Introduction of memory Segmentation
Segmentation is the process in which the main memory of the computer is logically divided into different segments and each segment has its own base address.
Memory segmentation is the methods where whole memory is divided into the smaller parts called segments of various sizes.
A segment is just an area in memory.
The process of dividing memory this way is called segmentation.
PIC A special purpose integrated circuit that function as an overall manager in an interrupt driven system.
It accepts request from the peripheral equipment,determines which of the incoming request is of the highest priority, ascertains whether the incoming request has a higher priority value than the level currently being serviced, and issues an interrupt to the CPU based on this determination.
Introduction of memory Segmentation
Segmentation is the process in which the main memory of the computer is logically divided into different segments and each segment has its own base address.
Memory segmentation is the methods where whole memory is divided into the smaller parts called segments of various sizes.
A segment is just an area in memory.
The process of dividing memory this way is called segmentation.
PIC A special purpose integrated circuit that function as an overall manager in an interrupt driven system.
It accepts request from the peripheral equipment,determines which of the incoming request is of the highest priority, ascertains whether the incoming request has a higher priority value than the level currently being serviced, and issues an interrupt to the CPU based on this determination.
MICROPROCESSOR AND INTERFACING
8255A : ppi
8259A : pic
Basics of 8255A PPI
Different I/O mode of 8255A
Basics of 8259A PIC
Different interrupt mode of 8259A
Programming Mode of 8259A
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When it comes to how to name an app, it’s of similar importance as naming a child. The name of your app will follow your brand forever, and in many cases, potential users will hear the name before they ever actually use your app.
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Then, you’re halfway there. Being an NRI, your top preference would be IITs and NITs of India. If that's the case, you must know the fee structure of both the IITs, NITs (under DASA scheme), Centrally Funded Institutions and State-Level Govt. Engineering Colleges.
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The charity sector can be competitive and experience, volunteer or otherwise, can count for a lot. But there are ways to make that third sector CV stand out from the competition. Why not take some courses? A course can be a great way to make your application shine and an opportunity to learn new skills and ideas.
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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2. Intel
8086 was launched
in 1978.
It
was the first 16-bit
microprocessor.
This
microprocessor had
major improvement over
the execution speed of
8085.
It
is available as 40-pin
Dual-Inline-Package
(DIP).
2
3. It
is available in three
versions:
8086
(5 MHz)
8086-2 (8 MHz)
8086-1 (10 MHz)
It
consists of 29,000
transistors.
3
4. It
has a 16 line data
bus.
And
bus.
20 line address
It
could address up to 1
MB of memory.
It
has more than
20,000 instructions.
It
supports
multiplication and
division.
4
6. These
lines are multiplexed bidirectional address/data bus.
During
T1, they carry lower
order 16-bit address.
In
the remaining clock cycles,
they carry 16-bit data.
AD0-AD7
carry lower order byte
of data.
AD8-AD15
carry higher order
byte of data.
6
8. BHE
stands for Bus High
Enable.
BHE
signal is used to indicate
the transfer of data over
higher order data bus (D8 –
D15).
8-bit
I/O devices use this
signal.
It
is multiplexed with status
pin S7.
8
9. It
is a read signal used for
read operation.
It
is an output signal.
It
is an active low signal.
9
10. This
is an acknowledgement
signal from slower I/O
devices or memory.
It
is an active high signal.
When
high, it indicates that
the device is ready to
transfer data.
When
low, then
microprocessor is in wait
state.
10
11. It
is a system reset.
It
is an active high signal.
When
high,
microprocessor enters into
reset state and terminates
the current activity.
It
must be active for at
least four clock cycles to
reset the microprocessor.
11
12. It
is an interrupt request
signal.
It
is active high.
It
is level triggered.
12
14. It
is used to test the
status of math coprocessor 8087.
The
BUSY pin of 8087 is
connected to this pin of
8086.
If
low, execution continues
else microprocessor is in
wait state.
14
15. This
clock input provides
the basic timing for
processor operation.
It
is symmetric square
wave with 33% duty cycle.
The
range of frequency of
different versions is 5
MHz, 8 MHz and 10 MHz.
15
16. VCC
is power supply signal.
+5V
DC is supplied
through this pin.
VSS
is ground signal.
16
17. 8086
works in two modes:
Minimum Mode
Maximum Mode
If
MN/MX is high, it works
in minimum mode.
If
MN/MX is low, it works
in maximum mode.
17
18. Pins
24 to 31 issue two
different sets of signals.
One
set of signals is issued
when CPU operates in
minimum mode.
Other
set of signals is
issued when CPU operates
in maximum mode.
18
20. This
is an interrupt
acknowledge signal.
When
microprocessor
receives INTR signal, it
acknowledges the
interrupt by generating
this signal.
It
is an active low signal.
20
21. This
is an Address Latch
Enable signal.
It
indicates that valid address
is available on bus AD0 –
AD15.
It
is an active high signal and
remains high during T1 state.
It
is connected to enable pin
of latch 8282.
21
22. This
is a Data Enable
signal.
This
signal is used to
enable the transceiver
8286.
Transceiver
is used to
separate the data from the
address/data bus.
It
is an active low signal.
22
23. This
is a Data
Transmit/Receive signal.
It
decides the direction of
data flow through the
transceiver.
When
it is high, data is
transmitted out.
When
it is low, data is
received in.
23
24. This
signal is issued by the
microprocessor to
distinguish memory access
from I/O access.
When
it is high, memory is
accessed.
When
it is low, I/O devices
are accessed.
24
25. It
is a Write signal.
It
is used to write data in
memory or output device
depending on the status of
M/IO signal.
It
is an active low signal.
25
26. It
is a Hold Acknowledge
signal.
It
is issued after receiving
the HOLD signal.
It
is an active high signal.
26
27. When
DMA controller
needs to use address/data
bus, it sends a request to
the CPU through this pin.
It
is an active high signal.
When
microprocessor
receives HOLD signal, it
issues HLDA signal to the
DMA controller.
27
29. These
pins provide the
status of instruction
queue.
QS1
QS0
Status
0
0
No operation
0
1
1st byte of opcode from queue
1
0
Empty queue
1
1
Subsequent byte from queue
29
30. These
status signals
indicate the operation
being done by the
microprocessor.
This
information is
required by the Bus
Controller 8288.
Bus
controller 8288
generates all memory and
I/O control signals.
30
32. This
signal indicates that
other processors should not
ask CPU to relinquish the
system bus.
When
it goes low, all
interrupts are masked and
HOLD request is not granted.
This
pin is activated by using
LOCK prefix on any
instruction.
32
33. These
pins.
are Request/Grant
Other
processors request the
CPU through these lines to
release the system bus.
After
receiving the request,
CPU sends acknowledge
signal on the same lines.
RQ/GT0
has higher priority
than RQ/GT1.
33
34. The
READY input causes wait states
for
slower
memory
&
I/O
components.
A
wait state(Tw) is an extra clocking
period, inserted between T2 & T3,
that lengthens the bus cycle.
If
one wait state in inserted, then the
memory access time, normally 460 ns
with a 5 MHz clock, is lengthened by
one clocking period (200ns) to 660
ns.
