This document provides an overview of the major and minor salivary glands, including their anatomy, histology, embryology, innervation, and functions. It discusses the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. It also covers the role of saliva in prosthodontics, noting how different saliva types can impact impression making and denture retention. Maintaining adequate salivary flow is important for denture wearers' oral health and comfort.

1. GUIDED BY-
DR. ASHISTARU SAHA [HOD]
DR. PRANAY MAHASETH [READER]
DR. ANUPAM PURWAR[READER]
SUBMITTED BY-
DR. POOJA AGRAWAL
PG FIRST YEAR

2. CONTENT
1. Introduction
2.Minor salivary gland
3.Development of salivary gland
4.Microstructure of salivary gland
5.Parotid gland
6.Submandibular gland
7.Sublingual gland
8.Function & Composition of saliva
9.Role of saliva in prosthodontics
10.conclusion

3. Salivary gland are a group of compound exocrine
gland secreting Saliva.
Saliva forms a film of fluid coating the teeth &
mucosa thereby Creating & regulating a healthy
environment in the oral cavity.
INTRODUCTION

5. MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
PAROTID GLAND-
Largest, anterior to ear,
serous, 25% of total saliva.
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND-
Intermediate, angle
of mandible, 60% of total saliva.
SUBLINGUAL GLAND-
Smallest, anterior floor
of mouth, 5 % of total saliva.

6. MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS
Several small groups of secetory units opening via
short ducts directly into mouth.
Classification according to location-
Labial glands
Buccal glands
Lingual glands
Palatine glands
Glossopalatine glands

7. 1. LABIAL & BUCCAL- Glands of lip & cheeks
Mixed glands
2. GLOSSOPALATINE GLANDS- Region of isthmus in
glossopalatine fold
Pure mucous
3. PALATINE GLANDS- Posterior lateral region of
hard palate,
submucosa of soft palate &
uvula.
Pure mucous

8. Posterior lingual mucous gland- Lateral & posterior
to vallate papillae in association with lingual tonsil.
Posterior lingual serous gland- Vonebner gland
Between muscle fibers of tongue below vallate
papillae.
4. LINGUAL GLANDS- Gland of tongue
Anterior gland- Glands of Blandin & Nuhn
Near apex of tongue
mucous

9. EMBRYOLOGY
Salivary glands develop as outgrowhs of buccal
epithelium.
Parotid- Ectodermal in origin
Submandibular & Sublingual- Endodermal in origin
Parotid - 4 th week of gestation
Submandibular- 6 th week of gestation
Sublingual - 9 th week of gestation

11. S A L IVARY GLANDS –MICROSTRUCTURE
The structure of the salivary glands is comprising
of a series of secretory units (acinar cells) clustered
around a central lumen.
Acinar cell- Serous
Mucous

12. SEROUS CELLS- Pyramidal with broad base on
basement membrane. Apex faces the lumen.
Spherical nucleus at basal region
Secretory granules- zymogen granules
MUCOUS CELLS- Nucleus and thin rim of cytoplasm
are compressed against the base of cell.
Nucleus- oval or flattened

13. MYOEPITHELIAL CELL
Stellate or spider like with a flattened nucleus,
scanty perinuclear Cytoplasm, long branching
processes that embrace the secretory and duct
cells.
Myoepithelial cell appearance is similar to a basket
cradling the secretory unit, hence term- basket
cells.

15. SALIVARY DUCTAL SYSTEM
 Acinar cells drain directly into
intercalated ducts.
 Intercalated ducts opens into
striated ducts.
 Both intercalated and striated
are intralobular duct system,
which means they are present
inside the lobules.
 The remaining excretory ducts
are interlobular which means
it is located within the connective
tissue septa.

16. Acinar secretions move
From the intercalated
Ducts to the larger
striated duct, both lined
by cuboidal epithelium
The saliva is further
Transported , with help
From contractile
Myoepithelial cells, into
The stratified, columnar,
Extralobular ducts,
Ultimately emerging
From the mucosa through
The excretory duct
Lined by stratified
Squamous epithelium.

