Anticancer Drug, also called Anti-Neoplastic drug, that is effective in the treatment of malignant, or cancerous, disease. There are several major classes of anticancer drugs; these include Alkylating Agents, Anti-metabolites, Plant Alkaloids and Hormones.
Definition
Anticancer, or antineoplastic, drugs are used to treat malignancies, or cancerous growths. Drug therapy may be used alone, or in combination with other treatments such as surgery or radiation therapy.
Purpose
Anticancer drugs are used to control the growth of cancerous cells. Cancer is commonly defined as the uncontrolled growth of cells, with loss of differentiation and commonly, with metastasis, spread of the cancer to other tissues and organs. Cancers are malignant growths. In contrast, benign growths remain encapsulated and grow within a well-defined area. Although benign tumors may be fatal if untreated, due to pressure on essential organs, as in the case of a benign brain tumor, surgery or radiation are the preferred methods of treating growths which have a well defined location. Drug therapy is used when the tumor has spread, or may spread, to all areas of the body.
Definition
Anticancer, or antineoplastic, drugs are used to treat malignancies, or cancerous growths. Drug therapy may be used alone, or in combination with other treatments such as surgery or radiation therapy.
Purpose
Anticancer drugs are used to control the growth of cancerous cells. Cancer is commonly defined as the uncontrolled growth of cells, with loss of differentiation and commonly, with metastasis, spread of the cancer to other tissues and organs. Cancers are malignant growths. In contrast, benign growths remain encapsulated and grow within a well-defined area. Although benign tumors may be fatal if untreated, due to pressure on essential organs, as in the case of a benign brain tumor, surgery or radiation are the preferred methods of treating growths which have a well defined location. Drug therapy is used when the tumor has spread, or may spread, to all areas of the body.
Detailed information of all terms like Thyroid gland, Thyroxine, Triidothyronine, Calcitonine, growth and development , propylthiouracil, Calorigenesis, tadpole to frog, Oligomenorrhoea, snehal chakorkar, pharmacology, Cretinism, Myxoedema coma, Graves disease, Thiocynates, Perchlorate, Nitrates.
Radioactive iodine, I131
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
Detailed information of all terms like Thyroid gland, Thyroxine, Triidothyronine, Calcitonine, growth and development , propylthiouracil, Calorigenesis, tadpole to frog, Oligomenorrhoea, snehal chakorkar, pharmacology, Cretinism, Myxoedema coma, Graves disease, Thiocynates, Perchlorate, Nitrates.
Radioactive iodine, I131
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
Advancements in Cancer Research with Special Reference to Pathogenesis and Di...Rahul Kadam
Cancer is a major human and animal health problem worldwide and is the second leading cause of death in the world wide. Over the past 30 years .significant progress has been achieved in understanding the molecular basis of cancer. The accumulation of this basic knowledge has established that cancer is a variety of distinct disease and that defective gene cause this disease. Further gene defect are diverse in nature and can involve either loss or gain of gene function.
Cancer Cells is quite different from normal cells. When Normal cell Mechanisms of Division, Differentiation failed and undifferentiation cellular division takes place. Thus the formation of tumor cells which are called as Myeloid Tumor cells. Further growth in Myeloid Tumor due to various carcinogenic agents leads to formation of Malignant Tumor cells, here these cells are called as Cancer cells.
define the cancer, types of tumor cells, TNM classification, staging, cancer cells in different area, etiology, carcinogenesis, sign of cancer, diagnosis, prevention - radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgical management
Awareness on Cancer
what are the causes for cancer
Terminology
Classification of Cancers
Signs and Symptoms
Stages of Cancers (TSM)
Types of Cancer Treatments
Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy etc
Side effects on treatment
Palliative care
Blood cancers, or hematologic cancers, affect the production and function of blood cells. Most of these cancers start in the bone marrow where blood is produced.
B.Pharm I Year II Sem. SN1 and SN2 reactions, kinetics, order of reactivity of alkyl halides, stereochemistry and rearrangement of carbocations.
SN1 versus SN2 reactions, Factors affecting SN1 and SN2 reactions.
Structure and uses of ethylchloride, Chloroform, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene,
dichloromethane, tetrachloromethane and iodoform.
Alcohols, Qualitative tests for Alcohol, Structure and uses of Ethyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, Cetosterylalcohol, Benzyl alcohol, Glycerol, Propylene glycol
Classification and Synthesis of Sulpha drugs, Anti Viral Drugs, Anti Fungal Agents, Anti Tubercular Agents, Anti leprotic Agents, Antiamoebic Agents, Anthelmintics, Anti Malarial Drugs, Anti cancer Drugs
Steroid hormones can be grouped into 2 classes, corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta).
Sulfonamide (also called sulphonamide, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. 2
Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide
without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can
spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph
systems.
