9 36-computer organization and archietecture- CO- COA
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The document discusses the design of the control unit in a computer system. It describes how the bits of a microinstruction are divided into fields that are then decoded to provide distinct microoperations. It also explains that the microprogram sequencer is the component that selects the next address in the control memory to read and execute microinstructions, guided by next address information from the current instruction.
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This document summarizes key aspects of computer organization, specifically microprogrammed control units. It discusses:
1) The two major types of control units - hardwired and microprogrammed. Microprogrammed control units store control information in a control memory that can be updated, while hardwired units have fixed wiring that is difficult to modify.
2) Control words stored in the control memory that specify microoperations. The control unit executes microinstructions from the control memory to perform the necessary microoperations.
3) Components of a microprogrammed control unit including the control memory, control address register, control data register, and next-address generator or sequencer.
4) Methods for sequencing micro
Micro program
This document discusses microprogrammed control in CPUs. It explains that microprogrammed control uses a control memory to store microinstructions that specify sequences of micro-operations. Each microinstruction is a control word that determines which micro-operations will execute. By sequencing through different microinstructions stored in control memory, the CPU can perform complex instruction sets in a flexible manner compared to hardwired control logic. Advanced microprogrammed CPUs can dynamically load microprograms from auxiliary memory.
Ch7 official
The document discusses microprogrammed control units. It describes how control units use a control memory (like ROM) to store microinstructions that specify sequences of microoperations. This allows the control logic to be changed by updating the microprogram in control memory. In comparison, hardwired control units implement control logic with gates and circuits, allowing for faster operation but requiring wiring changes to modify the design. The document outlines the typical components of a microprogrammed control unit, including the control memory, control address register, sequencer, and control data register. It provides examples of microinstruction formats and symbolic and binary microprograms.
Ch7 official=computer organization and archietectur- CO-COA
The document discusses microprogrammed control units. It describes how control units use a control memory (like ROM or RAM) to store microprograms consisting of sequences of microinstructions. Each microinstruction specifies one or more microoperations to perform simple functions. The control unit reads microinstructions from control memory based on the address provided by a sequencer. It can increment addresses or perform conditional/unconditional branches to sequence microoperations and implement machine instructions or routines. Examples of microprograms for fetch and indirect routines are also provided to illustrate the concept.
Microarchitecture
This document discusses microarchitecture level and basic elements of a processor. It describes that the microarchitecture level implements the instruction set architecture above it depending on factors like the ISA, cost and performance goals. Common elements of a processor include the ALU, registers, internal and external data paths, and the control unit. The control unit sequences through micro-operations, executes each one using control signals, and can be implemented using microcode in a microprogrammed design. Microinstructions can directly or indirectly encode control signals to simplify the control memory width and microprogramming task.
Micro programmed control
The control signals needed in each step of intruction execution can be generated by the finite state machine method, also called hardwired control, or, alternatively, by the microprogrammed control method discussed below.
Basic Concepts of Microprogramming:
Control word (CW):
A word with each bit for one of the control signals. Each step of the instruction execution is represented by a control word with all of the bits corresponding to the control signals needed for the step set to one.
Microinstruction:
Each step in a sequence of steps in the execution of a certain machine instruction is considered as a microinstruction, and it is represented by a control word. All of the bits corresponding to the control signals that need to be asserted in this step are set to 1, and all others are set to 0 (horizontal organization).
Microprogram:
Composed of a sequence of microinstructions corresponding to the sequence of steps in the execution of a given machine instruction.
Microprogramming:
The method of generating the control signals by properly setting the individual bits in a control word of a step.
Micro programmed control
presentation on micro programmed controlling.topic of somputer science architecture(csa) of sem 1 in delhi university.
Micro Programmed Control Unit
This slide provide the content related to the control unit available in computer, It give some detail about the micro programmed control unit
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3 4- computer organization and archietecture- COA- CO- Computer organization
This document summarizes key aspects of computer organization, specifically microprogrammed control units. It discusses:
1) The two major types of control units - hardwired and microprogrammed. Microprogrammed control units store control information in a control memory that can be updated, while hardwired units have fixed wiring that is difficult to modify.