18. PAROTID GLAND

19. PAROTID GLAND
It’s superficial portion is located subcutaneously
lying in front of external ear & it’s deeper portion
lies behind the ramus of mandible
filling the retromandibular fossae.
Extension- 5.8 cm craniocaudally
3.4 cm ventrodorsally
Weight- 14-28 g
Shape- Inverted pyramid

21. PAROTID DUCT- Stensen’s duct
4-6 cm in length
5 mm diameter
Opens at a papilla at the buccal mucosa opposite
the maxillary 2nd molar.
The posterior part of the upper occlusal plane should
be one- fourth An inch below the level of the opening
of the stensen’s duct.

23.  BLOOD SUPPLY- Branches of external carotid artery
 PARASYMPATHETIC INNERVATION-
Glossopharyngeal nerve reaching the gland via otic
ganglion & auriculotemporal nerve.
 SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION- Postganglionic fibers
from the superior cervical ganglion.
 LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE- Paraparotid & intraparotid
nodes into superficial & deep cervical lymph nodes.

24. BLOOD SUPPLY OF PAROTID GLAND

25. Parasympathetic innervation of Parotid gland

26. FACIAL NERVE AND IT’S BRANCHES IN
PAROTID GLAND
Facial nerve emerges from the stylomastoid foramen
and enters the gland by piercing its posteromedial
surface. It then divides into two trunks
1.Temporo-facial trunk- This gives rise to
Temporal nerve
Zygomatic nerve
2. Cervico-facial trunk- This further divides into 3
branches
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical

28. SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND

30. SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
The submandibular gland is the second largest
salivary gland, also Called submaxillary salivary gland.
The gland has large superficial lobe and a small deep
lobe, that Connect around the mylohyoid muscle.
Roughly J –shaped.
Mixed gland, Predominantly mucous.
Weight- 7.5 gm

31. THE MAIN EXCRETORY DUCT- Wharton’s duct,
runs forward above the Mylohyoid muscle lying
just below the mucosa of the floor of the mouth In
it’s terminal position.
OPENING- at the Sublingual papillae, lateral to the
lingual frenum.

33. BLOOD SUPPLY- Lingual & facial arteries
PARASYMPATHETIC INNERVATION- Facial nerve
reaching the gland through the lingual nerve after
synapsing in the submandibular ganglion.
SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION- Sympathetic plexus
around facial artery formed by postganglionic fibers
from superior cervical sympathetic ganglion.
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE- Submandibular lymph nodes
& then into jugulodiagastric lymph nodes.

34. PARASYMPATHETIC INNERVATION OF SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND

35. SUBLINGUAL GLAND

36. SUBLINGUAL GLAND
Smallest of the major salivary glands which is
almond shaped.
The Sublingual gland lies between the floor of the
mouth, below The mucosa and above the
mylohyoid muscle.
Mixed gland, Predominantly mucous.
Weight- 3-4 gm

37. BLOOD SUPPLY- Sublingual & Submental arteries
THE MAIN DUCT- Bartholin’s duct- opens with or
near the submandibular duct.
Several smaller ducts- Duct of Rivinus, open
independantly along The sublingual fold.

38. PARASYMPATHETIC INNERVATION- Facial nerve
reaching the gland through the lingual nerve after
synapsing in the submandibular ganglion.
SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION- Sympathetic plexus
around facial artery formed by postganglionic
fibers from superior cervical sympathetic ganglion.
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE- Submandibular lymph
nodes

39. SALIVA
Saliva is clear, tasteless, odourless slightly acidic
(ph6.8) viscid fluid,consisting of secretions from the
parotid, sublingual and submandibular salivary
glands and the minor salivary glands of the oral
cavity.

