1. The document discusses different types of hernias, including inguinal, femoral, umbilical, incisional, and rare types. 2. It provides details on examining patients for hernias, such as observing for visible lumps, checking for cough impulse, and performing reducibility tests. 3. Key factors are described for differentiating between direct and indirect inguinal hernias, as well as differentiating inguinal from femoral hernias based on location and examination findings.

1. Hernia & PR
Dr.AbdulWAHID M Salih
M.D. Surgery

2. Hernia
• protrusion of an organ
or the fascia of an
organ through the
wall of the cavity that
normally contains
• Congenital, acquired
• Most have an
expansile cough
impulse

3. a Hernia composed of;
1.Sac: a folding of peritoneum
consisting of a mouth, neck,
body and fundus.
2.Body: which varies in size
and is not necessarily
occupied.
3.Coverings: derived from
layers of the abdominal wall.
4.Contents: which could be
anything from the omentum,
intestines, ovary or urinary
bladder.

5. In children,
• Specifically in infants, the parents"
observation of a swelling or protusion
may be the only positive feature.
• In the infancy may beTransilluminable

6. Inguinal
• Superficial inguinal ring—
1.25 cm above and lateral to
the pubic tubercle
• Deep inguinal ring—1.25 cm
above and medial to the mid
point of inguinal ligament
• Length of the inguinal canal
—3.25cm

7. Ingiunal canal Boundaries
MALT: 2M 2A, 2L, 2T:
Superior wall [roof]: 2 Muscles:
• Internal oblique Muscle
• Transverse abdominus Muscle
Anterior wall: 2 Aponeuroses:
• Aponeurosis of external oblique
• Aponeurosis of internal oblique
Lower wall [floor]: 2 Ligaments:
• Inguinal Ligament
• Lacunar Ligament
Posterior wall: 2Ts:
• Transversalis fascia [laterally]
• Conjoint Tendon [medially]

8. Ingiunal canal Contents
Ilioinguinal nerve.
Spermatic cord, which contains:
3 arteries:
• Testicular a.
• Ductus deferens a.
• Cremasteric a.
3 nerves:
• Cremasteric n.
• Genital branch of the genitofemoral n.
• Autonomics
3 other things:
• Ductus deferens
• Pampiniform plexus
• Lymphatics

9. Types of indirect inguinal hernia
1. Incomplete;
Bubonocele—limited within the inguinal canal
Funicular—limited just above the epididymis
2.Complete;
traverses to the bottom of the scrotum

10. • Introduce yourself
• Wash hands
• Chaperone
• Standing up
• Undressed from waist down
• Look for an visible lumps
• Any scars, overlying skin changes.
• The lump extends into the scrotum

11. position
•Pt. stands, exposed area
visible.
•best performed with the patient
standing and in supine
•the physician seated on a stool

12. prepare
• Stand at the side of the patient,
• one hand on the patients back to support him.
• hand and arm should be roughly parallel to the
inguinal ligament when palpating the lump.

13. • Observation of the groin area in
oblique light
• Visible swelling. Examine as a mass;
(STEM; site,skin,size,shape,…)
Mass

14. Most important
1. Can you get above it?
2. Reducibility test
3. Expansile Cough Impulse;
4. Invagination test
5. Three finger test
Zieman’s technique
6. Ring occlusion test

15. Also Asses
• Intra or extra abdominal
• Tension
• Composition
• Percussion and auscultation;
Bowel Sounds
• Always examine both groins
• Tranillumination

16. 1-Cough Impulse
•Pt. coughs to highlight hernia.
•May not ;if the neck is blocked by
adhesions
•Visible & Palpable cough impulse.
•Reappear on straining,
standing or coughing

17. 2-Reducibility test
• Ask pt. to reduce hernia himselves
• usually done in lying position.
• The thigh of the affected side should be flexed,
adducted and internally rotated.
• Finger guard of the inguinal canal by thumb
and index finger and then the scrotum is gently
squeezed.