2) Control words stored in the control memory that specify microoperations. The control unit executes microinstructions from the control memory to perform the necessary microoperations.
3) Components of a microprogrammed control unit including the control memory, control address register, control data register, and next-address generator or sequencer.
4) Methods for sequencing micro
Micro program
This document discusses microprogrammed control in CPUs. It explains that microprogrammed control uses a control memory to store microinstructions that specify sequences of micro-operations. Each microinstruction is a control word that determines which micro-operations will execute. By sequencing through different microinstructions stored in control memory, the CPU can perform complex instruction sets in a flexible manner compared to hardwired control logic. Advanced microprogrammed CPUs can dynamically load microprograms from auxiliary memory.
Ch7 official
The document discusses microprogrammed control units. It describes how control units use a control memory (like ROM) to store microinstructions that specify sequences of microoperations. This allows the control logic to be changed by updating the microprogram in control memory. In comparison, hardwired control units implement control logic with gates and circuits, allowing for faster operation but requiring wiring changes to modify the design. The document outlines the typical components of a microprogrammed control unit, including the control memory, control address register, sequencer, and control data register. It provides examples of microinstruction formats and symbolic and binary microprograms.
Ch7 official=computer organization and archietectur- CO-COA
The document discusses microprogrammed control units. It describes how control units use a control memory (like ROM or RAM) to store microprograms consisting of sequences of microinstructions. Each microinstruction specifies one or more microoperations to perform simple functions. The control unit reads microinstructions from control memory based on the address provided by a sequencer. It can increment addresses or perform conditional/unconditional branches to sequence microoperations and implement machine instructions or routines. Examples of microprograms for fetch and indirect routines are also provided to illustrate the concept.
Microarchitecture
This document discusses microarchitecture level and basic elements of a processor. It describes that the microarchitecture level implements the instruction set architecture above it depending on factors like the ISA, cost and performance goals. Common elements of a processor include the ALU, registers, internal and external data paths, and the control unit. The control unit sequences through micro-operations, executes each one using control signals, and can be implemented using microcode in a microprogrammed design. Microinstructions can directly or indirectly encode control signals to simplify the control memory width and microprogramming task.
Micro programmed control
The control signals needed in each step of intruction execution can be generated by the finite state machine method, also called hardwired control, or, alternatively, by the microprogrammed control method discussed below.
Basic Concepts of Microprogramming:
Control word (CW):
A word with each bit for one of the control signals. Each step of the instruction execution is represented by a control word with all of the bits corresponding to the control signals needed for the step set to one.
Microinstruction:
Each step in a sequence of steps in the execution of a certain machine instruction is considered as a microinstruction, and it is represented by a control word. All of the bits corresponding to the control signals that need to be asserted in this step are set to 1, and all others are set to 0 (horizontal organization).
Microprogram:
Composed of a sequence of microinstructions corresponding to the sequence of steps in the execution of a given machine instruction.
Microprogramming:
The method of generating the control signals by properly setting the individual bits in a control word of a step.
Micro programmed control
presentation on micro programmed controlling.topic of somputer science architecture(csa) of sem 1 in delhi university.
Micro Programmed Control Unit
This slide provide the content related to the control unit available in computer, It give some detail about the micro programmed control unit
Microprogram Control
A microprogrammed control unit stores control signals for executing instructions in a control memory rather than using dedicated logic. It has four main components: 1) a control memory that stores microinstructions specifying microoperations, 2) a control address register that selects microinstructions, 3) a sequencer that generates the next address, and 4) a pipeline register that holds the selected microinstruction. Microprograms are sequences of microinstructions that are executed to carry out machine-level instructions. Microinstructions can implement conditional branching to alter the control flow.
Micro programmed control
micro programmed control signal is the alternative technology of generating control signals inside the processor.
Hardwired control
hardwired control is the system level communication in which how the control signal generate by processor with the help of conditional codes, external output and counter circuits
Control unit design(1)
The document discusses control unit design in processors. It describes that the control unit is responsible for generating control and timing signals to synchronize internal and external events. It discusses two approaches to control unit design: hardwired and microprogramming. The hardwired approach is faster but more complex, while the microprogrammed approach is more flexible but slower. It also explains finite state machines are used to represent the control unit and discusses factors that influence control unit complexity.