40. FUNCTION OF SALIVA
FUNCTION EFFECT ACTIVE
CONSTITUENTS
Protection Clearance
Lubrication
Thermal/chemical
insulation
Water
Mucin &
glycoproteins
Buffering pH maintenance
Neutralization of
acids
Bicorbonate and
phosphate, basic
proteins urea &
ammonia
Tooth integrity Enamel maturation &
repair
Calcium,
phosphate,fluoride,
Statherin & proline-
rich proteins

41. FUNCTION EFFECT ACTIVE
CONSTITUENTS
Antimicrobial activity Physical barrier
Immune defence
Mucins secretory Ig A
Peroxidase, Lysozyme
Lactoferrin, Histatin,
mucins, agglutinins
Tissue repair Wound healing and
epithelial regeneration
Growth factors and
proteins
Digestion Bolus formation
Starch and triglyceride
digestion
Water and mucin
Amylase and lipase
Ptylin
Taste Maintenance of taste
buds
Water and lipocalins
Epidermal growth factor
and carbonic hydrase VI

42. COMPOSITION OF SALIVA

43. ROLE OF SALIVA IN PROSTHODONTICS
.

44. PRETREATMENT EVALUATION
All major salivary gland orifices should be
examined for patency and
Viscosity of saliva should be determined.
Class 1 Normal quantity and quality of saliva,
Cohesive and adhesive properties are ideal.
Class 2 Excessive saliva, contains much mucous.
Class 3 Xerostomia, Remaining saliva is mucinous.

45. CONSISTENCY OF SALIVA- Thin
Serous type
Thick ropy

46. IMPRESSION STAGE
EXCESSIVE SALIVATION

47. Excessive salivation presents a problem in
impression making.
From submandibular, sublingual & palatal glands.
TO COUNTERACT THIS PROBLEM –
The palate may be massaged to encourage the
glands to empty.
The mouth may be irrigated with an astringent
mouthwash just before inserting the impression
material.
The palate may be wiped with gauze.
Warm gauze pads may be used to milk palatal
glands, followed by cold pads to constrict gland
opening.

48. XEROSTOMIA

49. Mucosa & lips are easily traumatized in xerostomia.
 The lips should be coated with petroleum jelly to
help with retraction and access to the oral cavity.
The operator’s gloved fingers should be wetted to
prevent them from sticking to the soft tissues.

50. In patients with xerostomia in whom some
residual salivary capacity remains, stimulation of
salivary glands may be induced by the by the
frequent snacking and by the use of lemonades,
lozenges and sugar free gums like xylitol.
In severe cases where the salivary glands cannot
be stimulated to produce sufficient saliva, salivary
substitutes may be used.

51. Another approach to providing optimal lubrication in
complete denture patients is the use of saliva
delivery systems in the form of oral lubricating
devices or RESERVOIR DENTURES.
The commonly preferred sites for adding reservoir
is the palate in the maxillary denture and interior of
the mandibular complete denture.
RESERVOIR DENTURES

52. SJOGREN SYNDROME
This chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder can
appear at any age, peak incidence occurs between
40 & 50 years of age.
SYMPTOMS- Persistent or intermittent enlargement
of salivary glands,
Dry, burning eyes
Recurrent eye & mouth infections
Difficulty speaking, chewing,or swallowing
Increased dental decay
Altered sense of taste/smell
Dry skin & rashes
Cracked tongue

57. When salivary flow is reduced, salivary stimulants or
artificial salivary substitutes have been proposed.
Salivary stimulants are most satisfactory in the form
of pellets, which require chewing, as chewing also
acts as a stimulant.
carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxy ethyl cellulose
in aqueous solutions are in common use and are
used as mouthwash as frequently as required.
SALIVARY SUBSTITUTES

58. DISINFECTION OF IMPRESSION
.
THIN, SEROUS SALIVA
This type of saliva can be removed by briefly
holding the impression under a gentle stream of
cool tap water.
If running tap water is not effective, the saliva can
be removed using a soft camel hair brush and a
mild detergent.

59. THICK, ROPY SALIVA
Thin layer of dental stone be sprinkled on the
surface of the impression. The stone adheres to the
saliva and removes it.

60. DENTURE RETENTION
A sufficient layer of saliva is essential for complete
denture retention.
The various physical factors are:
Adhesion
Cohesion
Interfacial surface tension
Capillarity

61. ADHESION
Adhesion is the physical attraction of unlike molecules
for each other.
The amount of retention provided by adhesion is
proportionate to the area covered by the denture.
Adhesion of saliva to the mucous membrane and the
denture base is achieved through ionic forces between
charged salivary glycoproteins and surface epithelium
or acrylic resin.

