The document discusses different types of control systems for CPUs, including hardwired and microprogrammed control. It explains that microprogrammed control uses sequences of microinstructions stored in memory to interpret instructions, allowing for more flexibility than hardwired control. The execute cycle is categorized into four groups of actions: CPU-memory transfers, CPU-I/O transfers, data processing, and control alterations. Microinstructions are organized into fields that activate control signals, and the main concerns in microinstruction sequencing design are microinstruction size and address generation time.

1. ANKUR SRIVASTAVA
Assistant Professor
Dept of CSE
JETGI, Barabanki
CONTROL UNIT
UNIT-2

2. • Basic Concepts
• Micro-Instruction Sequencing
• Micro- Instruction Execution

3. Control Systems
• Two types of control systems
▫ Hardwired Control Systems
▫ Micro-Programmed Control Systems

4. Hardwired Control
• A special digital circuit that uses
▫ The bits from the opcode field in our instructions
▫ Bits from the Flags
▫ Signals from the bus
▫ Signals from the Clock

5. Hardwire Control
• Advantages
▫ Speed
• Disadvantages
▫ Instruction set and Control logic are directly tied
together using complicated circuits that are
difficult to design and modify.

6. Micro Program Control
• Developed by M.V. Wilkes in
the early 1950’s
• Proposed an idea that was
organized and systematic and
avoided the complications of
hardwired implementation.
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/R
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7. Micro-Progammed Control Basic
Concepts
• Use sequences of instructions to control complex
operations
• Called micro-programming or firmware
• Microprogram is an interpreter written in
microcode that is stored in
firmware(ROM,PROM,EEPROM) which is often
called the control store. The program converts
zero’s and one’s into control signals.

8. Functioning of Micro programmed
Control Unit

9. Micro-Program Control
• Advantages
▫ Only thing that needs to be modified is the micro-
code. No hardware modification is needed.
▫ Microprogramming is flexible and easy to design.
▫ Allows for convenient hardware/software trade
offs. If something you want is not implemented in
hardware it can be implemented in software.

10. Micro-Program Control
• Disadvantages
▫ All instructions must go through an additional
level of interpretation, slowing down the program
execution.
▫ Development is expensive due to software tools.

11. What is MicroInstruction
Sequencing?
• Getting the next instruction from the control
memory

12. MicroCode
• Stored in high speed memory, CONTROL
STORE
• Could be ROM or Read/Write
• Read/Write allows for debugging
• Uses very wide, bit-wise, instructions
• Designed for fastest possible execution

13. Implementation
• Each microinstruction provides the bits that
control the elements of a CPU
• Turns extremely complex electrical design into
less difficult programming design

14. Two Concerns
• Two main concerns in designing a sequence:
▫ Size of MicroInstruction
▫ Address-Generation Time

15. Sequencing Techniques
• Two address fields
• Single address field
• Variable Format

16. Branch Control Logic, Two Address Fields

17. Address Generation

18. Branch Instruction
• Depends on:
▫ ALU Flags
▫ Part of the opcode or address mode fields of the
instruction
▫ Parts of a selected register
▫ Status bits within the control unit

20. Execution
• Once an instruction has been loaded into the instruction
register (IR), and the control unit (CU) has examined and
decoded the fetched instruction and determined the required
course of action to take, the execution cycle can commence.
• Unlike the fetch cycle and the interrupt cycle, both of which
have a set instruction sequence, the execute cycle can
comprise some complex operations (commonly called
opcodes).

21. Execute cycle
• The Fetch-Execute cycle in Transfer
Notation
• MAR<-[PC]
• MDR<-[Memory Location]
• PC<-[PC]+1
• IR<-[MDR]
• CU<-IR

22. Execute
• Microinstruction organized as set of fields
• Each field contains code
• Activates one or more control signals
• Organize format into independent fields
▫ Field depicts set of actions (pattern of control signals)
▫ Actions from different fields can occur simultaneously
• Alternative actions that can be specified by a field are
mutually exclusive
▫ Only one action specified for field could occur at a time

23. Execute Cycle

24. Execute cycle
• The first step of the execute cycle is the Process-
Memory. Data is transferred between the CPU and the
I/O module.
• Next is the Data-Processing uses mathematical
operations as well as logical operations in reference to
data.
• Central alterations is the next step, is a sequence of
operations, for example a jump operation. The last
step is a combined operation from all the other steps.

25. Execute Cycle
• The actions within the execution cycle can be categorized into the
following four groups:
• CPU - Memory: Data may be transferred from memory to the CPU
or from the CPU to memory.
• CPU - I/O: Data may be transferred from an I/O module to the CPU
or from the CPU to an I/O module.
• Data Processing: The CPU may perform some arithmetic or logic
operation on data via the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU).
• Control: An instruction may specify that the sequence of operation
may be altered. For example, the program counter (PC) may be
updated with a new memory address to reflect that the next
instruction fetched, should be read from this new location.

26. How Prefetching Works?

27. Questions
• 1. What are two types of Control Systems?
• 2. What is the difference between hardwired and micro
programmed control systems?
• 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Hardwired and
Micro programmed controlled systems?
• 4. In how many actions can the execute cycle be categorized?
• 5. How are micro-Instructions Organized?
• 6. What is the role of the control Unit?
• 7. What is Micro-Instruction Sequencing?
• 8. What are the 2 main concerns of designing?
• 9. What are the 3 types of sequencing techniques?
• 10. What are the two types of address generation techniques?