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The document discusses different types of control systems for CPUs, including hardwired and microprogrammed control. It explains that microprogrammed control uses sequences of microinstructions stored in memory to interpret instructions, allowing for more flexibility than hardwired control. The execute cycle is categorized into four groups of actions: CPU-memory transfers, CPU-I/O transfers, data processing, and control alterations. Microinstructions are organized into fields that activate control signals, and the main concerns in microinstruction sequencing design are microinstruction size and address generation time.
Microinstruction sequencing new
The document describes the components and functioning of a microprogram sequencer. The microprogram sequencer selects the next address from various sources like the current microinstruction address field, an incremented address, or an external source. It uses multiplexers and registers to select the appropriate next address and load it into the control address register to fetch the next microinstruction from memory. The input logic determines the types of operations the sequencer can perform, such as branching, subroutine calls and returns, and other address sequencing functions.
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The document discusses the timing and control in a computer system. It explains that a master clock generator controls the timing of all registers. The control unit generates relevant timing and control signals to direct operations. It communicates with the ALU and memory, instructing the ALU on operations and directing data flow. The control unit can use either hardwired or microprogrammed design. A microprogrammed control unit implements control through software routines stored in memory, allowing for easier modifications.
control unit
The document discusses control units in basic computers. It describes hardwired control and microprogrammed control. Hardwired control generates signals using logic gates while microprogrammed control stores control information in a control memory. The control unit initiates sequential microoperations from the control memory. It consists of decoders, counters, and control logic. Arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are also summarized for different data types.
Control unit
The control unit is responsible for controlling the flow of data and operations in a computer. It generates timing and control signals to coordinate the arithmetic logic unit, memory, and other components. Control units can be implemented using either hardwired or microprogrammed logic. A hardwired control unit uses combinational logic circuits like gates and flip-flops to directly generate control signals, while a microprogrammed control unit stores control sequences as microprograms in a control memory and executes them step-by-step using microinstructions. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages related to speed, flexibility, cost, and complexity of implementation.
Control Units : Microprogrammed and Hardwired:control unit
The document discusses control units in CPUs. There are two main methods for implementing control units: hardwired and microprogrammed. A hardwired control unit generates control signals through circuitry using logic gates, while a microprogrammed control unit generates control signals by executing a stored microprogram. Overall, hardwired control units are faster but less flexible, while microprogrammed control units are slower but more flexible and modifiable.
MicroProgrammed Explained .
MICROPROGRAMMED
-> CONTROL UNIT IMPLEMENTATION
-> What Is Control Unit ??
-> Hardwire
-> Microprogrammed
-> Hardwire Vs Microprogrammed
-> Microprogrammed Control Unit
-> Micro-Operations
-> Control Memory
-> Microprogrammed Control Organization
-> Microprogram Routines
-> Conditional Branching
-> Mapping Of Instruction
-> Address Sequencing
-> Micro-Program Example
-> Micro-Instruction Format
-> Microinstruction Fields
-> Symbolic Microinstruction
Control unit design
Micro operations
Fetch, Indirect, Interrupt, Execute, Instruction Cycle
Control Unit
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Wilkie's Microprogrammed Control Unit
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The document discusses the control unit of a processor and microprogramming. It defines a micro-operation as an elementary CPU operation during one clock pulse. The control unit sequences micro-operations based on instructions and generates control signals. A microprogram specifies a sequence of microinstructions that define the control unit's functionality. Microinstructions turn control lines on/off to activate micro-operations. The control memory stores the microinstructions.
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The document describes the phases of the instruction cycle in a CPU. It discusses the following phases: 1) Fetch - the next instruction is fetched from memory and stored in the instruction register using the program counter; 2) Decode - the instruction inside the register is decoded; 3) Execute - the control unit passes signals to function units like the ALU to perform the required actions like arithmetic or logic operations. It also describes common circuits used in a CPU like the program counter, memory address register, and instruction register.
basic computer programming and micro programmed control
The document discusses microprogrammed control unit implementation. It describes that a microprogrammed control unit uses microinstructions stored in read-only control memory to generate control signals for executing microoperations. Each computer instruction is mapped to a routine in control memory containing a sequence of microinstructions. The microinstructions include fields that specify microoperations to perform and the address of the next microinstruction. A control address register holds the address of the current microinstruction, and a next address generator determines the next address based on branching conditions.