62. ACCORDING TO BERNARD LEVIN– the most
adhesive saliva is thin but containing some
mucous component.
THIN AND WATERY SALIVA is not as effective and
can be identified by its inability to draw up a
column of saliva.
THICK AND ROPY SALIVA is very adhesive but
tends to build up and becomes too thick in the
palate area and pushes the denture away causing
interference with overall adaptation.

63. THE CHAIN OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES CONTRIBUTING TO
RETENTION.

64. COHESION
Cohesion is the physical attraction of like molecules
for each other.
It is a retentive force because it occurs within the
layer of fluid (saliva) that is present between the
denture base and the mucosa and works to
maintain the integrity of the interposed fluid.

65. INTERFACIAL SURFACE TENSION
Interfacial surface tension is the resistance to
separation of two parallel surfaces that is imparted
by a film of liquid between them.
The thin saliva film between the denture base and
the mucosa of the basal seat therefore furnishes a
retentive force due to interfacial Surface tension.

67. CAPILLARITY
When the adaptation of the denture base to the
mucosa on which it rests is sufficiently close, the
space filled with a thin film of saliva acts like a
capillary tube in that the liquid seeks to increase its
contact with both the denture and the mucosal
surface.
.

68. DENTURE INSERTION AND AFTER PHASE

69. New dentures are often interpreted as foreign
objects by the oral system. This leads to
stimulation of salivary glands to produce saliva.
On excessive salivation patient may complain of
floating dentures. But this decreases over the
weeks after denture insertion .

70. PELLICLE AS A MEDIATOR OF PLAQUE FORMATION
When denture prosthesis is placed in the oral
cavity, a layer of saliva is rapidly adsorbed to the
surface. This is termed the ACQUIRED DENTURE
PELLICLE (ADP).
The presence of ADP is described in
ultrastructural studies as a thin (2 to 4 μm)
electron dense layer.
Microorganisms are then observed in contact
with this pellicle layer instead of becoming
attached directly to the denture surface.

71. DENTURE PLAQUE
Biofilm forms on hard non-shedding surfaces in
the oral cavity. These surfaces include, tooth
enamel, implants, crowns and bridges, dentures
(full & partial) obturators and other maxillofacial
prostheses.
Facultative anaerobic Gram-positive cocci,
particularly streptococci which comprise 40-50% of
the total cultivable population and Gram- positive
rods predominate in denture plaque from healthy
subjects. Gram-negative rods and yeasts appear to
be relatively scarce.

72. DENTURE STOMATITIS: A PLAQUE MEDIATED DISEASE
A complete or partial denture surface in contact with
the palatal mucosa can provide an environment
highly susceptible to plaque mediated disease called
DENTURE INDUCED STOMATITIS (DIS).
The term describes a bright red inflammation in the
oral mucosa in contact with the fitting surface of a
denture usually the maxilla.

73. Denture stomatitis is usually graded clinically in 3
types
Type 1–Localized inflammation or pinpoint hyperemia
Type 2–Diffuse erythema
Type 3–Granular type involving the central part of
the hard palate & alveolar ridge.
Types 2 and 3 have been associated with infection by
Candida albicans.

77. saliva plays a profound role in the maintenance of
oral health in the prosthetic patients. Indeed the
presence of a thin salivary layer is essential to the
comfort of the mucosa beneath a denture base and
to denture retention. Saliva also plays a role in the
initiation and maintenance of plaque mediated
disease, denture induced stomatitis, found in
significant numbers of complete and partial denture
wearers.
CONCLUSION

78. REFRENCES-
1. Zarb, 13th edition, Prosthodontic treatment for
edentulous patients.
2. Orban’s, 12th edition, Oral histology & embryology.
3. Cunningham’s, 15th edition, Manual of Practical
anatomy.
4. K sembulingam, 6th edition, Essentials of medical
Physiology.

79. THANK YOU