Julius Caesar played a large role in the demise of the Roman Republic and rise of the Roman Empire through his unmatched military power during the Gallic Wars. He was the last dictator of Rome before it became an empire. He was assassinated in 44 BC by conspirators who feared he would become king.

1. JULIUS CAESAR

2. JULIUS CAESAR
 Played a large role in the demise of the Roman Republic—he was
the last dictator—and rise of Roman Empire
 Gallic Wars = unmatched military power
 Was assassinated in 44 B.C. (Ides of March) by conspirators
fearing he would become king

3. JULIUS CAESAR

4. “I only know that I know
nothing.”
- socrates

5. • classical Greek philosopher
• main founder of Western philosophy
• social and moral critic, was convicted
of corrupting the minds of the youth
• sentenced to death in 399 B.C.
socrate
s

6. socrates
socratic method i.e. method for
debate using a series of questions to
force your opponent to think critically
and agree with you
mentored Plato, another famous
ancient Greek philosopher

7. {
plato
Ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician

8. {
“Wise men talk because they
have something to say; fools
because they have to say
something.” – Plato
• Profound effect on Western philosophy and science
• Founded the Academy, first institution of higher
learning in the Western world
• Mentored Aristotle
• Died c. 348-347 B.C.

9. {Plato

11. • Ancient Greek philosopher
• Teacher of Alexander the Great
• Master of physics, government,
poetry, music, biology, and more
• Profound influence on Christian
theology and Western ideas
• Died in 322 B.C.
Aristotle

12. Pax Romana
• Period from the beginning of Augustus’
reign until the death of Marcus Aurelius
(27 B.C. to A.D. 180)
• “Roman Peace”

13. Paterfamilias
• absolute rule over his
household and
children

14. Rise of the Christianity in the late
Roman Empire
• Judea
• Based on the teachings of Jesus
• Christianity spread to all parts of the
Roman Empire

15. Collapse of Roman Empire

16. Greece
• Geographical influence - disadvantageous
for Greece
• Minoan culture was an important influence
on Greeks
• Mycenaean age - period where Greece
was dominated by invaders
• After reign of kings & tyrants, cities
adopted governments or democracies

17. Greek city-state
• Polis – Greek for city-state, originally
meant a fort
1. Small size
2. Small population
3. Original polis
4. Agora (public meeting place)
• Different developments through different
governments

18. Most powerful city states Syracuse, classical polis

19. Alexander the Great
• conquered entire Persian empire
• made the possible development of
Hellenistic culture
• his empire was divided into three
kingdoms - Macedonia, Egypt, Syria

20. Hellenistic Culture
• Based on Greek ideas & features from
other cultures of Mediterranean region
• introduced through conquests of
Alexander the Great
• contributions to our understanding of
various subjects (Mathematics, science,
etc) remained influential to the world for
more than 1000 years

21. Rome
• lasted over 1200 years (753BC - AD 476)
• had great power & organization
• Romans dominated entire Mediterranean region
• early Rome - republic
• most important governing bodies [Senate,
Assembly of Centuries, & Assembly of Tribes]
• plebeians had many rights after struggle of order,
but nobility controlled the republic

22. Caesar Augustus
• succeeded Julius Caesar
• 1st emperor
• under his reign, Rome became an
empire, not a republic

23. Roman Empire
• continues to influence throughout the world
• roman buildings inspired architects
(Michelangelo)
• Roman law - adopted by many European
countries
• language (Latin) became origin of many
languages

24. Roman Republic
• In the early Roman Republic, voters elected their leaders.
• Assembly of Centuries, Assembly of Tribes, and the Senate helped govern
Rome.
• Assembly of Centuries: in charge of electing public officials to oversee the
daily affairs of government.
• Assembly of Tribes: consisted of citizens who elected 10 officials, called
tribunes. These people vetoed Senate Bills and the actions of public officials
if it was opposing to public interest.

25. • Senate consisted of 300 men, who determined foreign policy and controlled public
funds.
• In the case of an emergency, a citizen was voted Dictator. The Dictator had power for
six months.

26. • Patricians: a powerful aristocratic class who gained control of the
government.
• Plebeians: regular Citizens.
• Plebeians were discriminated in many ways. They were
prevented by laws to hold public offices and marry patricians.
• Laws weren’t written down, so many plebeians didn’t know
what they stated.
• Things changed when plebeians forced the government to
write the laws down. Since then, Plebeians had power!

27. The Twelve Tables
The Twelve Tables were the earliest code of Roman civil, criminal, and religious
law, publicized in 451-450 bc

28. LAWS OF THE TWELVE TABLES
1.If you are called to go to court, you must go. If you don’t show up, you can be taken
to court by force.
2. If you need a witness to testify and he will not show up, you can go once every three
days and shout in front of his house
3.Should a tree on a neighbor's farm be bent crooked by the wind and lean over your
farm, you may take legal action for removal of that tree.
4.If it's your tree, it’s your fruit, even if it falls on another man’s land.
5.A person who had been found guilty of giving false witness shall be hurled down
from the Tarpeian Rock.
6.No person shall hold meetings by night in the city.
7.A dead man shall not be buried or burned within the city.
8.Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians.

29. Table 4:Paternal Power
• If a child is notably deformed, he shall be killed immediately.
Table 7: Real Property
• Should a tree on a neighbor's farm be bent crooked by the wind and lean over onto
your farm, you may take legal action for removal of that tree.
• If it's your tree, it’s your fruit, even if it falls on another man’s land.

30. THE PUNIC WARS
• Wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 B.C. to 146 B.C.
• 1st Punic War
• Rome didn’t like the fact that Carthage was growing bigger , and to make things
worse, Carthage controlled three islands off the coast of Italy.
• Rome decided that Carthage needed to join the Roman Republic, but Carthage
refused. This resulted in a 20 year war.
• As a result, Rome got Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica.

31. 2nd PUNIC WAR
• Began in 218 B.C. and ended 201 B.C.
• Hannibal attacked the southern Italian countryside for 15 years.
• As a result, Rome attacked Carthage (the hometown of Hannibal).
• Hannibal tried to defend Carthage, but was defeated and asked for peace.
• Carthage had to pay $1,000 in war damages and had to give up their Spanish colonies.

32. 3rd PUNIC WAR
• Began in 149 B.C. and ended 146 B.C.
• Rome attacked Carthage and seized it for three years.
• This resulted in the city

33. Sparta
• Dorians conquered the city of Sparta in about
1200 B.C.
• Devoted their culture to a militaristic idea
• Social groups: Dorian invader descendants,
“neighbors” and helots
• Government: had an Assembly elected by all
citizens, Council of Elders, and two ceremonial
kings
• Same basic aim: make every adult male citizen
part of an efficient military machine to control
helots and extend Spartan power

34. Athens: Birth of Democracy
• No military class of conquering invaders
• Athenians were sea traders
• Social groups: citizens, metics, slaves
• Early government: aristocratic
• Four reformers: Draco, Solon, Pisistratus, and
Cleisthenes

35. Pericles and Democracy
• Greatest
Athenian leader
• Led Athens from
461 B.C. to 429
B.C. (often called
Age of Pericles)
• Led Athenian
democracy to its
height

36. The Peloponnesian War
• Spartans started the fighting but the
Athenians provoked them into action
• Mostly took place in the Peloponneus
• Terrible plague broke out among Athenians
• Athens surrendered to the Spartans in 404
B.C.