Lecture 21
The document discusses the control unit of a computer. It covers control memory, microinstruction sequencing, the microinstruction format, design of the control unit, and the address sequencer. The address sequencer uses a multiplexer to select the next address from various sources like incrementing the current address, returning from a subroutine, branching to a new address, or mapping from the machine instruction.
Fetch Execute Cycle
The fetch-execute cycle can be broken down into two main phases: the fetch phase, where the address of the next instruction is copied from the program counter to the memory address register to retrieve the instruction from memory into the memory buffer register, and then the instruction register; and the execute phase, where the instruction held in the instruction register is decoded and executed through a sequence of micro-operations depending on the specific instruction.
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This document describes a system to remotely monitor and control devices using GSM technology. The system uses a microcontroller to receive SMS commands from a mobile phone via a GSM modem and control devices connected to relays. It allows devices like fans and lamps to be turned on and off from a distance. The system provides advantages like remote control from anywhere using basic phone operation and potential applications in home, office, and industrial automation.
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The document discusses different types of program control units, including hardwired and microprogrammed control units. It describes the key functions of a control unit as fetching and sequencing instructions, interpreting instructions and executing operations, and handling interrupts. It also explains instruction and program control transfer. Hardwired control units implement control logic using techniques like sequential counters and state tables but are inflexible. Microprogrammed control units store control signals in a read-only memory to gain flexibility in implementing instructions through microoperations.
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2. It describes the basic components and functions of a microprocessor, including the processor, memory, and input/output devices. Common microprocessor types and their history are also outlined.
3. Microcomputers are defined as microprocessor-based systems that can perform computer functions. Microcontrollers are also discussed as dedicated microprocessor systems used for control applications.
Design of control unit.pptx
The document discusses the design of control units in computers. It describes two main types of control unit implementations: hardwired control units and microprogrammed control units. Hardwired control units use combinational logic circuits to generate control signals, while microprogrammed control units store sequences of control instructions called microprograms in a read-only control memory. The document provides details on the components and functioning of microprogrammed control units, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches.
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Microprogram Control
A microprogrammed control unit stores control signals for executing instructions in a control memory rather than using dedicated logic. It has four main components: 1) a control memory that stores microinstructions specifying microoperations, 2) a control address register that selects microinstructions, 3) a sequencer that generates the next address, and 4) a pipeline register that holds the selected microinstruction. Microprograms are sequences of microinstructions that are executed to carry out machine-level instructions. Microinstructions can implement conditional branching to alter the control flow.
Micro programmed control
micro programmed control signal is the alternative technology of generating control signals inside the processor.
Hardwired control
hardwired control is the system level communication in which how the control signal generate by processor with the help of conditional codes, external output and counter circuits
Control unit design(1)
The document discusses control unit design in processors. It describes that the control unit is responsible for generating control and timing signals to synchronize internal and external events. It discusses two approaches to control unit design: hardwired and microprogramming. The hardwired approach is faster but more complex, while the microprogrammed approach is more flexible but slower. It also explains finite state machines are used to represent the control unit and discusses factors that influence control unit complexity.
Unit 2 ca- control unit
The document discusses different types of control systems for CPUs, including hardwired and microprogrammed control. It explains that microprogrammed control uses sequences of microinstructions stored in memory to interpret instructions, allowing for more flexibility than hardwired control. The execute cycle is categorized into four groups of actions: CPU-memory transfers, CPU-I/O transfers, data processing, and control alterations. Microinstructions are organized into fields that activate control signals, and the main concerns in microinstruction sequencing design are microinstruction size and address generation time.
Microinstruction sequencing new
The document describes the components and functioning of a microprogram sequencer. The microprogram sequencer selects the next address from various sources like the current microinstruction address field, an incremented address, or an external source. It uses multiplexers and registers to select the appropriate next address and load it into the control address register to fetch the next microinstruction from memory. The input logic determines the types of operations the sequencer can perform, such as branching, subroutine calls and returns, and other address sequencing functions.
