal extension base-
Anteroposterior palatal strap or Complete palate
For anterior teeth replacement- Anteroposterior
palatal strap, Complete palate or Horseshoe
major connector
68. If a torus is present and not to be removed-
Anteroposterior palatal strap, Anteroposterior
palatal bar, Horseshoe major connector
A Palatal bar is rarely indicated.
69. Tooth supported condition- Lingual bar
When insufficient room between floor of mouth and
gingival margins(<8 mm)- Lingual plate
When anterior teeth have reduced periodontal support
and require stabilization- Lingual plate
When anterior teeth have reduced periodontal support
and large interproximal spaces- Modified lingual
plate(Step back design) or double lingual bar.
Replacement of all mandibular posterior teeth- Lingual
plate
A Labial bar is rarely indicated.
70. Major connector should be properly located in
relation to gingival and moving tissues and should be
designed to be rigid.
Rigidity in a major connector is necessary to provide
proper distribution of forces to and from the
supporting components.
71. There are three important principles for design
exclusively used for a major connector-
L-bar or L-beam principle
Circular configuration
Strut configuration
72. Flexibility of a bar is directly proportional to the
length of the bar and inversely proportional to its
thickness.
When a load is placed on the bar or beam supported
at its ends, maximum stress is present in the centre
and zero stress at the supported ends.
73.
74. The advantage of a circle is that it is a continuous
unit without an end.
Any force acting on a circular bar can be easily
distributed all along the circumference.
A circular bar is more rigid than a linear bar with the
same area of cross section.
75.
76. A straight bar bent at its ends near the support is
more rigid because, the bent slopes of the bar aid to
transfer the load acting on the horizontal portion.
The major connector extending in two different
planes has more rigidity.