WORLD CANCER DAY
FEBRUARY 04
3. 3
Cancer is not a single disease. It is a group of more than 200 different
diseases.
Cancer may spread to other parts of the body.
Currently 1 in 4 deaths in USA are due to cancer.
1 in 17 deaths are due to lung cancer.
An estimated 2,22,520 people diagnosed lung cancer in the United States
in 2010.
Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women.
Around 15 lakh new cases are diagnosed every year in India.
Cancer it is a class of disease characterized by uncontrolled
proliferation of cells. Dedifferentiation, Loss of function, Invasion to
local tissues, Spread or metastasis to other parts of the body.
4. 4
The medical term for tumor (or) cancer is Neoplasm, which means a
relatively autonomous growth (or)un coordinated cell proliferation of
body tissue.
The term Neoplasm means New growth & the process of cell proliferation
is called Neoplasia.
The branch of medicine which deals with the excessive study of neoplasm
(tumor) and its development diagnosis and treatment is called “Oncology.”
6. Not all tumors are cancerous; tumors can be benign or malignant.
Benign tumors aren't cancerous. They can often be removed, and, in most cases,
they do not come back. Cells in benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the
body.
Malignant tumors are cancerous. Cells in these tumors can invade nearby tissues
and spread to other parts of the body. The spread of cancer from one part of the
body to another is called metastasis.
TYPES OF TUMORS
6
7. TYPES OF CANCER
BASED ON ORIGIN:
Carcinoma - cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that
line or cover internal organs. There are a number of subtypes
of carcinoma, including adenocarcinoma basal cell carcinoma,
squamous cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma.
Sarcoma - cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle,
blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.
Leukemia - cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as
the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal
blood cells to be produced and enter the blood.
Lymphoma and myeloma - cancers that begin in the cells of
the immune system.
Central nervous system cancers - cancers that begin in the
tissues of the brain and spinal cord.
Germ cell cancer- germ cells; testicle and ovarian cancers.
Blastoma-resembles embryonic tissue. 7
8. The agents which causes cancer is called carcinogenesis.
1. PHYSICAL AGENTS: UV and ionizing radiations (x-ray, gamma
and alpha and beta rays cause cancer, UV rays of sunlight,
nuclear fission. These radiations have mutagenic effect. Ex:
Leukaemias, skin, lung, breast, osteosarcoma, thyroid cancer
2. BIOLOGICAL AGENTS:
a) Bacterial agents: peptic ulcers and chronic gastritis and if
these are be left untreated for a long time leads to gastric
cancer.
b) Fungal agents: The fungus Aspergillus flavus releases
aflatoxins in stored.
c) Viral agents: Cervical cancer, Burkitt’s lymphoma, hairy cell
lukaemia, Haepatic carcinoma.
3. CHEMICAL AGENTS: Alkylating agents, The acylating agents,
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, Aniline, arsenic, Anthracenes,
dimethylsulphate, acetyl imidazole, dimethylcarbamyl chloride.
4. GENETIC FACTORS: Genetic inheritance plays a key role in causing
some of the cancers (breast carcinoma, retino blastinoma).
5. DIET AND HABITS: People taking rich in fats, low fibre content. 8
9. SYMPTOMS
Significant weight loss
Poor appetite
Excessive sweating(night sweat)
Severe Pains
Neurological symptoms
Change in appearance
Blood in vomiting
Chronic cough (lung cancer)
Bowel Changes (Colon cancer)
Fever(Leukemia and lymphoma)
9
10. 10
DIAGNOSIS
1. Physical examination
2. Biopsy of the tumor
3. Blood tests (Complete Blood Count-CBC)
4. Newer molecular and Cellular diagnosis test
- X-Ray
-MRI scanning (Magnetic resonance imaging)
-CT scan
11. 1. CHEMOTHERAPY
Rapidly dividing cells metastasised cancers (leukemia and lymphoma)
2. RADIOTHERAPY
In combination with other therapies iodine -131 (thyroid cancer)
iridium-192 (breast cancer).
