Nerve muscle physiology /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
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1st year medical school physiology essay:
Describe the effects between the action potential arriving at the axon terminal and skeletal muscle contraction.
Nervous system forms an interconnecting fibers of communication network.
In the ‘hard-wiring’ of the nerves, the signals travel in the form of a flow of electrical current called nerve impulses.
The stimulus-response reactions afford internal constancy in the face of environmental changes.
Nerve muscle physiology1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
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This presentation contains the basic information about nerve cells and action potential. This work is done for academic purpose only so if you are using give proper reference.
Nerve Impulse is defined as a wave of electrical chemical changes across the neuron that helps in the generation of the action potential in response to the stimulus. This transmission of a nerve impulse across the neuron membrane as a result of a change in membrane potential is known as Nerve impulse conduction.
Mechanism of Nerve Impulse Conduction
Nerve impulse conduction is a major process occurring in the body responsible for organized functions of the body. So, for conduction of nerve impulse there are two mechanisms:
Continuous conduction
Saltatory conduction
1st year medical school physiology essay:
Describe the effects between the action potential arriving at the axon terminal and skeletal muscle contraction.
Nervous system forms an interconnecting fibers of communication network.
In the ‘hard-wiring’ of the nerves, the signals travel in the form of a flow of electrical current called nerve impulses.
The stimulus-response reactions afford internal constancy in the face of environmental changes.
Nerve muscle physiology1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This presentation contains the basic information about nerve cells and action potential. This work is done for academic purpose only so if you are using give proper reference.
Nerve Impulse is defined as a wave of electrical chemical changes across the neuron that helps in the generation of the action potential in response to the stimulus. This transmission of a nerve impulse across the neuron membrane as a result of a change in membrane potential is known as Nerve impulse conduction.
Mechanism of Nerve Impulse Conduction
Nerve impulse conduction is a major process occurring in the body responsible for organized functions of the body. So, for conduction of nerve impulse there are two mechanisms:
Continuous conduction
Saltatory conduction
UROTRANSMITTERS-NEUROMODULATORS
More than 50 chemical substances
1.Small molecules with rapid effects
Stored in axonal vesicules
Effect on postsynaptic membrane approx. 1 ms, -opening of ion channels,
Brief inactivation, recycled, fromed in the body of neurons
Class I. ACH
Class II. Amines : NA, A, Dopamin, serotonin, histamin
Class III. Aminoacids: GABA, Glycin, Glutamate, Aspartate
Class IV. NO
2. NEUROPEPTIDES,prolonged effects, are integral part of protein molecules
In neuronal bodies, are fromed in the bodies and compose the vesicules inside of them,
then they are brought to the axonal terminals with longlasting effect (hours -days)
Modulates the expression of genes
A.Hypothalamic releasing hormones
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substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon
D. From other tissues: angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carnosin, calcitonin, sleep peptides Peptides operating in GIT and brain:Leucin, enkefalin, methionin
substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon
D. From other tissues: angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carnosin, calcitonin, sleep peptides you are operating in GIT and brain:Leucin, enkefalin, methionin
substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon
D. From other tissues: angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carnosin, calcitonin, sleep peptides you
this ppt shares what synapses are and how information of one neuron is transmitted to other through the synapses. it also includes the properties and plasticity of synaptic transmission
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2. Nervous SystemNervous System
A complex array of specialized
structures which serve to:
• Receive
• Store
• Transmit information
• Consist of the CNS and the PNS
• Neuron- basic unit of the NS
– 1 trillion neurons
3. NeuronsNeurons
• Made up of dendrites
• Soma
• Axon- axon terminal
• Has different organelles but no
centromere
• Classification according to
1. structure
2. Form
3. covering – Schwann cells
15. Resting MembraneResting Membrane
PotentialPotential
• Cells under resting conditions have an
electrical potential difference across
their plasma membrane. This potential
is the Resting Membrane Potential
(RMP)
• The cytoplasm is electrically (-) relative
to the ECF
• The RMP plays a vital role in the
excitability of nerve and muscle cells
and in other cellular responses
16. Genesis of the RMPGenesis of the RMP
1.Distribution of ions
• movement of ions depend on:
a. Concentration
b. Electrical potential difference
• if forces are equal = no movement
– Nernst equation
– Nernst equilibrium
EMF (mo) = (-)61log conc 1/conc 0
= (+)61
17. Genesis of the RMPGenesis of the RMP
– Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium
– Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz
2. Selective Permeability of the Membrane
3. Na+
- K+
pump
• RMP
– skeletal muscle (-)90mV
– nerve (-) 70 mV
20. Refractory PeriodsRefractory Periods
• Absolute Refractory Period
• Relative Refractory Period
–nerve fibers are not
susceptible to fatigue
• Accommodation
21. Refractory PeriodsRefractory Periods
Local Excitatory States
• subthreshold stimulus
• inadequate duration of applications
According to their location
• receptor potential
• synaptic potential
• pacemaker potential
• end-plate potential
In general, moves the RMP closer to the
threshold potential
22. Synapse and SynapticSynapse and Synaptic
TransmissionTransmission
Synapse
• an anatomically specialized junction
between two neurons
• important in the transport of nerve
signals from one neuron (presynaptic) to
the next neuron (postsynaptic)
– 100 quadrillon synapses in the CNS
– 2 types
a. Electrical
b. Chemical
23. Presynaptic andPresynaptic and
Postsynaptic NeuronPostsynaptic Neuron
Presynaptic neuron
• has lots of mitochondria
• has NTs inside vesicles
• usual forms are ; round, dense, flat and
sphenoid
• intertwining – cerebellum
• basket and climbing – midbrain
Postsynaptic neuron
• contains the receptor proteins
28. Synaptic ResponsesSynaptic Responses
1. excitatory postsynaptic
potential
– can be graded response
which will bring the RMP
closer to the TP
2. inhibitory postsynaptic potential
– makes the membrane
hyperpolarized
32. Factors Affecting SynapticFactors Affecting Synaptic
TransmissionTransmission
1. acid-base states
a. alkalosis
b. acidosis
2. oxygen and CO2 concentrations
• Drugs
– those that excite
– those that inhibit
36. Events during N-MEvents during N-M
TransmissionTransmission
Action potential in Presynaptic Motor axon terminal
Increase in Ca++
ion permeability and influx of Ca++
into the Axon Terminal
Release of Ach from the Synaptic Vesicles into the
Synaptic Cleft
Diffusion of Ach to Postjunctional membrane
37. Events during N-MEvents during N-M
TransmissionTransmission
Combination of Ach with specific receptors on
postjunctional membrane
Increase in permeability of postjunctional
membrane to Na++ and K+ causes EPP
Depolarization of areas of Muscle membrane
adjacent to end plate and initiation of AP