Computer architecture control unit
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Mustansiriya University
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The document discusses the timing and control in a computer system. It explains that a master clock generator controls the timing of all registers. The control unit generates relevant timing and control signals to direct operations. It communicates with the ALU and memory, instructing the ALU on operations and directing data flow. The control unit can use either hardwired or microprogrammed design. A microprogrammed control unit implements control through software routines stored in memory, allowing for easier modifications.
control unit
The document discusses control units in basic computers. It describes hardwired control and microprogrammed control. Hardwired control generates signals using logic gates while microprogrammed control stores control information in a control memory. The control unit initiates sequential microoperations from the control memory. It consists of decoders, counters, and control logic. Arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are also summarized for different data types.
Control unit
The control unit is responsible for controlling the flow of data and operations in a computer. It generates timing and control signals to coordinate the arithmetic logic unit, memory, and other components. Control units can be implemented using either hardwired or microprogrammed logic. A hardwired control unit uses combinational logic circuits like gates and flip-flops to directly generate control signals, while a microprogrammed control unit stores control sequences as microprograms in a control memory and executes them step-by-step using microinstructions. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages related to speed, flexibility, cost, and complexity of implementation.
Control Units : Microprogrammed and Hardwired:control unit
The document discusses control units in CPUs. There are two main methods for implementing control units: hardwired and microprogrammed. A hardwired control unit generates control signals through circuitry using logic gates, while a microprogrammed control unit generates control signals by executing a stored microprogram. Overall, hardwired control units are faster but less flexible, while microprogrammed control units are slower but more flexible and modifiable.
MicroProgrammed Explained .
MICROPROGRAMMED
-> CONTROL UNIT IMPLEMENTATION
-> What Is Control Unit ??
-> Hardwire
-> Microprogrammed
-> Hardwire Vs Microprogrammed
-> Microprogrammed Control Unit
-> Micro-Operations
-> Control Memory
-> Microprogrammed Control Organization
-> Microprogram Routines
-> Conditional Branching
-> Mapping Of Instruction
-> Address Sequencing
-> Micro-Program Example
-> Micro-Instruction Format
-> Microinstruction Fields
-> Symbolic Microinstruction
Control unit design
Micro operations
Fetch, Indirect, Interrupt, Execute, Instruction Cycle
Control Unit
Hardwired Control Unit
Microprogrammed Control Unit
Wilkie's Microprogrammed Control Unit
assignment on control unit and control signal micro instruction
The document discusses the control unit of a processor and microprogramming. It defines a micro-operation as an elementary CPU operation during one clock pulse. The control unit sequences micro-operations based on instructions and generates control signals. A microprogram specifies a sequence of microinstructions that define the control unit's functionality. Microinstructions turn control lines on/off to activate micro-operations. The control memory stores the microinstructions.
Instruction cycle
The document describes the phases of the instruction cycle in a CPU. It discusses the following phases: 1) Fetch - the next instruction is fetched from memory and stored in the instruction register using the program counter; 2) Decode - the instruction inside the register is decoded; 3) Execute - the control unit passes signals to function units like the ALU to perform the required actions like arithmetic or logic operations. It also describes common circuits used in a CPU like the program counter, memory address register, and instruction register.
basic computer programming and micro programmed control
The document discusses microprogrammed control unit implementation. It describes that a microprogrammed control unit uses microinstructions stored in read-only control memory to generate control signals for executing microoperations. Each computer instruction is mapped to a routine in control memory containing a sequence of microinstructions. The microinstructions include fields that specify microoperations to perform and the address of the next microinstruction. A control address register holds the address of the current microinstruction, and a next address generator determines the next address based on branching conditions.
Lecture 21
The document discusses the control unit of a computer. It covers control memory, microinstruction sequencing, the microinstruction format, design of the control unit, and the address sequencer. The address sequencer uses a multiplexer to select the next address from various sources like incrementing the current address, returning from a subroutine, branching to a new address, or mapping from the machine instruction.
Fetch Execute Cycle
The fetch-execute cycle can be broken down into two main phases: the fetch phase, where the address of the next instruction is copied from the program counter to the memory address register to retrieve the instruction from memory into the memory buffer register, and then the instruction register; and the execute phase, where the instruction held in the instruction register is decoded and executed through a sequence of micro-operations depending on the specific instruction.