3. SURGERY
not metastasized cancers prostate, breast or testicular cancers
4. IMMUNOTHERAPY
immune system made strong to fight against cancers
5. HORMONE THERAPY
killing cancer cells by altering hormone levels
6. GENE THERAPY
replacing defective genes
TREATMENT OF CANCER
11
12. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS
There are two Major Groups of Anticancer Drugs:
1. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND RESOURCE OF THE DRUG
A) Cytotoxic Drugs (largest group)
-Alkylating agents
-Antimetabolites
-Antitumor antibiotics
- Plant-derived products
-Miscellaneous cytotoxic drugs
B) Hormones and hormone antagonists
C) Immunomodulators
-Immunostimulants
-Immunosuppressant
2. CELL CYCLE OR PHASE SPECIFICITY OF THE DRUG
A) Cell cycle non- specific agents(CCNS)
Ex : Alkylating Agents, Platinum Compounds, Antibiotics
B) Cell cycle specific agents:
Drugs that act during a specific phase of the cell cycle
-S- Phase - Antimetabolites , Topoisomerase Inhibitors
-M Phase - Vinca Alkaloids, Taxanes
-G2 Phase – Bleomycin 12
13. A) Nitrogen Mustards
-Mechlorethamine
-Cyclophosphamid
-Melphalan
-Chlorambucil
B) Nitrosoureas
-Carmustine
-Lomustine
-semustine
C) Alkyl Sulfonates
-Busulfan
D) Triazine
-Dacarbazine
-Procarbazine
E) Ethylenimine
-Thio-TEPA
A) Folate antagonist
-Methotrexate
B) Purine antagonist
-6-mercaptopurine
-6-thioguanine
-Azathioprine
C) Pyrimidine antagonist
-5-Fluorouracil
-Cytarabine
ALKYLATING AGENTS ANTIMETABOLITES
13
Chemical Classification of Anti-Cancer Agents
19. Anticancer agent 1. Mechanism of
Action
2. Clinical application 3. Route 4. Side effects
a. Nitrogen Mustards
Mechlorethamine DNA cross-links,
resulting in inhibition
of DNA synthesis and
function
Hodgkin’s and non-
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Must be given
Orally
Nausea and vomiting,
decrease in
PBL count, BM depression,
bleeding, alopecia, skin
pigmentation, pulmonary
fibrosis
b. Alkyl Sulfonates
Busulfan Atypical alkylating
agent.
Chronic granulocytic
leukemia
Orally effective Bone marrow
depression, pulmonary
fibrosis, and
hyperuricemia
c. Nitrosoureas
Lomustine Lomustine alkylates
and crosslinks DNA,
thereby inhibiting
DNA and RNA
synthesis.
Lomustine is lipophilic
and crosses the
blood-brain barrier
Hodgkins and non-
Hodgkins lymphoma,
malignant melanoma and
epidermoid carcinoma of
lung
Orally effective Nausea and vomiting,
Nephrotoxicity, nerve
dysfunction
19
20. Aticancer agent 1. MOA 2. Clinical application 3. Route 4. Side effects
Antimetabolites
Pyrimidine
Analogs:
Cytosine
inhibits DNA synthesis most effective agent for induction
of remission in acute myelocytic
leukemia; also used for induction
of remission acute lymphoblastic
leukemia, non-Hodgkin's
lymphomas; usually used in
combination chemotherapy
Orally
effective
bone marrow depression
Epipodophyllotoxins
A. Etoposide Binds to and inhibits
Topoisomerase II and its
function. Fragmentation
of DNA leading to cell
death, apoptosis.
Testicular cancer, small-cell lung
carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma,
carcinoma of breast, Kaposi’s
sarcoma associated with AIDS
I.V. Myelo suppression,
alopecia
Plant alkaloids
A. Vincristine Cytotoxic: Inhibition of
mitotic spindle formation
by binding to tubulin. M-
phase of the cell cycle.
Metastatic testicular cancer,
Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins
lymphoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma,
breast carcinoma,
neuroblastoma
I.V. Bone marrow depression,
epithelial ulceration, GI
disturbances,
neurotoxicity
Antibiotics
a. Dactinomycin
(ACTINOMYCIN
D)
It binds to DNA and
inhibits RNA synthesis,
impaired mRNA
production & protein
synthesis
Rhabdomyosarcoma and Wilm's
tumor in children;
I.V. Bone marrow depression,
nausea and vomiting,
alopecia, GI disturbances,
and ulcerations of oral
mucosa
20
23. 23
NH
+
COCl2
Aziridine
(2moles)
N C N
O
2HCl ClCH2CH2NH C NHCH2CH2Cl
O
1,3-bis-2-chloroethyl urea
NaNO2
HCOOH
ClCH2CH2N C NHCH2CH2Cl
O
N O
Carmustine
Phosgene
-2HCl
di(aziridin-1-yl)methanone
Pharmawisdom.blogspot.in
Synthesis of Carmustine
27. 27
N
H
N
OH
C2H5
H3COOC
N
H3CO
N
H
HO
OCOCH3
COOCH3
C2H5H
R
R = CHO - Vincristine
R = CH3 - Vinblastine
VINCAALKALOIDS Vinca alkaloids are a set of anti-mitotic and anti-
microtubule alkaloid agents originally derived
from the Madagascar periwinkle plant
Catharanthus roseus (basionym Vinca rosea) and
other Vinca plants. Vinca alkaloids are used in
chemotherapy for cancer. They were discovered
in the 1950’s by Canadian scientists, Robert
Noble and Charles Beer.