18. Relation to Pubic
Tubercle
INGUINAL HERNIA;
The neck above
and medial to the
pubic tubercle
FEMORAL HERNIA;
The neck below and
lateral to pubic
tubercle

19. 3-Get above the swelling test
• Done in standing position
• At the root of the scrotum place the
thumb in front and the index behind
•Try to reach above the swelling.
• Inguinal hernia; cannot get above
• Pure scrotal swelling; will get above

20. 4-Invagination test
•The scrotum on each side is inverted
with the examining index finger
•Entering the inguinal canal along
the course of the cord structures.
•The size of the external ring.
•The finger push up to the
superf inguinal ring.
•The pulp should feel the ring.
•Pat is asked to cough,
•A palpable impulse will confirm the hernia;
felt on the pulp then direct
felt on the tip then indirect hernia.

22. 5-Three finger test / Zieman’s technique
Index finger; deep inguinal ring (indirect hernia)
Middle finger; superficial ing. Ring (direct hernia)
Ring finger; saphenous opening (femoral hernia)
The patient is asked to cough.

23. 6-Ring occlusion test
•Reduce the hernia
•Occlusion of the deep ring by thumb.
•Then holding the thumb in position ask
The pt to stand
then cough
•If no bulging;
indirect
•If bulging;
direct .

24. Beside
• Beside; at the level of inguinal region
at the affected side;
Notice a small bulge
Compare to the other side.
• Stand beside the pt; your shoulder
behind the opposite shoulder of pt;
Reduce the hernia.
Ask the pt to cough

25. Examine the abdomen;
Causes Of raised intraabd. pressure;
• Enlarged bladder (BPH)
• Ascites
Search; predisposing factors;

26. describe the hernia
1. Site (inguinal)
2. Right/Left
3. Reducible/Irreducible
4. Complete/Incomplete
5. Direct/Indirect

27. •Any hernia that is tender
•Nausea and vomiting;
•No attempt to
reduce it manually.
•An acute surgical
emergency.
Strangulation

28. indirect summary
•Relation to epigastric vessels;Relation to epigastric vessels; LataralLataral
•Processus vaginalis;Processus vaginalis; PresentPresent
•congenitalcongenital
•Unilateral (usually).
•always descends
the scrotum
•prone to obstruction
and strangulation

29. Direct summary
•Bilateral
•AcqiuredAcqiured
•Processus vaginalis;Processus vaginalis; AbsentAbsent
•Rarely strangulate;
medial tomedial to
epigastric vessels;epigastric vessels;

30. Femoral Hernia (cont..)
Femoral hernias are more common in women,
present as a groin lump.
the cause of unexplained small bowel obstruction.
an absent Cough impulse
globular lump than the pear shaped lump of the
inguinal hernia.
• Differential Diagnoses:
Inguinal Hernia.
Femoral Artery Aneurism.
Femoral Lymphadenopathy.
Psoas Abscess.

31. Umbilical Hernia:
• In infants & children.
• Boys more than girls.
• Tend to resolve without any treatment
by around the age of 5 years.
• Obstruction and strangulation is rare.

32. Paraumbilical Hernia:
• Affects adults.
• either supra or infraumbilical
through the linea alba.
• The female to male ratio is 20:1.
• Clolicky pain and/or irreducibilty
due to omental adhesions.

33. Incisional Hernia
• weakness is the result of an
incompletely healed surgical wound.
• more along a straight line from the
sternum down to the pubis.
• Swelling at the
incisional site +/- pain.

34. Epigastric Hernia
a defectin the linea alba between the
xiphoid process and umbilicus
Starts as a protrusion of the
extraperitoneal fat
Swelling +/- pain
similar to a peptic ulcer pain.

35. Rare external Hernias
1. Spiglian Hernia:
 spaces of the semilunar line and the
lateral edge of the rectus muscle (inferior
to the arcuate line).
 The posterior rectus sheath is weak
 Preoperative diagnosis is diffucult
 u/s & c.t are helpful
tools in the diagnosis

37. 2-Lumbar Hernias:
broad bulging hernia
not vulnerable to incarceration.
A. Petit’s hernia: inferior lumbar triangle.
B. Grynfeltt’s Hernia:superior lumbar
triangle and is less common than Petit’s.