Monitoring & Controlling of Devices using GSM
This document describes a system to remotely monitor and control devices using GSM technology. The system uses a microcontroller to receive SMS commands from a mobile phone via a GSM modem and control devices connected to relays. It allows devices like fans and lamps to be turned on and off from a distance. The system provides advantages like remote control from anywhere using basic phone operation and potential applications in home, office, and industrial automation.
Computer Organization
The document discusses different types of program control units, including hardwired and microprogrammed control units. It describes the key functions of a control unit as fetching and sequencing instructions, interpreting instructions and executing operations, and handling interrupts. It also explains instruction and program control transfer. Hardwired control units implement control logic using techniques like sequential counters and state tables but are inflexible. Microprogrammed control units store control signals in a read-only memory to gain flexibility in implementing instructions through microoperations.
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Digital Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Real Time Position Contr...
Abstract: Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) systems have emerged as one of the most promising areas for Industrial Applications. The highly growth of fuzzy logic applications led to the need of finding efficient way to hardware implementation. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is the most important tool for hardware implementation due to low consumption of energy, high speed of operation and large capacity of data storage. In this paper, instead of an introduction to fuzzy logic control methodology, we have demonstrated the implementation of a FLC through the use of the Very high speed integrated circuits Hardware Description Language (VHDL) code. FLC is designed for position control of BLDC Motor. VHDL has been used to develop FLC on FPGA. A Mamdani type FLC structure has been used to obtain the controller output. The controller algorithm developed synthesized, simulated and implemented on FPGA Spartan 3E board. Keywords – BLDC Motor, FLC, Hardware Implementation, Spartan3 FPGA, VHDL
Digital Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Real Time Position Contr...
Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) systems have emerged as one of the most promising areas for
Industrial Applications. The highly growth of fuzzy logic applications led to the need of finding efficient way to
hardware implementation. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is the most important tool for hardware
implementation due to low consumption of energy, high speed of operation and large capacity of data storage.
In this paper, instead of an introduction to fuzzy logic control methodology, we have demonstrated the
implementation of a FLC through the use of the Very high speed integrated circuits Hardware Description
Language (VHDL) code. FLC is designed for position control of BLDC Motor. VHDL has been used to develop
FLC on FPGA. A Mamdani type FLC structure has been used to obtain the controller output. The controller
algorithm developed synthesized, simulated and implemented on FPGA Spartan 3E board.
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Computer Organization & Architecture (COA)Unit 4
This document provides information about the Computer Organization and Architecture course for the 4th semester of the B.E. program at Laxmi Institute of Technology, Sarigam. It includes details about the course content which covers topics such as computer data representation, assembly language programming, CPU, and memory organization. The document then focuses on the topics of control memory, address sequencing, and microprogram examples. It provides explanations of control memory, the advantages of microprogrammed control, and the addressing capabilities required for control memory. Finally, it includes the format and coding for microinstructions along with examples.
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9 36-computer organization and archietecture- CO- COA
- 1. PRESENTED BY : Jay Patel (130110107036) Jay Majithia (130110107009) Faculty : Prof. Kinjal Joshi Gujarat Technological University G.H Patel College of Engineering and Technology Department of Computer Engineering Computer Organization
- 2. Design of Control Unit
- 3. G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 3 Decoding of microoperation field • The bit of the microinstruction are usually divided into fields, with each field defining a distinct separate function. • This method reduces the size of microinstruction bit but requires additional hardware external to control memory • The nine bit of the microoperation operation are divided into three subfield of three bit each • The control memory output of each subfield must be decoded to provide distinct microoperations.
- 4. G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 4 Decoding of microoperation fields
- 5. G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 5 Microprogram sequencer • The basic component of a microprogrammed control unit are the control memory and the circuit that selects the next address. The address selection part is called microprogram sequencer. • The purpose of microprogram sequencer is to present an address to control memory so that a microinstruction may be read and executed. The choice of address source is guided by next address information bit that sequencer receives from present instruction.
- 6. G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 6 Microprogram Sequencer
- 7. G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 7 Truth table of input logic